The ethiopian

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Prevalence or low birth weight in urban areas or south western Ethiopia

Seleshi T/Mariam,MD, Ahmed Ali, MD

Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University
A cross sectional study of low birth weight (LBW) with a case control analysis was carried out in 30 villages of Jimma zone, South-western Ethiopia with the objectives to determine the prevalence of (LBW), its determinants and to assess the 1)erformance of trained traditional birth attendants (TTBAs) in recording birth weight using simple modified salter spring balances. Exposure variables of interest related to study mothers were collected and birth weight of the new born were recorded by enumerators and 1TBAs. A total of 537 mother-newborn pairs were included in the study revealing an overall LBW rate of 10.6% .The frequency distribution of health unit and home deliveries were nearly equal (47% vs 53% ). LBW rate was higher among home deliveries (12.9%) than health unit deliveries (8.0%). Statistically I' significant mean birth weight difference favouring health unit delivered neonates was observed when compared to home delivered neonates (t=2.03, p < 0.05). The present study has demonstrated LBW rate is higher among home deliveries unattended by trained personnel. TBAs can be used as a potential source of birth weight information to the health system. On the basis of the study finding, it is recommended that efforts have to be made to motivate mothers to utilize the maternal and child health (MCH) services to minimize the risk of LBW, and further more regular refresher training should be made available and there should be a periodic supervision so that TBAs are utilized as a potential source of vital event data of their communities.
Blinding malnutrition: a serious threat in a district or Arsi zone Tezera Fisseha, Yonas Taffesse, Wondemu Teka and Jamal Hidar Ethiopian Nutrition Institute A total of 2025 children, aged from 6 months to 6 years were examined for signs of xerophthalmia in 17 villages of four sub-districts of Arsi zone. The over all prevalence of xerophthalmia was 10.9%. The Biot's spots rate was 8.8%. In a chosen village, where the problem of vitamin A deficiency was considered to be high, a prevalence rate as high as 28.3% was recorded. of the total xerophalmis cases 15% had history of measles a month prior to the survey. Anthropometric measurements were made on 1964 of the children. The stunting and wasting level were 53% and 15% respectively. Therapeutic and prophylactic doses of vitamin A capsules were provided to all the subjects accordingly. Although periodic mega dose vitamin, a capsule supplementation, is the ideal short term method for controlling the deficiency, a viable delivery mechanism is still the challenge.
The use or students' questionnaire in identification or communities at risk or Onchocerciasis in Kera, South-west Ethiopia
Habtamu Argaw, MD, George Olwit, MD

Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University

A study was conducted to test the application of the so called "indirect questionnaire approach" using key informants, for the assessment of high risk areas for onchocerciasis. The objective was to determine the validity, cost-effectiveness and operational feasibility of questionnaires. Questionnaires were designed and distributed to six junior high schools via the education officer and administered to 1385 students through their teachers. Validation test was undertaken on 1345 students of the same schools. Using the Spearman rank correlation analysis on the positive response rate on the indictors of onchocerciasis to the parasitological results, all the questions were negatively correlated, due to probably poor perception, immune tolerance and lack of attention to the manifestations in the high risk areas. Report of "nodule" was the only significantly correlated. The use of the educational sector was found to be feasible. The indirect questionnaire approach was seven times less expensive, with comparable time and coverage as the biomedical approach. The study area was found to have high prevalence (15.5%) of microfilarial rate in young teenagers, and the endemic area wider. Further study is recommended to assess the applicability of the approach, in different socio-economic and demographic situations.

Identification of high risk communities for intestinal Schistosomiasis using questionnaires

Muluken Hailu,B.Scl, Leikhun Jemaneh2,PhD, Derege Kebedel, MD ¹Department of Community Health

and ²Dept. of Microbiology , Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University

Through the Educational Administration office, a total of 88 schools were screened in Western Gojjam Region using self administrated questionnaires. From 88 recovered questionnaires, based on the defined criteria, only 68 questionnaires were accepted as properly completed. A total of 3580 students were interviewed through their teachers in four weeks time. From 3580 "indirectly" interviewed children, prevalences of 10.4%, 30.6% and 9.0% were found for the three markers; blood in stool, distended belly and schistosomiasis respectively. From 600 children screened parasitologicaly in 10 schools, over all 90 Schistosomiasis mansoni positives were found, yielding an estimated 15% prevalence rate for the region. A higher infection rate was found in males (17.5% ) than females (12.9% ) with an odds ratio of 1.64. A positive Pearson's coefficient of correlation was found between the questionnaire and parasitological approaches in assessing the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in ten schools. A coefficient of correlation of 0.89, 0.69, and 0.45 was found between the prevalence of schistosomiasis, prevalence of blood in the stool, and prevalence of distended belly respectively, and the parasitological screening. The indirect interview approach is not only operationally feasible, it is also four times faster and thirty times less costly than the corresponding biomedical approach. The possible use of the questionnaire approach in the monitoring of s.mansoni infection is discussed.
Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. Cross-sectional Leishmanin skin test in an endemic locality.

Ahmed Ali, PHD1, Richard William Ashford, PHD² and Tesfaye Bulto, MD

Institute of Pathobiology and Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, and ²Division

of Biomedical Science, School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool and ALERT, Addis Ababa

In order to evaluate the immune status of the population against infection with leishmaniasis, a cross-sectionalleishmanin skin test was carried out in southern Ethiopia on a sample population of 730 individuals. The antigen used was L.d. infantum and standard techniques were employed in the administration and interpretation of the test. The study revealed an overall prevalence of 36.4% leishmanin positives, with 50.9% of them being males and 23.2% females. An increase in leishmanin positivity with age was also noted and that parallels the age specific disease pattern in the study locality . The skin test profile in the study site was found to be typical of an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis and suggests an outdoor exposure to infection.

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