and the Word was with God.
7
Adjectives
You will be able to—
1. understand English adjectives and their various uses;
2. learn and translate various Greek adjectives;
3. identify attributive, predicate, and substantive uses of Greek adjectives;
4. properly identify the grammatical agreement between an adjective and its accompanying substantive;
5. identify the various forms of the verb ei]mi< in the present active indicative;
6. master ten more high-frequency vocabulary words; and
7. finish memorizing Jn. 1:1 in Greek.
Definition
An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun. The adjective often specifies more clearly what the noun or pronoun actually means. It often answers the question “What kind of ______ is it?”
The soft snow hit the windshield.
Answers: What kind of snow? Soft.
The snow was soft.
Three Uses of Adjectives
Adjectives are used in three ways:
1. An attributive adjective attributes a characteristic to the noun it modifies.
The good book
2. A predicate adjective assigns a characteristic to the subject of the sentence.
The book is good.
3. As a substantive, an adjective acts independently, as a noun itself.
The good die young.
Examples:
1. Attributive use:
The red car hit the big truck behind the rear tire.
2. Predicate use:
Roses are red and violets are blue.
3. Substantive use:
The kind receive their rewards, but the unjust are often surprised (i.e., the kind person; the unjust person).
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. They will match the nouns they modify in number, gender, and case.
Adjectives frequently use a 2-1-2 paradigm scheme:
masculine
|
=
|
Second declension forms
|
feminine
|
=
|
First declension forms
|
neuter
|
=
|
Second declension forms
|
Because you already know the first and second declensions, it is easy to recognize the gender, number, and case of the adjectives.
Adjective Paradigm
a]]gaqo
Declension
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
Singular
|
Masc.
|
Fem.
|
Neut.
|
Nom.
|
a]gaqo |
a]gaqh<
|
a]gaqo |
Gen.
|
a]gaqou?
|
a]gaqh?j
|
a]gaqou?
|
Dat.
|
a]gaq&?
|
a]gaq^?
|
a]gaq&?
|
Acc.
|
a]gaqo |
a]gaqh |
a]gaqo |
Plural
|
|
|
|
Nom.
|
a]gaqoi<
|
a]gaqai<
|
a]gaqa<
|
Gen.
|
a]gaqw?n
|
a]gaqw?n
|
a]gaqw?n
|
Dat.
|
a]gaqoi?j
|
a]gaqai?j
|
a]gaqoi?j
|
Acc.
|
a]gaqou |
a]gaqa |
a]gaqa<
|
Adjective Paradigm for words ending in e, i, or r
di
Declension
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
Singular
|
Masc.
|
Fem.
|
Neut.
|
Nom.
|
di |
dikai |
di |
Gen.
|
dikai |
dikai |
dikai |
Dat.
|
dikai<&
|
dikai<%
|
dikai<&
|
Acc.
|
di |
dikai |
di |
Voc.
|
di |
dikai |
di |
Plural
|
|
|
|
Nom. Voc.
|
di |
di |
di |
Gen.
|
dikai |
dikai |
dikai |
Dat.
|
dikai |
dikai |
dikai |
Acc.
|
dikai |
dikai |
di |
Attributive position = Adjective has article.
o[ a]gaqo>j lo
o[ loe]gw< ei]mi o[ poimh>n o[ kalo
I am the good shepherd (Jn. 10:11).
e]n t^? e]sxain the last day (Jn. 6:39)
Predicate position = Adjective has no article.
a]gaqo>j o[ lo
o[ lokai> o[ a@nqrwpoj ou$toj di
And this man was righteous (Lk. 2:25).
faiyou appear to men to be righteous (Mat. 23:28).
Substantive use = Adjective is used as a noun—has no noun
The substantive use often has the article but no accompanying noun.
oi[ de> din ai]wbut the righteous unto eternal life (Mat. 25:46)
[O de> diBut the righteous will live by faith (Rom. 1:17).