Volume 9 Number 2 August 1995
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References1. Liljestrand J. Ber.gstrom S, Nieuwenhuis F , Hederstedt B. Syphilis in pregnant women in Mozambique. GenitourinMed 1985;61:358-8. 2. Ratnam A V, Din Sn, Hirask et al. Syphilis in pregnant women in Zambia. British Journal of Venereal Diseases 1982; 58:355-8. 3. Ursi JP, Van Dyck E, Van Houtt c et al. Syphilis in Swaziland: A Serological Survey. British Journal of Venereal Diseases 1981; 57:95-9. 4. Copper-Poole B. The prevalence of syphilis in Mobeya, Tanzania. The validity of the VDRL as a screening test. East Afr Med J 1986;63(10):646-50. 5. Jama H, Hederstedt B, Osman S, Omar K, Isse A, S Bygdeman S. Syphilis in women of reproductive age in Mogadishu, Somalia: Serological survey. Genitourin Med. 1987;63:326-8. 6. Hira SK. Epidemiology of maternal and congenital syphilis in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia: Republic of Zambia, 1984;1-40. 7. Widy- Wirski R, D ' Costa J. Maladies transmises par voie sexuelle dans une population rurale en centrafrique. Report fmal, 13 conference technique. Yaounde, Cameroon: OCEAC 1980;651-4. 8. De Clercq A. Problems en obstetrique et gyecologie. In: Meheus A. Butera S. Eylenbosch W. Gatera G. Kivits M. Musafili I. eds. Sante et Maladies au Rwanda. Bruxelles Administration Generale de la cooperation au development 1982:627-56. 9. Meheus A, Freidman F, Van Dyck F, Gruyver T. Genital infections in Perinatal and family planning attendants in Swaziland. East Afr. Med J 1980;57:212-7. 10. Ratnam A V, Din SN, Chatterjee TK. Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women. Med. J Zambia 1980;14:75-8. 11. Watts TE, Larsen SA, Brown ST. A case control study of still births at a teaching hospital in Zambia 1979-80: Serological investigation for selected infectious agents. Bull WHO 1984;62:803-8. 12. Podgore et al. A survey of sexually transmitted diseases in the Democratic Republic of Somalia. International Congress of Infectious diseases, Cairo, 1985, abstract. 13. Personal communication, Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. 14. Friedmann PS, Wright DJM. Observation on syphilis in Addis Ababa, 2. Prevalence and natural history .British Joumai of Venereal Diseases. 1977;53:276-80. 15. Larsson Y, Larsson U. Congenital Syphilis in Addis Ababa. Eth Med. J 1970;8:163-72. 16. Bishaw T, Tafari N, Zewdie M, Haile D, Mascola I, Brown S. Prevention of congenital syphilis. In: Nsanze H. Widy Wirski RH. Ellison RH. eds. Proceedings of the third African Regional Conference on Sexually transmitted diseases. Basle, Switzerland. Ciba Geigy, 1983;148-53. 17. Feleke E, Abdulkadir J, Melamed MD, Gebre Z. The prevalence of Seropositivity for syphilis among hospital inpatients: A preliminary study. Eth Med J 1982;20: 167-71. 18. Geyid A, Tesfaye H, Abrha A, Lemeneh Y, Desta S, Feleke W. Islolates of STD causative agents from sex workers in Addis Ababa (a preliminary report) Ethiop J Health Dev 1990;4(2):155-62. 19. Lainovic D. Morbidity study in Dire Dawa. Eth Med J 1974;12:13-24. 20. King H. Holmes, Per. Andres Mardh, P. Frederick Sparling, Paul J. Wiesner. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1984, 126. 21. Zawde D, Sisay Y, Kebede D, Mamo D. HIV infection in Ethiopia blood donors: Prevalence, Trends and future projections. Ethiop J Health Dev 1992;6(2):1-8. 22. Sheila AL, King KH. syphilis chapter 128. In principles of internal medicine 121h edition, McGraw -Hill, Inc. 1991:657. 23. Asfaw Z. Serologic and clinical survey of treponemas diseases in South-Western Ethiopia. Eth Med J 1988;26:121.
Effect of processing methods on the trypsin inhibitor, tannins, phytic acid and ODAP contents of grass pea seedsBinyam Kebede, Kelbessa Urga and Ayele Nigatu1 Abstract: Grass pea seeds were given different treatments including cooking boiling, autoclaving, dry heating and fermentation into tempeh. Changes in the levels of the antinutritional factors due to the treatments were estimated. Dry heat treatment completely eliminated phytic acid and greatly reduced tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity and ODAP (100%,64%,87.4% and 75%, respectively). Cooking reduced tannins (74%), trypsin inhibitory activity (81 %) and ODAP (77%) while phytic acid was less affected (59.4%). Autoclaving had the most pronounced lowering effect on trypsin inhibitor activity (91 %), whereas other anti-nutritional factors were less affected. Boiling also decreased the trypsin inhibitor activity by 89.3%. Preprocessing of grass pea for tempeh fermentation and fermentation into tempeh significantly removed large portions of the antinutritional factors in grass pea. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1995;9(1):97-103] IntroductionLike other legumes, grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) can synthesize a variety of undesirable chemical substances termed antinutritients that are known to exert a deleterious effect when ingested by man or animals. These substances include phytic acid, trypsin -inhibitors and tannins which can cause adverse physiological responses or diminish the availability of certain nutrients. Phytate, widely distributed in food grains (1) lowers the bioavailability of minerals (2) and inhibits several proteolytic enzymes and amylases (3). All legumes studied to date have been found to contain trypsin inhibitors in different amounts. Trypsin inhibitors, when ingested by man in significant amounts, disrupt the digestive process and may lead to undesirable physiological reactions (4). .- Tannins are also known to be present in food legumes and to inhibit the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase, decrease the protein quality of foods and interfere with dietary iron absorption (5). Grass pea is known to contain ODAP (6-N- oxalyl-L-a,6 -diaminopropionic acid), a neurotoxic amino acid implicated as a cause to lathyrism (6). The disease is prevalent in Ethiopia, India and Bangladesh (7,8,9). Grain legumes in Ethiopia are processed and consumed in a variety of forms. The most common methods of preparation are usually cooking, boiling into a stew, gennination and fermentation. Teutenico and Knorr (10) reported that traditional methods of processing such as soaking, cooking and fermentation improved the nutritional value of legumes. Tempeli fermentation improved the nutritional and sensorial value of a wide variety of legumes allover the world (11). Effect of heat treatment and tempeh fermentation on trypsin inhibitors, tannins, and phytic acid in other legumes nave oeen reponeo (12, 13, 14, 15) .Although the presence of antinutritional factors such as phytate ( 16) and trypsin inhibitors (17) in grass pea are reported, no study has documented the effect of heat treatment on reducing them. 1 This paper is an account of an investigation on the effects of autoclaving, dry heat treatment, boiling, cooking and tempeh, fermentation on the trypsin inhibitors, tannins, phytic acid and ODAP content of grass pea grown in Ethiopia.
_______________________________ 1From the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute P .O.Box 5654, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |