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Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds


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Notes to Table:

1 Quality: GO = Good (Observed) based on reliable or representative quantitative data derived from complete counts or comprehensive measurements.

GE = Good (Estimated) based on reliable or representative quantitative data derived from sampling or interpolation.

ME = Medium (Estimated) based on incomplete quantitative data derived from sampling or interpolation.

MI = Medium (Inferred) based on incomplete quantitative data derived from indirect evidence.

P = Poor/suspected not based on quantitative data, but reflects ‘best guess’ derived from circumstantial evidence.

U = Unknown no information on quality available.

2 Trend in the last 10 years: +2 Large increase of at least 50%; +1 Small increase of 20-49%; 0 Stable, with overall change less than 20%; -1 Small decrease of 20-49%; -2 Large decrease of at least 50%; and F Fluctuating with changes of at least 20%, but no clear trend.

3 Baseline population: earliest population figure available for breeding or non-breeding populations.

4 Reintroduced birds.

Supporting information to use in conjunction with the table
The following is a summary of the most up-to-date information available on the status and trends of Lesser White-fronted Goose in each country, divided into Principal Range States (i.e. those countries that are known regularly to support breeding, moulting, staging or wintering Lesser White-fronted Geese) and other countries of the AEWA Agreement Area and European Union (i.e. where the species is currently a rare visitor or vagrant).
(a) Principal Range States
Azerbaijan
Vernacular name: Ahgash gaz
UNEP/WCMC 2004 summarised the species status as: “A winter visitor recorded from the coast, Kizil Agach and the Kura River lowlands (Lorentsen et al., 1999; Shelton, 2001). A total of 1,085 individuals were counted in a survey conducted in 1996 and it was suggested that the wintering population varied between 1,500 and 7,000 (Aarvak et al., 1996; Paynter, 1996). About 25,000 birds were reported in 1978, 1980 and 1982/83 but the numbers steadily declined in subsequent winters (Morozov and Poyarkov, 1997; Tkachenko, 1997)”.
The species’ present status is unclear, owing to a lack of systematic count data. However, it seems likely that the country may remain an important wintering site for the Western main population, given that in March 2001 large staging flocks were found in the Kyzyl Agach area (565 birds) and in the Ag-Gel Zapovednik (1,800 - 2,000 birds). In both cases the Lesser White-fronts were observed in mixed flocks with Greater White-fronted and Greylag Goose feeding on meadow vegetation. A calling bird was heard at Lake Shorgel and 6 individuals were seen at Divichi Lima, indicating that these areas may also be important sites for that species (Heinicke & Ryslavy 2002).
A satellite-tagged bird of the Western main subpopulation, ringed in the Polar Ural region of northern Russia in August 2004, staged in Azerbaijan for several days in November 2004 before continuing its migration, via eastern Turkey, to winter in Iraq. (source: www.piskulka.net/Satellite tracking.htm)
Bulgaria (EU)
Vernacular name: Malka belochela gaska
A 1996 survey estimated the total number of Lesser White-fronts in Bulgaria as 30-40 (Aarvak et al. 1996), whereas Petkov et al. (1999) estimated a total of 100 birds.
Lesser White-fronts occur regularly in small numbers at traditional goose staging and wintering sites on the Black Sea coast, notably at Lake Shabla and Lake Durankulak, both of which are Ramsar Sites and Important Bird Areas. However, recent count data are inadequate for these sites to qualify as IBAs for Lesser White-fronted Goose (S. Nagy/BirdLife International, pers comm), hence they are not listed in Annex 3. The last adequate count was conducted in 1998 by a BirdLife Bulgaria/BirdLife Norway team, which estimated some 100 birds present in the area of Shabla and Durankulak Lakes. In recent years there has been no targeted count or research for this species. Goose counts are made only during the morning when the birds leave roosting sites and this does not allow identification of LWfG among the tens of thousands Greater White-fronts. However, casual birdwatchers regularly report the species (e.g. in February/March 2005, some 3 to 5 birds were identified in a flock of 1,200 Greater White-fronts at Durankulak Lake), suggesting that over 100 may occur when flocks of over 50-60 000 Greater White-fronts occur in the Shabla/Durankulak region (N. Petkov, pers.comm).
Lake Srebarna in the Danube floodplain is an important autumn staging site for Greater White-fronted Goose, but small numbers of Lessers probably occur regularly among them. In 2003, three Lesser White-fronted Geese were found dead at Srebarna among 123 dead Greater White-fronted Geese; it is thought the birds had been poisoned by rodenticides, either in Bulgaria or neighbouring Romania. Other potentially important sites include Mandra-Poda, Lake Burgas and Lake Atanasovo – all close to the southern coastal city of Burgas and all Ramsar sites and listed by BirdLife International as Important Bird Areas. Up to 120,000 Greater White-fronted Geese occur in this area in winter (though such high numbers are exceptional) and there are occasional records of Lessers, though the difficulties of close observation mean that many could be missed. Small numbers of Lessers have been recorded among Greater White-fronted Geese in Pyasachnik Reservoir (an IBA) located in the Maritza floodplain (Evros in Greek). This site might be a staging area for birds of the Fennoscandian subpopulation wintering in the Evros delta; observations were made during the migration period. (S. Dereliev pers comm).
Estonia (EU)
Vernacular name: Väike-laukhani (Estonian)
Before the 20th century crash of the Fennoscandian population, a major migration route passed through north-western Estonia. The species used to be a regular passage migrant until the 1970s. However, during the period 1970-1984 there were no verified observations. Since 1985, small numbers, including some birds from the reintroduced Swedish population, have again been recorded and for a time it was presumed that all these birds derived from the Swedish reintroduction programme. However, since 1996 it has become clear that the Matsalu Bay region of western Estonia remains an important spring staging area for the wild Fennoscandian population and it is thought that small numbers also occur regularly in autumn, though more information is needed for the autumn period (Tolvanen et al. 2004). Most recently, in late September and early October 2005, two or three LWfG were seen in coastal meadows at Haeska, Ridala, while up to 14 were seen together at the same site during spring migration in May 2005 (reported by multiple observers on http://www.piskulka.net/).
Finland (EU)
Vernacular names: Kiljuhanhi (Finnish); Gilljobás (Lappish/Sami)
WCMC/UNEP 2004 states: “No breeding of wild Fennoscandian birds has been confirmed since 1995, and the current breeding population is estimated at 0 – 5 pairs (Päälainen and Timonen, 2000; Øien et al., 2001). However, single birds have been observed in the former breeding areas almost annually. A restocking programme was under way between 1989-1998. More than 150 geese were released in northern Finland (von Essen et al., 1996; Tolvanen et al.; 1997; Markkola et al.; 1999; Kellomäki and Kahanpää, 2003). Due to the danger of interbreeding between the introduced stock and the genetically distinct wild population, the Finnish Ministry for the Environment and the Finnish Lesser White-fronted Goose Project, led by WWF Finland, decided to stop the restocking programme in 1998 (Tolvanen et al., 2000c; Tegelström et al., 2001).”
The Bothnian Bay coast, close to Oulu, is recognised as an important spring staging area, though a decline of 65% was recorded between 2000 and 2003 was recorded, possibly reflecting changing migration routes as well as a further decrease in the overall wild Fennoscandian population (Markkola & Luukkonen 2004).
Germany (EU)
Vernacular name: Zwerggans
The species regularly passes through Germany in small numbers. Since 1990, 30-100 observations of Lesser White-fronted Geese have been reported annually. The great majority of birds were observed in the northern part of Germany. Important sites are listed in Section 4.4. Birds of the wild Fennoscandian population tagged with satellite transmitters have been recorded in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Brandenburg during autumn migration (Lorentsen et al. 1998, Aarvak & Øien 2003). At most German sites, Lesser White-fronted Geese are observed in the company of Greater White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons and are thought most likely to belong to one of the wild populations. Data indicate that birds from more than one subpopulation migrate through Germany, with some individuals of the Western main population also wintering, especially in Brandenburg, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Nordrhein-Westfalen (Mooij & Heinicke in prep.). Birds from the Swedish reintroduction programme, typically associating with Barnacle Geese, have been recorded increasingly frequently in Niedersachsen and Schleswig-Holstein (a total of 29 individuals was recorded in mid-November 1999; van den Bergh 2000), and there is a handful records for Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. There is one record of a bird from the Finnish reintroduction project in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mooij & Heinicke in prep).
Under the title of ‘Operation Lesser White-fronted Goose’ (Aktion Zwerggans) a programme is currently being developed to lead reintroduced birds, using microlight aircraft, from a former breeding site in Swedish Lapland to a traditional wintering area in the Lower Rhine area of Nordrhein-Westfalen.
The species is fully protected in Germany but Greater White-fronted Geese are still hunted in places and both species occur in mixed groups (Lorentsen et al., 1998).
Greece (EU)
Vernacular name: Nanochina (transliteration)
The LWfG arrive in Greece by late October to early November and depart by early to mid March. Lake Kerkini, Lake Ismarida (also known as Lake Mitrikou) and the Evros Delta (all listed as Special Protection Areas, Ramsar Sites and Important Bird Areas) are key staging and wintering sites for the Fennoscandian population. Nestos Delta (also listed as Special Protection Area, Ramsar Site and Important Bird Area) is also a wintering site with less regular sightings. Though 1,630 birds were counted in the Evros Delta in 1963 (Handrinos 1991), numbers are now far lower. Between 1980 and 1990 counts varied between 30 and 150 individuals (Aarvak et al., 1996, 1997), while a maximum of 71 individuals (for Lake Kerkini, Lake Ismarida and the Evros Delta combined) was recorded in the winter of 1998/1999 (Lorentsen et al. 1999). More recently, a maximum of 52 LWfGs were seen at Lake Kerkini in November 2005 (T. Naziridis/LIFE-Nature project, reported on http://www.piskulka.net/).
52 Lesser White-fronted Geese were recorded using the saltmarshes around the Drana Lagoon in the Evros Delta of north-east Greece, in early January 2004. One of these birds had been colour-ringed in northern Norway in May 2004 (Vangeluwe, 2004). This indication that the Evros Delta is a key wintering area for the wild Fennoscandian population was confirmed when eight Lesser White-fronts ringed at the Valdak Marshes (Norway) were seen in the Evros Delta in January 2005 (D. Vangeluwe per T. Aarvak, pers. comm.). Between November 2005 and January 2006, up to 40 Lesser White-fronts were seen in the same area of the Evros Delta as in 2005. At least five of these birds carried colour rings (Y. Tsougrakis & D. Vangeluwe/ LIFE-Nature Project, reported on http://www.pikulska.net/). During the winters of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 a satellite-tagged and colour-ringed pair was observed at Lake Kerkini and Evros Delta. In total 14 colour-ringed individuals from the Fennoscandian population have been observed at Lake Kerkini and Evros Delta between 1995 and 2008 (T. Aaravak, pers. comm.). In early Mach 2008 54 individuals were recorded in Evros Delta (E. Makriyanni/LIFE-Nature projet, reported on http://www.piskulka.net).
Hungary (EU)
Vernacular name: Kis lilik
Although counts are far lower than the tens of thousands of birds recorded before the 20th century crash of the Fennoscandian population, Hungary – notably Hortobágy National Park – continues to support significant numbers of staging Lesser White-fronted Geese. In autumn, the first birds arrive at Hortobágy fishponds in the first half of September and numbers usually peak in the second half of October, after which there tends to be a slow decrease, with Lesser White-fronts dispersing with flocks of White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons. Most have generally left for their wintering grounds by mid-November, but departure may be delayed in mild seasons and a few individuals occasionally over-winter successfully, as was the case in the winter of 2000/2001, when four colour-ringed individuals, first observed in September 2000, were still present on 24 January 2001. The highest autumn counts for the years 2001 and 2002 were 59 and 49 respectively. Similar numbers occur during spring migration, typically from mid-February to the second half of March. In 2001 and 2002 the peak spring counts were 32 and 54 individuals (Tar 2004). However, unlike in Estonia, Finland and Norway, birds have not been recorded and identified individually in Hungary, and annual numbers of individuals are based mostly on the largest direct simultaneous counts from one site. This suggests that the total number of individuals occurring each year in Hungary may well be higher than the above figures indicate.
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Vernacular name: Ghaze pishani sepide Kuchak
WCMC/UNEP 2004 states: “In the early 1970s, between 4,500 and 7,500 birds wintered in Iran, mainly in Miankaleh protected region, but these disappeared suddenly in the late 1970s and, since then, only small flocks have been observed in the country (Scott and Rose, 1996). Regular large flooding events in the area, due to the rising of the water level in the Caspian Sea, as well as hardening winters, may be leading to a redistribution of the wintering population in this country and Azerbaijan (Lorentsen et al., 1999).”
The Iranian portion of the Mesopotamian marshes (see Iraq) is also a potentially important wintering area, but there is no direct evidence to support this.
Iraq
Vernacular name: [information missing]
Evans 1994 records the species as formerly widespread and numerous, but currently the species is only present in small numbers.
A satellite-tagged bird of the Western main subpopulation, ringed in the Polar Ural region of northern Russia in August 2004, was tracked to Iraq during the winter of 2004/2005, providing the first proof of recent years that the species continues to winter in Iraq and the first detailed evidence of the sites used. The bird stayed in the country from at least 24 November until the last transmission from Iraq on 15 March. Spring migration began sometime soon after this date, as the next transmission, on 26 March, was from Dagestan, in southernmost Russia. During its stay of almost four months in Iraq the bird was recorded primarily from the lakes/wetlands and lowlands of the Tigris river basin (see Map 2).
Map 2. Locations of satellite-tracked Lesser White-fronted Goose in Iraq, November 2004 to March 2005. The three locations marked Haur Al Shubaicha, Haur Al Suwayqiyah and Haur Chubaisah are all listed by BirdLife International as Important Bird Areas, refs. IQ017, IQ020 and IQ030, respectively. This map was last updated on 10 March; by 15 March the bird had returned to Haur Al Suwayqiyah, the location of the last data transmission from Iraq. Source: World BirdWatch magazine, BirdLife International. See also: www.piskulka.net/Satellite tracking.htm

Kazakhstan
Vernacular name: Shikyldak kaz
The lakes and agricultural land of the Kustanay region of north-west Kazakhstan are known as a major staging area for Lesser White-fronted Geese, in both spring and autumn. During the period 1997-2000, spring migration in this region lasted for 35-45 days and usually occurred in the second half of April and May. Autumn migration was more protracted, lasting 70-75 days between late August/early September and the beginning of November. Birds roost on lakes and disperse over cultivated land during the day to feed. (Yerokhov et al. 2001). Lake Kulykol is the most important roosting lake during autumn migration. About 5,000 individuals were estimated (based on sample counts over five days) in the area in late September/early October 2002. During the period 1996-2000, the highest estimates, based on random sampling of the staging goose flocks, were c. 8,000 – 12,000 individuals (Tolvanen & Pynnönen 1997, Tolvanen & al. 1999). The highest direct count was 1,050 individuals. Significantly lower numbers were observed in autumn 2003, most likely reflecting the very low water level in the lake that year. Smaller, but still remarkable numbers (c. 1,000 individuals) were counted in the Kurgaldzhino–Tengiz area in the autumn of 1998 (Tolvanen & al. 1999). Colour-marked individuals ringed in northern Norway and northern Russia were recorded at Kulykol in autumn 2002 and autumn 2003, respectively, showing that birds from both the Fennoscandian and Western main subpopulations occur in Kazakhstan (Aarvak et al. 2004a). This has also been confirmed by satellite telemetry (Lorentsen et al 1998; Øien et al 1999; Karvonen & Markkola 1997). There is also a staging area further east in Kazakhstan: the lake areas surrounding the huge lake Tengiz, as indicated by the movements of a Lesser White-front satellite tagged in the Taymyr peninsula in 1998 (Øien et. al. 1999).
Three individuals were recorded in south-east Kazakhstan (about 100km west of Almaty) in March 2003, indicating possible spring staging in this region of birds arriving from wintering areas further south (Yerokhov 2004), though it appears unclear which breeding population was involved.
The species is included in the national Red Data Book and legally protected.
Lithuania (EU)
Vernacular name: Mažoji žąsis
There is a lack of information on the species’ status, but it can be assumed that birds of the Fennoscandian population pass through Lithuania regularly during both spring and autumn migration. Flocks of up to 800 birds were recorded from the Nemunas Delta and Kurshiu Lagoon prior to the 1960s. Subsequently, only very small numbers were recorded, until 1995, when up to 230 staging birds were observed in the Nemunas Delta and small flocks were also recorded at coastal sites in the autumns of 1996 and 1997 (Stoncius and Markkola 2000).
In July 2000, Lesser White-fronted Goose was included in category 4 of the Lithuanian Red Data Book. Lack of information concerning the species’ occurrence in Lithuania precluded its inclusion in a higher category. In July 2005 the species was deleted from the list of the Red Data Book.
Netherlands (EU)
Vernacular name: Dwerggans
Lesser White-fronted Geese were always rare in the Netherlands. In 1981 a reintroduction project was set up in Swedish Lapland to guide the geese via a comparatively safer route to the North Sea countries (to The Netherlands). Nowadays every winter some 80-100 birds are seen in the Netherlands.

Birds have been recorded regularly from sites in Friesland, Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland and Zeeland (e.g. van Roomen et al 2003).



The SOVON report 2005/06 (Koffijberg et al. 2005) describes an increase from ca 20 individuals around 1990 to ca 120 from 2003/04 onwards. Average peak numbers vary from 50 individuals near Anjum to 5 elsewhere. 87% of all observations of Lesser White-fronts took place at 6 core sites. The majority of birds sighted are of Swedish origin. Koffijberg et al.(2005) estimated that 96% of the reintroduced Swedish birds winter in the Netherlands. Two breeding attempts are recorded, possibly of birds with feral origin.
Norway
Vernacular name: Dverggås (Norwegian); Gilljobás (Lappish/Sami)
The current estimate for the Fennoscandian population (excluding the Kola Peninsula) is 20-30 pairs (Tolvanen et al. 2004b). The breeding areas of these birds are not known at present, and some these birds may breed in Finnish and/or Swedish Lapland. Northern Norway also has a key spring and autumn staging area for Lesser White-fronted Goose, namely the Valdak Marshes (e.g. Aarvak & Øien 2004). Other important Norwegian sites include the Varangarfjord area, the Tana River valley and Høyholmen. Statistical analysis of data from monitoring in the Valdak Marshes indicate that numbers of geese utilising the area in spring decreased by between 3% and 4% annually from 1993 to 2003. The estimated overall decrease since monitoring began in 1990, up to and including 2003, was 36% (Aarvak & Øien 2004), showing the precarious situation of the population.
Birds from the Swedish restocked population are regularly observed in Nordland county, where wild Fennoscandian White-fronts used to breed.
The maximum count at the Valdak Marshes during the spring migration of 2005 was 29 birds. During autumn migration a total of 32 Lesser White-fronts staged at the site, of which 16 were juveniles. This confirms that breeding success in 2005 was relatively poor (BirdLife Norway/Norwegian LWfG Project, reported on http://www.piskula.net/).
Poland (EU)
Scarce migrant and winter visitor, possibly less frequent recently (Tomialojc, 1990). As part of the flyway of the migrating Fennoscandian population, Poland supports a few staging Lesser White-fronted Geese. Some of the geese satellite-tagged in 1995 were tracked flying over Poland. One bird tagged in 1997 spent the winter in Poland and eastern Germany (Øien & Aarvak, 2001; Aarvak & Øien 2003), but little additional information is available. The wetland areas and fishponds are likely of higher importance than the areas in eastern Germany. Resources to begin monitoring and survey work have been lacking (T. Aarvak & I.J. Øien, pers. comm.). The Polish Avifaunistic Commission has recorded observations of Lesser White-fronts since 1951, and more regular data is available for the period of 2005 to 2007 (Monika Lesz, pers. comm.). The Odra valley (between Küstrin and Gartz) and the Warthe valley hold important night-time roost sites for geese, including Lesser White-fronts, which feed on German territory during the day (T. Heinicke, pers. comm.).
On 14 January 2006, two wintering Lesser White-fronted Geese were watched at close range near Rus (Biebrza Valley) (T. Kulakowski per Y. Tsougrakis/LWfG LIFE Project, reported on http://www.piskulka.net/). For the years 2005, 2006 and 2007, between 12 and 16 birds have been recorded annually from the six monitoring sites of the Polish Avifaunistic Commission (Monika Lesz/Tadeusz Stawarczyk, pers. comm.).
Romania (EU)
Vernacular name: Gârliïa mica
WCMC/UNEP 2004 states: “An unknown number of Lesser White-fronted Geese, associated with Greater White-fronted Geese, annually pass through Romania in the Dobrogja area in the south-east. Confusion with A. albifrons is likely. For the same reason, similar records have been deleted in Bulgaria. A survey on 1-2 December 1996 failed to locate any Lesser White-fronted Geese (Aarvak et al., 1997). The birds that pass through are part of the flocks that remain in eastern Bulgaria in the winter, and the percentage of Lesser White-fronted Geese is supposed to be similar to that in Bulgaria. Since Greater White-fronted Geese are intensively hunted it is likely that Lesser White-fronted Geese are also shot annually. It is classified as rare according to the Red List issued by Biosphere Reserve Danube Delta 2000 (Romania country report to CMS, 2002)”
Several experts have indicated that they doubt the 1989 figure of 1,000 quoted above.
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