Volume 9 Number 2 August 1995
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AcknowledgementThis study was supported by fund from the National Research Institute of Health (NRIH). We express our gratitude to Sister Etaferahu Mengistu of Yekatit 12 hospital for her assistance during sample collection. Our thanks also goes to Ato Amare Dejene, a biostatician of NRIH for the data analysis, and the National Meteorology Service Agency, Addis Ababa, for the climatological information. Reference1. WHO scientific working group. Rotavirus and other viral diarrhoeas. Bull WHO 1980; 58(2):183-98. 2. Hung T, Wang C, Fang Z et al. Waterhorne out break of rotavirus diarrhoea in adults in China caused by a novel rotavirus. Lancet 1984;i: 1139-42. 3. Steinhoff MC. The first five years. J Paediatr 1980;96:611-22. 4. Kapikian AZ, Kim HW, Wyatt RG et al. Human reovirus- like agent as the major pathogen associated with "Winter" gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children. New Eng J Med 1976;294:96-'-72. 5. Stintzing G, Back E, Tufvesson B, et al. Seasonal fluctuations in the occurrence of enterotoxigenic bacteria and rotavirus in paediatric diarrhoea in Addis Abeba. Bull WHO 1981;59(1):67-73. 6. Habte D, Stintzing G, Thorein A and Mollby R. Epidemiology of acute diarrhoeal diseases in children in Addis Abeba, in Acute Enteric Infections in Children. 1981 : ( eds .T . Holrne J, Holmgren MH, Merson and Mollby R), Chapter 6, pp. 133-38. Elsevier, North Holland. 7. Muhe L, Fredrikzon B, and Habte D. Clinical profile of rotavirus enteritis in Ethiopian children. Eth Med J 1986;24(1):1-6. 8. WHO. A manual for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. 1984: WHO/CDD/SER. 80; 2, Rev. 9. De Zoysa I, Feachem RG. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: rotavirus and cholera immunization. Bull. WHO 1985;63(3):569-83. 10. Moyenuddin M, Rahman KM, and Sack DA. The aetiology of diarrhoea in children at an urban hospital in Bangladesh. Trans. Royal Society Trop. Med. and Hygiene 1987;81:299- 302. 11. Tania ATG, Vilma R, kristine LM et al. Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhoeal disease in urban infants in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J . Infect. Dis 1991;164:331-37. 12. Sima, Huilan, Lu Guang, Zhen, Mathan MM. et al. Etiology of acute diarrhoea among children in developing countries: a multicenter study in five countries. Bull. WHO 1991; 69(5): 549- 55. 13. Sarnir D, Sameer AK, Bader HB et al. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in children under five years in Bahrain. Int. J. Epidemi. 1990;19(3):722-27. 14. Saha MR, Sen D, Dana P, Dana D, and Pal SC. Role of rotavirus as the cause of acute paediatric diarrhoea in Calcutta. Trans. Royal Society Trop Med and Hygiene 1984;78:818-20. 15. Flores J, Nakagomi 0, Nakagomi T et al. The role of rotavirus in paediatric diarrhoea. Peadiatr. Infect Dis J 1986;5:553-62. 16. Puri RK, Rao S. Neonatal rotavirus infection in Pondicherry .Indian J Med Res 1986: 83; 557-60. 17. Wolfgang KJ. Viruses in gastrointestinal tract infections .Virology .3rd ed. Pentice-Hall, Englwood, Cliff, New Jersey. 1988; 193-97. 18. Paniker CKJ, Mathew S, Mathen M. Rotavirus and acute diarrhoeal diseases in children in a southern Indian costal town. Bull WHO 1982;60: 123-27. 19. Mutanda LN, Gemert W, Kangethe SK, and Juma R. Seasonal pattern of some causative agents of childhood diarrhoea in Nairobi. East African Med J 1986;373-81. 20. Georges MC, Wachsmuth IK, Meunier DMV et al. Parasitic, bacterial and viral enteric pathogens associated with diarrhoea in the Central African Republic. J Clin Microbiol 1984;19:571-5. 21. Cook SM, Glass Rl, LeBaron CW, and Mei-shang Ho. Global seasonality of rotavirus infections. Bull WHO 1990; 68(2):171-7. 22. Hieber JP, Shelton S, Nelson ill, and Mohs E. Comparison of human rotavirus disease in tropical and temperate settings. Am J Dis Child 1978;132:853-8. 23. Konno T, Suzuki H, Katsushima N et al. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on human rotavirus infection in Japan. J Infect Dis 1983;147(1):125-8. 24. Brandt CD, Kim HW, Rodriguez WJ et al. Rotavirus gastroenteritis and weather. J clin MicrobioI1982;16:478-82. 25. Black RE, Merson MH, Rahman ASMM et al. A two year study of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents associated with diarrhoel in rural Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 1980;142:660-4. 26. Paul MO, and Erinle EA. Influence of humidity on rotavirus prevalence among Nigerian infants and young children with gastroenteritis. J Clin MicrobioI1982~15:212-5. Original articleGiardiasis in EthiopiaHailu Birrie and Berhanu Erkol Abstract: A countrywide survey of giardiasis, using formal-ether concentration method, among school children and residents showed overall prevalence rates of 8.9% and 3.1 % , respectively. The corresponding rate for non-school children {5-19 years of age), however ,was 4.4% showing that the school children are ore significantly infected than their non-school counterparts {P < 0.005). There were no significant differences between overall male and female infection rates in both populations {P > 0.01 ). However, by age, children are more infected than adults in both populations. Infection rates did not vary with altitude. In this paper, the possible mode of transmission and factors influencing it are discussed. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1995;9{1 ) :77-80]
IntroductionGiardia LambLia is a flagellate protozoan referred to as Giardia duodenaLis or Giardia intestinaLis. It inhabits a variety of mammals including man, reptiles, and possibly birds (I). For centuries Giardia was thought to be a commensal organism that had little relevance to human disease (2). It was very recently that it was recognized as a pathogen from human infection viewpoint (3). Infection by Giardia LambLia has a cosmopolitan distribution both in developed and developing nations. Infection rates ranging from 1% to 50% or so have been reported from various parts of the world (4). In African, Asian and Latin American countries, about 200 million cases of Giardia LambLia infections have been estimated to occur annually (5). The infection may be endemic as in the tropics where it is a familial infection passed around by faecal-oral route, sporadic as in travellers, or epidemic as in waterborne or institutional outbreaks (6). Hitherto, parasitological surveys in Ethiopia did not directly focus on this parasitic infection. Only fragmentary reports have been made in a few surveys in conjunction with other parasitic infections. In fifty communities of the Central Plateau of Ethiopia, McConnel and Armstrong (7) reported an overall, giardiasis prevalence of about 11.4% by Merthiolate-Formalin-Concentration (MIFC) technique. Kloos et al. (8) and Seyoum Taticheff et al. (9) have also reported varying degrees of prevalence rates in different communities. However, these surveys by no means give the giardiasis picture of the country as they were limited to few regions and were of fragmentary nature. The communities are also lying all in the same direction. The present survey, however, involves more communities situated in different regions of the country .Besides presenting the prevalence rate, the paper attempts to discuss risk factors for giardiasis |