Dr. Moses T.K. Kairo
Director
CAB International
Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre
Gordon Street, Curepe
Trinidad and Tobago
Tel: 868 645 7628
Fax: 868 663 2859
m.kairo@cabi.org
| |
Ms. Pepetua Latasi
Assistant Environment Officer
Ministry of Environment, Energy & Tourism
Tuvalu
Tel: 688 20 179
Fax: 688 20 83 | |
Dr. John Mauremootoo
Mauritian Wildlife Foundation
MWF Black River Office
Ave. Bois des Billes – La Preneuse, Mauritius
Tel: 230 483 5038
Fax: 230 483 5038
cjmaure@intnet.mu
| |
Dr. Dennis O’Dowd
Director, Centre for Analysis and Management of Biological Invasions
P.O. Box 18
Monash University
Victoria 3800 Australia
Tel: 61 3 9905 5644
Fax: 61 3 9905 5613
Dennis.ODowd@sci.monash.edu.au
| Mr. Warea Orapa
Weed Extensionist
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Private Mail Bag
Suva, Fiji Islands
Tel: 679 337 9284
Fax: 679 338 6326
wareao@spc.int
| |
Dr. Soetikno Sastroutomo
CAB International
Senior Project Officer
SE Asia Regional Centre
Glasshouse No 2
Opposite Block G
Mardi Complex
PO Box 210UPM Serdang, Selangor
Malaysia 43400
Tel: 64 3 8943 2921/3641
Fax: 60 3 8943 6400
s.soetikno@cabi.org | |
Mr. Alan Saunders
Cooperative Initiative on Invasive Alien Species on Islands,
Coordinator School of Environmental and Marine Science, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
Tel: 64 9 3737999 ext 5210
Fax: 64 9 3737042
a.saunders@auckland.ac.nz
| World Conservation Union, IUCN
Legal Consultant, Environmental Law and Policy
37 Rue Erlanger, 75016, Paris, France, (IUCN-ELC affiliate)
Tel: & Fax: 00 33 1 46 51 90 11
clare.shine@noos.fr
|
Mr. Sigurdur Thrainsson
Head of Division, Division of Nature and Natural Resources
Ministry for the Ministry, Iceland
Vonarstraeti 4
IS-150 Reykjavik
Iceland
Tel: 354 545 8660
Fax: 354 562 4820
sigurdur.thrainsson@umh.stjr.is | |
Ms. Leliua Vaiutu
Agriculture Plant Protect Officer
Department of Agriculture
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Private Mail Bag
Government Building
Vaiaku, Funafuti
Tel: 688 20 825 or 20 186
Fax: 688 20 826
Lelix_George@yahoo.com
|
ANNEX III: AGENDA
Day 1: 18 October 2002
Time
|
Topic
|
Speakers
|
8:30 AM
|
Welcome and introductions
|
Richard Mack
|
8:50 AM
|
Project overview
|
Jamie K. Reaser
|
9:00 AM
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Regional perspectives addressing the following questions (20 min each, plus 5 min Q & A):
-
What are believed to be the major biological and socio-economic impacts of IAS on island ecosystems?
-
What variables (e.g., island history, ecotypes, island size and distance, pathways, climate, region of the world, etc) are believed to influence the impacts of IAS on island ecosystems?
-
What are the “best practice” measures for the prevention, eradication, and control of IAS in island ecosystems? How do the principles/practices differ from continental systems?
|
-
John Mauremootoo
-
Dennis O'Dowd
|
10:30 AM
|
Break
|
|
11:20 AM
|
Regional perspectives continued.
| -
Sigurdur Thraisson
-
Moses Kairo
-
Leliua Vaiutu
|
12:30 PM
|
Lunch
|
|
01:30 PM
| -
What are believed to be the major biological and socio-economic impacts of IAS on island ecosystems?
-
What variables (e.g., island history, ecotypes, island size and distance, pathways, climate, region of the world, etc) are believed to influence the impacts of IAS on island ecosystems?
-
What are the “best practice” measures for the prevention, eradication, and control of IAS in island ecosystems? How do the principles/practices differ from continental systems?
|
Facilitated
|
03:30 PM
|
Break
|
|
03:50 PM
|
Group discussion of questions 1-3 continued.
|
Facilitated
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05:00 PM
|
Close
|
|
06:30 PM
|
Dinner
|
Home of Lu Eldredge
|
Day 2: 19 October 2002
Time
|
Topic
|
Speaker(s)
|
09:00 AM
|
Group discussion of the following questions:
-
What case studies (data) exist to document the impacts of IAS on island ecosystems and through whom can this information be obtained?
-
What gaps in knowledge exist and how might these gaps be filled? [gaps in knowledge, opportunities for filling gaps]
-
What can be accomplished in an assessment of the impact of IAS on island ecosystems in 9-months? [goals]
-
What are the steps to undertaking a 9-month assessment (including timeline)? [timeline]
-
Who needs to be involved in the assessment and how? [contributors – roles and responsibilities]
-
What are the first steps and who will take them [priorities and catalytic actions]?
|
Facilitated
|
10:30 AM
|
Break
|
|
10:50 AM
|
Group discussion of questions 4-6 continued, including assignment of "next step" tasks.
|
Facilitated
|
12:00 PM
|
Lunch
|
|
01:00 PM
|
Subgroups undertake "next step" tasks.
|
|
02:30 PM
|
Reconvene, subgroup status reports.
|
|
04:00 PM
|
Closing and Beach
|
|
ANNEX IV: LIST OF DOCUMENTS
The following documents and citations were exchanged among meeting participants.
Bellwood, D. R., and T. P. Hughes. 2001. Regional-scale assembly rules and biodiversity of coral reefs. Science 292: 1532-1534.
Bryan, E. H., and (Jr.). 1932. Frogs in Hawai’i. Mid-Pacific Magazine 43: 61-64.
Coles, S. L., R. C. DeFelice, L. G. Eldredge, and J. T. Carlton. 1999. Historical and recent introductions of non-indigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology 135: 147-158.
Eldredge, L. G. 1987. Coral reef alien species. in B. Salvat, ed. Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. Antenne Museum E.P.H.E., French Polynesia, pp. 215-228
Eldredge, L. G., and J. T. Carlton. 2002. Hawaiian marine bioinvasions: A Preliminary Assessment. Pacific Science 56: 211-212.
Eldredge, L. G., and J. K. Reaser. 2002. Coral Reefs: Invaded Ecosystems. in B. Best, R.S. Pomeroy and C.M Balboa, eds. Implications for coral reef management policy: relevant findings from the 9th annual coral reef symposium. US Agency for International Development in collaboration with the World Resources Institute, Conservation International and the International Society for Reef Studies, pp 33-35.
Ewel, J. J., D. J. O'Dowd, J. Bergelson, C. C. Daehler, C. M. D'Antonio, L. D. Gomez, D. R. Gordon, R. J. Hobbs, A. Holt, K. R. Hopper, C. E. Hughes, M. LaHart, R. R. B. Leakey, W. G. Lee, L. L. Loope, D. H. Lorence, S. M. Louda, A. E. Lugo, P. B. Envoy, D. M. Richardson, and P. M. Vitousek. 1999. Deliberate Introductions of Species: research needs. BioScience 49: 619-630.
Green, P. T., P. S. Lake, and D. J. O'Dowd. 1999. Monopolization of litter processing by a dominant land crab on a tropical oceanic island. Oecologia 119: 435-444.
Green, P. T., D. J. O'Dowd, and P. S. Lake. 1997. Control of seedling recruitment by land crabs in rain forest on a remote oceanic island. Ecology 78: 2474-2486.
Green, P. T., D. J. O'Dowd, and P. S. Lake. 2001. From resistance to meltdown: secondary invasion of an island rain forest. in K. N. Ganeshaiah, R. U. Shaanker, and K. S. Bawa, eds. International conference on tropical ecosystems: structure, diversity, and human welfare. Oxford-IBH, pp 451-455.
Henneman, M. L., and J. Memmott. 2001. Infiltration of a Hawaiian Community by Introduced Biological Control Agents. Science 293: 1314-1316.
Lake, P. S., and D. J. O'Dowd. 1991. Red crabs in rain forest, Christmas Island: biotic resistance to invasion by an exotic snail. Oikos 62: 25-29.
Mack, R. N., and W. M. Lonsdale. 2002. Eradicating invasive plants: hard-won lessons for islands. Pages 22-30 in D. Veitch and M. Clout, eds. in Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. Invasive Species Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), Auckland.
Mauremootoo, J. R., and C. V. Towner-Mauremootoo. No date. Restoring paradise: alien species management for the restoration of terrestrial ecosystems in Mauritius and Rodrigues -- current successes and future challenges, Unpublished manuscript.
O'Dowd, D. J., P. T. Green, and P. S. Lake. 2001. Invasional "meltdown" in island rain forest. in K. N. Ganeshaiah, R. U. Shaanker, and K. S. Bawa, eds. International conference on tropical ecosystems: Structure, Diversity, and Human Welfare. Oxford-IBH, pp. 447-450.
Ogden, J. C. 2001. Maintaining Diversity in the Oceans. Environment 43: 28-37.
Oliver, J. A., and C. E. Shaw. 1953. The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands. Zoologica 38: 65-95.
Richardson, L. L. 1998. Coral diseases: what is really known? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 438-443.
Shearman, P. 2001. A scoping assessment for an Asia-Pacific invasive species initiative: A Report to The Nature Conservancy. Pages 1-72. The Nature Conservancy.
Stokstad, E. 2001. Parasitic Wasps Invade Hawaiian Ecosystem. Science 293: 1241.
ANNEX V: SUMMARY OF MAIN POINTS AND ISSUES
The following points were assembled from notes taken during expert presentations and discussions. They form the basis of the general conclusions and recommendations brought forth from the workshop, which are contained at the beginning of this document.
CONCLUSIONS
Biology
|
IAS are plants, animals and other organisms that have been moved into areas where they don’t naturally occur, causing major environmental impacts. IAS are among the top drivers of environmental change globally.
|
Islands are especially vulnerable to biological invasions and numerous species extinctions have resulted, every island is highly likely to experience a biological invasion eventually.
|
The impacts of IAS on island ecosystems extend beyond natural ecosystems and losses of biodiversity to human health and agriculture, particularly from introduced pathogens and parasites.
|
IAS directly impact biodiversity on island ecosystems, through competition, predation, alteration of species abundances, habitat modification, novel mutualisms, loss of genetic diversity, and through hybridization of invasive species with natives.
|
IAS alter temporal processes on island ecosystems such as successional dynamics, and can change the frequency and intensity of disturbances such as floods and fire.
|
Although ballast water is widely recognized as a means by which IAS are moved around the world, the fouling of ships and other mobile structures by marine organisms is also a significant pathway for invasion.
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In marine systems, artificial substrates are associated with the sudden appearance of IAS.
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In marine systems, the number of IAS declines sharply upon leaving the harbor.
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In terrestrial systems, dramatic changes in ecosystem function and disturbance cycles can occur following an invasion, such as nutrient cycling and fire regimes.
|
IAS can decrease ecosystem resilience following a natural disturbance and as a result intensify disturbance impacts, such as soil erosion.
|
In simple island ecosystems, IAS can unleash complex, unexpected outcomes, such as the formation of new associations or assemblages that amplify existing problems. Impacts from IAS can be very rapid, acute, chronic, cryptic, long-term, and cascading, and magnifying. The presence of other IAS influences the impacts of an invasive species on an island ecosystem.
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Disturbance (natural and anthropogenic) facilitates the establishment and spread of IAS.
|
Several factors influence the impacts of IAS on island ecosystems including ecosystem heterogeneity, island shape and topography, and species plasticity, flexibility and species susceptibility to mutations.
|
Socioeconomic
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Agriculture, tourism, water supply, biodiversity, and even human health have been negatively affected by IAS. IAS cause decreased food security, water security and impact human health in terms of diseases, loss of native medicinal plants, nutrition, and increases in pesticide use to control IAS.
|
IAS can place considerable constraints on sustainable development and economic growth. IAS can cause the loss of income for commercial activities, e.g., forestry and agriculture, and the livelihood of individuals. Economic costs accrue due to IAS prevention, eradication, and control. Additional economic impacts of IAS include the loss of opportunity to utilize natural resources either directly (e.g., pharmaceuticals) or indirectly (e.g., tourism), unrealized exports or commercialization, and trade embargoes resulting from contamination.
|
Invasion pathways on islands are usually linked with human activities. Patterns of human settlement often determine where IAS will be found and influence the impact of IAS on island ecosystems.
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Historical linkages between countries (e.g., colonies vs. protectorates, degree of international contact), as well as the culture of the colonizing country, play a strong role in determining the degree of invasion occurring in the colony or former colony as well as the kinds of species that were introduced.
|
Policy or sectoral conflicts may arise when an IAS have socio-economic benefits but also have adverse biological impacts. Strong lobbies may exist to introduce species that are harmful or that have not yet been assessed for invasiveness.
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Most ships docking at small islands arrive full of cargo and leave empty, taking on water for ballast while discharging cargo. This makes most Small Island Developing nations exporters of ballast water, not recipients.
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Islands without indigenous peoples may currently be inhabited by people who lack knowledge of and an affinity for the native flora and fauna, and who therefore harbor a mentality of exploitation rather than conservation. This affects attitudes towards conservation and restoration.
|
Trade volume is a significant contributor to the current status biological invasions on islands.
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On some Caribbean islands, IAS are viewed primarily as an agricultural problem.
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The failure of a sitting government to address serious IAS impacts has lead to a loss of power in at least one small island nation.
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The proximity and shared culture of nearby islands can lead to the rapid movement of people and goods, and informal trade between islands. Existing quarantine systems may be inadequate and legislation related to importation may be out of date and therefore fail to prevent IAS introductions.
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Cooperation between countries may be poor. For example, one country infected with a pest may refuse to take measures to prevent its spread to other countries.
|
IAS can cause the loss of aesthetic value and also lead to the alteration or loss of cultural heritage.
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IAS can cause the loss of biological heritage and the loss of scientific opportunities.
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IAS also increase fears about agricultural and biological terrorism.
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Existing legal frameworks and diverse economies also influence the impacts of IAS on island ecosystems, particularly where there are gaps or inconsistencies in legal and policy frameworks can exacerbate the impacts of IAS.
|
Lack of access to existing technologies and information to address IAS incursions results in impacts that might have otherwise been avoided or mitigated. Access to foreign assistance can aid island nations in prevention and management efforts, but it can also serve as the source of introductions (“Aid Trade’).
|
Animal rights lobbies opposed to destroying any animals may limit management responses to incursions and existing invasions.
|
Analysis/Prediction
|
Prevention is the best way to safeguard islands from the impacts of IAS.
|
Early detection of newly arrived organisms is necessary to keep invaders from establishing and spreading.
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IAS are a problem on all islands, but the problem is not without remedy and there are increasing numbers of successful and extremely cost-effective management methods to reverse the damage and prevent new problems from occurring. Given the application of best practices, IAS on islands are potentially manageable in terms of prevention and eradication for certain species. Impacts from invasions are potentially manageable and potentially reversible.
|
Pathway management is more tractable on island systems relative to continents because there are fewer entry points.
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Important questions/ facts unknown
|
What quantitative data on the impacts of IAS exists for island ecosystems?
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Is resilience on island ecosystems lower than that of mainland ecosystems?
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Are rates of invasion on islands increasing globally?
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Are the number of donor regions and frequency of introductions increasing for islands?
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Are other environmental factors, such as climate change, exaggerating the impacts of IAS?
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Are there impacts from IAS that have not yet been realized due to a lag phase?
|
When novel species associations form due to biological invasions, what will happen in terms of species-species/species-environment interactions?
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Are there similarities between the impacts of IAS on geographically isolated island ecosystems and ecologically isolated communities on mainland systems?
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More information is needed about extinctions on continental systems in order to determine whether or not the rates of extinction due to IAS are higher on islands than continents. Lack of ecological and taxonomic information prevents prediction of impacts and even identification of species as introduced or native.
|
What are the invasion pathways on island ecosystems and what are the significance of their impacts?
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What is the threshold between a non-native species and an IAS?
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What are the long-term consequences of biological invasions on island ecosystems particularly in terms of their cascading impacts and the reversibility of those impacts?
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What are the socio-economic impacts of IAS on island ecosystems? What is the reversibility of the socio-economic impacts of IAS?
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What is the efficacy of current biosecurity measures in reducing impacts?
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What is the public perception of IAS and their impacts on island ecosystems?
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What are the rates of introduction for particular taxonomic groups?
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What factors are critical to the establishment IAS?
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What is the rate at which IAS fail to establish?
|
A lack of knowledge about the ecology of both the systems invaded and the IAS themselves.
|
RECOMMENDATIONS
Information- gathering
|
Support and undertake studies of fouling as an invasion pathway, as well as the biological and socio-economic impacts of fouling organisms on marine ecosystems.
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Conduct fundamental research on the basis of insect-plant specificity at the biochemical and ecological level.
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Conduct island bioinventories. Despite islands having small and tractable biotas, the bioinventory is far from complete on many, especially when it comes to invertebrates. On islands, more than on any other system, complete bioinventory is achievable.
|
Conduct research on how to incorporate stochastic processes that may be important in the early stages of invasion into population models.
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Document where within the range of a species do invasive island populations come from.
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Develop more complete knowledge and identification of non-pathogenic microorganism invasions.
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Better methods are needed to identify and quantify ecosystem services.
|
Apply social science research methods to identify community values and ways of involving communities.
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Implement more ecological experiments, in the form of perturbations, field trials or “adaptive management”. These need to be undertaken to improve sustainable management regimes.
|
Improve knowledge of species interactions, food webs and competitive relations are needed for specific island system in relation to proposed management actions.
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Conduct retrospective and continuing studies of biocontrol. Too often valuable data is lost because monitoring of biocontrol is discontinued after remediation is achieved.
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Improve knowledge of invasion risk and patterns of spread to prioritize species and reduce uncertainty, through higher quality data and modeling. In particular: identify what the minimum thresholds for the initial population size of an introduction for a successful invasion (single gravid female, or more).
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Capacity-building
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Raise awareness of the problem of fouling by IAS with governments, relevant industries, tourists and recreationists, and local communities (especially those associated with coral reefs).
|
Deposit voucher specimens in appropriate museums to assist with species identification.
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Engage the marine sector on IAS issues. This is a priority for island nations.
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Develop partnerships among those with financial, technical, and informational resources and those in need; in particular, neighbors, sources of IAS, trading partners.
|
Engage trade related bodies in IAS issues on islands.
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Build strong relationships between territories and states.
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Policy development/implementation
|
Develop and enact best management practices and policies to physically clean ships hulls and marine equipment so as to minimize the risk of transport of fouling organisms. Develop environmentally sound alternatives to the toxic anti-fouling agents that are gradually being removed from use.
|
Establish surveillance programs to detect and penalize “polluters” who introduce IAS via fouling.
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Establish early detection and rapid response programs with an aim to eradicate IAS before they can become established and spread.
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Address and resolve the lack of continuity in staff and expertise available to managers addressing IAS on islands. Address logistical issues with regard to access to technology and materials.
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Target efforts at specific audiences (i.e., tourists).
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Take precautionary measures for inter-island movements and movements of organisms between mainland.
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Implement biosecurity measures at sub-national and individual island levels.
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Develop national and regional contingency plans.
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Integrate marine and terrestrial systems need into management.
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Establish procedures for collaboration between (probable) source and receiving nations.
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Create open access to relevant information (survey) and ensure that data is repatriated.
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Emphasize the importance of scientific advisory panels.
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Institute legal frameworks.
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ANNEX VI: Press Release
Prepared at the Islands Assessment Workshop October 19, 2002
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