Declining Nouns
Verbs are parsed (PAI, 1st sg, from luFor example:
loi[erw?n Genitive, Plural, Neuter, from i[ero
Word Order
The order of words in a sentence in Greek may be the same as in English (subject + verb + object). Greek puts inflectional endings on nouns to mark their case. This allows Greek to change the word order for various purposes without substantially altering the meaning of a sentence. For example, the subject may be placed after the verb and the object placed before the verb for emphasis while retaining the original meaning of the sentence. Recent studies have shown that word order is important, so the good student will keep an eye on the order of syntactic units (VSOM versus SVOM etc.).
One comment on the vocabulary forms. In lexical lists, nouns such as dou?loj are followed by -ou?, which gives the genitive singular ending, indicating that it is a second declension noun. The o[ article is given to specify that it is masculine.
Second Declension Noun Chant
lolo
lo
lo
lo
lo
lo
lo
Vocabulary
a]gapa |
I love (143)
|
gra |
I write (191)
|
de<
|
but, and (2,792)
|
dou?loj, -ou, o[
|
servant, slave (124)
|
eu[ri |
I find (176)
|
i[ero |
temple (71)
|
lao |
people (142)
|
no |
law (194)
|
oi#koj, -ou, o[
|
house (114)
|
w[j
|
as, about, how (504)
|
5
First Declension Nouns
You will be able to—
1. understand the English syntax of nouns in sentences (subject, object, number, gender, etc.),
2. understand the Greek noun system (gender, number, case),
3. write out and chant the first declension paradigm for feminine nouns, and
4. master ten more high-frequency vocabulary words.
Introduction
There are three noun declensions in Greek. We have learned the second declension with its masculine and neuter nouns and its characteristic o endings. Now we will focus on the first declension. First declension nouns are largely feminine, as indicated by placing the feminine article h[ (“the”) after the nominative singular form. Each noun should be learned with its definite article, which indicates its gender. The stem of first declension nouns ends with an alpha or eta. Learn to chant through this eta first declension of grafh<. Learn to recognize the variations on the other two forms (alpha and masculine form).
Feminine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in h)
grafh<, h[ = writing, Scripture
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Inflectional Endings
|
Nom./Voc.
|
grafh<
|
grafai<
|
h
|
ai
|
Gen.
|
grafh?j
|
grafw?n
|
hj
|
wn
|
Dat.
|
graf^?
|
grafai?j
|
^
|
aij
|
Acc.
|
grafh |
grafa |
hn
|
aj
|
Meanings: Translation of Inflectional Forms
|
Singular
|
|
Plural
|
|
|
Nom.
|
grafh<
|
A writing
|
grafai<
|
writings
|
(subject of sentence)
|
Gen.
|
grafh?j
|
of a writing
|
grafw?n
|
of writings
|
(possessive/description)
|
Dat.
|
graf^?
|
to a writing
|
grafai?j
|
to writings
|
(indirect object/agency)
|
Acc.
|
grafh |
A writing
|
grafa |
writings
|
(direct object)
|
Voc.
|
grafh<
|
O writing
|
grafai<
|
O writings
|
(direct address)
|
Nominative
|
=
|
subject of the sentence, predicate nom., apposition
|
Genitive
|
=
|
possessive/description/origin usually translated with “of”
|
Dative
|
=
|
indirect object, usually translated with “to,” “for,” “by,” “at,” or “with” (2 by 4 ate [at] with)
|
Accusative
|
=
|
direct object of a sentence, double accusative
|
Vocative
|
=
|
direct address (e.g., “O writings, show us . . .”)
|
The nominative can be used as in an appositional use. Apposition is when this
form restates or specifies a noun. For example: “Paul, a servant, an apostle writes,”
where “a servant” and “an apostle” are appositional renaming or specifying Paul.
Feminine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in a)
w!ra, h[ = hour
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Nom./Voc.
|
w!ra
|
hour
|
w$rai
|
hours
|
(subject of sentence)
|
Gen.
|
w!raj
|
of an hour
|
w[rw?n
|
of hours
|
(possessive/descrip.)
|
Dat.
|
w!r%
|
for an hour
|
w!raij
|
for hours
|
(indirect object/ag.)
|
Acc.
|
w!ran
|
hour
|
w!raj
|
hours
|
(direct object)
|
Note that the nominative and vocative have the same form. The w!ra and grafh<
forms are largely the same except for the simple shift of the eta to an alpha in the singular.
Masculine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in h)
profh
|
Singular
|
|
Plural
|
|
|
Nom.
|
profh |
prophet
|
profh?tai
|
prophets
|
(subject)
|
Gen.
|
profh |
of a prophet
|
profhtw?n
|
of prophets
|
(possessive)
|
Dat.
|
profh |
to a prophet
|
profh |
to prophets
|
(indirect object)
|
Acc.
|
profh |
prophet
|
profh |
prophets
|
(direct object)
|
Voc.
|
profh?ta
|
O prophet
|
profh?tai
|
O prophets
|
(direct address)
|
Note that the only major variation here is the genitive singular, which takes an -ou ending. Beyond that, it is much the same as grafh<. Vocatives are rare.
Nouns ending in a consonantal blend (y, c, or z) or double
consonant do
|
Singular
|
|
Plural
|
|
|
Nom.
|
do |
glory
|
do |
glories
|
(subject)
|
Gen.
|
do |
of glory
|
docw?n
|
of glories
|
(possessive)
|
Dat.
|
do |
to glory
|
do |
to glories
|
(indirect object)
|
Acc.
|
do |
glory
|
do |
glories
|
(direct object)
|
Voc.
|
do |
O glory
|
do |
O glories
|
(direct address)
|
|
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