Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

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¹ Estimates of the number of IBAs where the species breeds or spends the non-breeding season were obtained from the BirdLife International World Bird Database (data extracted March 2005) and/or from national experts.

² Estimates of the % of the population present in the IBA suite of an individual country provided by national experts.

³ European Union members only.

⁴National protected areas: Only includes areas which meet the IUCN definition of a protected area: "an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means."

⁵ Reintroduced population.

Annex 7

Research and conservation efforts for Lesser White-fronted Goose over the last ten years.

Range State	Research and Conservation Efforts over the Last Ten Years
Armenia	No research or conservation efforts have been undertaken in relation to the species in Armenia.
Azerbaijan	Data from international satellite tracking; sporadic field observation/counts of wintering birds. No systematic national programme in place.
Belarus	None known.
Bulgaria	Research expeditions by BSPB/NOF teams in 1996 and 1998, monitoring of wintering geese in the area of Shabla and Durankulak Lakes for more than 10 years by BSPB/BirdLife Bulgaria team. Recent field observations of wintering geese have been funded by The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (UK) and have allowed searching for LWFG, but additional targeted research is needed to identify current numbers on staging and wintering in Bulgaria. A buffer zone has been proposed around foraging grounds beside Durankulak Lake, but proposal is pending in the Ministry of Environments and Waters; Public awareness activities by BSPB in wintering areas and advocacy to maintain the hunting season closing date of 31 January. There is an NGO project to buy foraging grounds around Durankulak Lake to protect them from hunting pressure and land transformation. BSPB has assisted the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in developing the national agri-environmental scheme with specific compensation of farmers to sustain land suitable for safe foraging by wintering geese – due to start in 2007.
Estonia	Annual monitoring of staging LWfG since 1999. Constant conservation activities of coastal meadows.
Finland	Annual monitoring of spring staging areas on the Finnish Bothnian Bay coast and in northern Finnish Lapland. Surveys of potential breeding areas in Lapland. Research on population genetics. Management of the coastal meadows in the spring staging area on the Finnish Bothnian Bay coast. Public awareness work in Finland and abroad, mainly directed for hunters. Ecological research at spring staging areas and breeding grounds. Population elasticity analysis for the Fennoscandian population. EU LIFE Nature project “Conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose in Finland” in 1997-1999. International (Finland, Norway, Estonia, Hungary, Greece) EU LIFE Nature project “Conservation of Anser erythropus on European migration route” 2005-2009. Other international conservation work included e.g. several satellite tracking projects; a WWF project for the conservation of the Kostanay wetlands in Kazakhstan (2000-2003); field surveys of breeding, staging and wintering areas in Russia, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, China; active participation in international co-operation and meetings on the species.
Georgia	None known.
Germany	Survey and efforts to influence hunting at key sites owned by ornithological societies and/or private individuals
Greece	(a) Monitoring at Kerkini Lake, Evros Delta and less intensively at Lake Ismarida and Nestos Delta from October until March for the years 2005/2006 until 2007/2008 (LIFE 05 NAT/FIN/000105 “Conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose on the European migration route”). (b) Monitoring at Evros Delta 2001-2005 (LIFE 00 NAT/GR/7198 “Restoration and conservation management of Drana lagoon in Evros Delta”. (c) Monitoring at Kerkini Lake, Evros Delta, Lake Ismarida and Nestos Delta 1997-1999 (LIFE Nature B4-3200/96/499 “Conservation of Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Anser erythropus in Greece”). (d) Awareness campaigns with printed material, meetings with farmers and hunters, presentations at schools etc. (e) National action plan published in 1999 but not officially ratified or implemented.
Hungary	regular monitoring activity (for marked birds, on space use), some habitat management actions started, awareness-raising campaign
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Data from international satellite tracking; sporadic field observation/counts of wintering birds. No systematic national programme in place.
Iraq	Data from international satellite tracking; sporadic field observation/counts of wintering birds. No systematic national programme in place.
Kazakhstan	Annual autumn migration monitoring in Kustanay Region. Implementation of two GEF projects on key Lesser White-fronted Goose sites.
Lithuania	None known.
Moldova	None known.
Norway	Annual monitoring of pre-breeding numbers in spring staging grounds and annual monitoring of production in autumn staging grounds. Surveys for breeding areas, colour-ringing programme, mapping of migration and wintering sites through satellite tracking.
Poland	The Polish Avifaunistic Commission monitors Lesser White-fronted Geese since 1951. Basic information is published once to twice a year in ‘Notaki Ornitologiczne’. A full record of sightings is available for the years 2005, 2006 and 2007 (pers. comm. M. Lesz and T. Stawarczyk).
Romania	None known.
Russian Federation	Creation of Russian Goose Group and, withing this, Working Group on LWfG (1995); inventory of present breeding areas of LWfG in European Russia, Yamal, Taimyr, Yakutia and Chukotka (1995-2005); searching for breeding areas in Yakutia and Chukotka (2000-2005); monotoring breeding populations in the Polar Urals and Yamal Peninsula; organization of both Russian and international expeditions for surveys, banding and satellite tagging LWfG in Yamal (1997-1998), Taimyr (1997-1998) and the Polar Urals (1999-2002, 2004); monitoring migration population in Manych-Gudilo Lake (2000-2002); survey of spring migration in Amur Oblast (2002); start of monitoring of migration in Kurgan Oblast, Western Siberia (2005); attempts to stop spring hunting in some regions; collection of samples for genetic study (1995-2004); recomendation for changing status category in Red Data Book of Russian Federation (from Rare to Vulnerable).
Sweden	Breeding ecology, genetics, migration routes, monitoring of population & reproduction, captive breeding & reintroduction, site protection
Syria	Data from international satellite tracking; sporadic field observation/counts of wintering birds. No systematic national programme in place. Updating of the national hunting legislation is expected to be finalised in autumn 2008. Awareness raising programme at a LWfG observation site “Improving the consevation status of globally threatened birds at Jabul Ramsar wetland through promoting and implementing sustainable hunting practices”. Swiss-funded project “Biodiversity conservation through eco-tourism” encourages eco-tourism to support consevation objectives. Syria participated in project “Building capacity for sustainable hunting of migratory birds in north Africa and the Middle East”.
Turkey	None known.
Turkmenistan	Between 1977 and 2007 annual winter censuses were conducted at a total of 14 sites, usually in late November and early December. From 1975 to 1991 46 surveys were carried out on the Caspian seashore, and 54 surveys in the delta of the Atrek River. Of the 36 wetland surveys, 14 sites had LWfG sightings.
Ukraine	None known.
Uzbekistan	From 2000 to 2005 the regular winter censuses were conducted in Uzbekistan, but only in 2000 – aerial. The wetlands and water-reservoirs survey from the banks with modern telescopes allowed to identify the Lesser White Fronted Geese in the following sites: Aydar lake (beginning of March 2001), valley of Amudarya river near Termez town (closely to Afghanistan border), Karakyr lake and Tudakul lake – winter censuses. On the hunting bag assessment the Lesser White-fronted Geese are known from Chardara water-reservoir, Aydar lake, Karakyr lake, lakes of Karshi steppe. All observers note that the flocks of the LWFG are very small (from several individuals to several tens) and observed very rare in comparison with other geese.

Annex 8

Details of provisions on principal international legal instruments relevant to the conservation of Lesser White-fronted Goose.
(a) European Council Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds (Council Directive 79/409/EEC, 2 April 1979)

Lesser White-fronted Goose is listed in Annex I of the Directive. According to the text of the Directive: “The species mentioned in Annex I shall be the subject of special conservation measures concerning their habitat in order to ensure their survival and reproduction in their area of distribution.

Member States shall classify in particular the most suitable territories in number and size as special protection areas for the conservation of these species, taking into account their protection requirements in the geographical sea and land area where this Directive applies.”
Article 11 may be relevant to introduction/reintroduction of Lesser White-fronted Geese since it states that:
“Member States shall see that any introduction of species of bird which do not occur naturally in the wild state in the European territory of the Member States does not prejudice the local flora and fauna”.
(b) European Council Directive on the Conservation of natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (‘Habitats Directive’, 92/43/EEC, 21 May 1992)
Article 22(b) may be relevant to introduction/reintroduction of Lesser White-fronted Geese since it states that:
“Member States shall ensure that the deliberate introduction into the wild of any species which is not native to their territory is regulated so as not to prejudice natural habitats within their natural range or the wild native flora and fauna and, if they consider it necessary, prohibit such introduction. The results of the assessment undertaken shall be forwarded to the committee for information.”
(c) Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Convention, Rio de Janeiro, 1991)
Article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Convention) states that:
“Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate:
(a) Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity;

(c) Regulate or manage biological resources important for the conservation of biological diversity whether within or outside protected areas, with a view to ensuring their conservation and sustainable use;

(d) Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings;

(f) Rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems and promote the recovery of threatened species, inter alia, through the development and implementation of plans or other management strategies”.
(d) Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention, 1979)
Lesser White-fronted Goose is included in Annex II ‘Strictly protected species’ of the Convention, as last revised on 1 March 2002. Article 6 of the Convention states that:
“Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and administrative measures to ensure the special protection of the wild fauna species specified in Appendix II. The following will in particular be prohibited for these species:
a. all forms of deliberate capture and keeping and deliberate killing;

b. the deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites;

c. the deliberate disturbance of wild fauna, particularly during the period of breeding, rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significant in relation to the objectives of this Convention;

d. the deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild or keeping these eggs even if empty;

e. the possession of and internal trade in these animals, alive or dead, including stuffed animals and any readily recognisable part or derivative thereof, where this would contribute to the effectiveness of the provisions of this article.”
Article 8 states that:
“...in cases where, in accordance with Article 9, exceptions are applied to species specified in Appendix II, Contracting Parties shall prohibit the use of all indiscriminate means of capture and killing and the use of all means capable of causing local disappearance of, or serious disturbance to, populations of a species, and in particular, the means specified in Appendix IV.”
Articles 9.1 and 9.2 state that:
“Each Contracting Party may make exceptions from the provisions of Articles 4, 5, 6, 7 and from the prohibition of the use of the means mentioned in Article 8 provided that there is no other satisfactory solution and that the exception will not be detrimental to the survival of the population concerned:

for the protection of flora and fauna;
to prevent serious damage to crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, water and other forms of property;
in the interests of public health and safety, air safety or other overriding public interests;
for the purposes of research and education, of repopulation, of reintroduction and for the necessary breeding;
to permit, under strictly supervised conditions, on a selective basis and to a limited extent, the taking, keeping or other judicious exploitation of certain wild animals and plants in small numbers.”

“The Contracting Parties shall report every two years to the Standing Committee on the exceptions made under the preceding paragraph. These reports must specify:

the populations which are or have been subject to the exceptions and, when practical, the number of specimens involved;
the means authorised for the killing or capture;
the conditions of risk and the circumstances of time and place under which such exceptions were granted;
the authority empowered to declare that these conditions have been fulfilled, and to take decisions in respect of the means that may be used, their limits and the persons instructed to carry them out;
the controls involved.”

Article 10.1 provides that:

“The Contracting Parties undertake, in addition to the measures specified in Articles 4, 6, 7 and 8, to co-ordinate their efforts for the protection of the migratory species specified in Appendices II and III whose range extends into their territories.”
Article 11.2 (b) may be relevant to introduction/reintroduction of Lesser White-fronted Geese since it states that: “each Contracting Party undertakes to strictly control the introduction of non-native species.”
Recommendation No. 58 of the Bern Convention Standing Committee (adopted on 5 December 1997) concerns “the reintroduction of organisms belonging to wild species and on restocking and reinforcing populations of such organisms in the environment”. The Annex to the Recommendation contains guidelines, but these do not make explicit reference to genetic issues.
(e) Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention, 1979)
As Lesser White-fronted Goose is included in Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention), the provisions of Articles III.4 to III.7 apply:
“III.4. Parties that are Range States of a migratory species listed in Appendix I shall endeavour:

a) to conserve and, where feasible and appropriate, restore those habitats of the species which are of importance in removing the species from danger of extinction;

b) to prevent, remove, compensate for or minimize, as appropriate, the adverse effects of activities or obstacles that seriously impede or prevent the migration of the species; and

c) to the extent feasible and appropriate, to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endanger the species, including strictly controlling the introduction of, or controlling or eliminating, already introduced exotic species.
III.5. Parties that are Range States of a migratory species listed in Appendix I shall prohibit the taking of animals belonging to such species. Exceptions may be made to this prohibition only if:

a) the taking is for scientific purposes;

b) the taking is for the purpose of enhancing the propagation or survival of the affected species;

c) the taking is to accommodate the needs of traditional subsistence users of such species; or

d) extraordinary circumstances so require; provided that such exceptions are precise as to content and limited in space and time. Such taking should not operate to the disadvantage of the species.

III.6. The Conferences of the Parties may recommend to the Parties that are Range States of a migratory species listed in Appendix I that they take further measures considered appropriate to benefit the species.

III.7. The Parties shall as soon as possible inform the Secretariat of any exceptions made pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article.”

(f) African–Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA, an Agreement of the Bonn Convention)
As Lesser White-fronted Goose is listed in Column A of the Action Plan under the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement, Range States should:
(a) prohibit the taking of birds and eggs of those populations occurring in their territory;

(b) prohibit deliberate disturbance in so far as such disturbance would be significant for the conservation of the population concerned;

(c) prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds or eggs, or any readily recognizable parts or derivatives of such birds and their eggs,;

(d) cooperate with a view to developing and implementing international single species action plans;

(e) prepare and implement national single species action plans; and

(f) phase out the use of lead shot for hunting in wetlands.

(g) Asia–Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy
Some of the Range States that are party to AEWA are also party to the Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy, which covers Lesser White-fronted Goose. Since the issues relating to conservation of the East Asian subpopulation are broadly similar to those affecting the Fennoscandian and Western main subpopulations, it is important that implementation of the two instruments is effectively coordinated in relation to Lesser Whitefronts.
(h) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1979)
The Ramsar Convention provides for habitat conservation measures relevant to Lesser White-fronted Goose, for example according to:
Articles 2.1 and 2.2
“Each Contracting Party shall designate suitable wetlands within its territory for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance, hereinafter referred to as "the List"... The boundaries of each wetland shall be precisely described and also delimited on a map and they may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands, especially where these have importance as waterfowl habitat.”
“Wetlands should be selected for the List on account of their international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. In the first instance wetlands of international importance to waterfowl at any season should be included.”
Article 3.1
“The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory.”
Article 4.1
“Each Contracting Party shall promote the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl by establishing nature reserves on wetlands, whether they are included in the List or not, and provide adequately for their wardening.”
Article 5.1
“The Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about implementing obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case of a wetland extending over the territories of more than one Contracting Party or where a water system is shared by Contracting Parties. They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate and support present and future policies and regulations concerning the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna.”
(i) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES 1973)
Lesser White-fronted Goose is not included in any of the appendices to this Convention.

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