Mastering New Testament Greek Textbook Ted Hildebrandt Baker Academic
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Parts of Speech1. Noun names a person, place, thing or idea (e.g., book). 2. Adjective is a word used to qualify the meaning of the noun (e.g., good book). 3. Definite Article is a word that specifies a particular noun (e.g., the good book). The indefinite article is “a” (e.g., a book). 4. Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun (e.g., the book, it). 5. Preposition is a relational word that connects an object (often a noun) to its antecedent (e.g., in the book). 6. Verb is often an action or state-of-being word that makes a statement, asks a question, or gives a command (e.g., read the book). 7. Adverb qualifies the meaning of the verb (e.g., read quickly). 8. Particle is a small indeclinable word expressing some general aspect of meaning, or some connective or limiting relation (see chapter 27). Sentence Parts (Syntax)The sentence is divided into two parts: 1. Subject, about which something is said.
2. Predicate is that which is said about the subject.
Predicate nominative: It is I (rather than “It is me”). A predicate nominative completes the idea of the subject. It will most often occur with an “is” verb. PhrasesA phrase is a group of words used as a single part of speech. Perhaps the most common is the prepositional phrase: The book by the bed is my textbook (the phrase acts like an adjective modifying “book”). He held the book over his head (the phrase acts like an adverb modifying “held”).
With work you can expect to master Greek (as a noun). He played to win (as an adverb). He had plenty of water to drink (as an adjective modifying water). ClauseA clause is a group of words that includes a subject and predicate. (A clause has a verb; a phrase does not.) Phrase: The great big strong man (an adjective phrase) Clause: The man who owns the store (an adjectival/relative clause) A main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone. A subordinate clause is dependent on the main clause and cannot stand alone. Note the following subordinate clauses. When the store opened, the people pushed through the front door. He knew that power had gone out of him. Vanquishing VerbsIt is crucial for students of Greek to gain mastery over (conquer, vanquish) verbs. Tense generally describes the time of action of the verb (present, future, past), although the time/tense connection has been hotly contested recently (vid. S. Porter, R. Decker, D. Mathewson, et al.). Some see the Greek tense forms as being used to denote Aktionsart (how the action takes place [punctiliar, durative, iterative, inceptive...]) and others stress aspect (the writer’s view or portrayal of the action as opposed to when/how the action actually happened). You should be aware of all three perspectives. Tense=time: Time is Kathy walks everyday (present tense). Kathy walked yesterday (past tense). Kathy will walk tomorrow (future tense). Horses gallop across the prairie (omnitemporal/gnomic; what they usually do). God loves you (timeless). The Greek verb forms (present/aorist/perfect) are not directly indicative of the time an event actually happened. Hence the present tense form can be used for events that are past, present, future, omnitemporal or timeless.
are better understood as a result of the discourse level or based on the lexical meanings of particular verbs and combinations rather than to try to force such “meanings” onto the morphological tense forms (present, aorist, perfect). Continuous/durative action (the event as a process), He is cooking. Iterative (happens repeatedly) He kept shooting the ball. Inceptive (event is beginning) She is leaving now. Omnitemporal/gnomic: Horses gallop across the prairie (omnitemporal/gnomic; what they usually do) Timeless: God loves you.
the time is indicated more from adverbials, prepositions or time words than from the “tense” of the verb.
(can be used to portray present, past, future, omnitemporal or timeless action; so it is not time locked) Aorist: wholistic, complete, undifferentiated, background material Perfect/Pluperfect: state of affairs, frontground form Mathewson defines background, foreground and frontground as follows: 1. background: this does not refer to material that is non-essential or unimportant, but to material that serves a supporting role. 2. foreground: this refers to material that is selected for more attention and often consists of the main characters and thematic elements in a discourse. 3. frontground: elements that are frontgrounded are singled out for special attention, are presented in a more well-defined way, and stand out in an unexpected manner in the discourse (Mathewson, 27). Voice shows who does or receives the action of the verb. Voice indicates how the subject is related to the action of the verb. Active: Subject does the action. Middle: Subject does action for itself or emphasizing the subjects participation in the action of the verb (most often the Greek is translated into an English active or for him/her/itself [benefit]) Passive: Subject receives the action. Mathewson has described it visually as: Active: Subject ----> Verb (object) Middle: Subject <--> Verb Passive: Subjects <--- Verb (agent) Examples of verb voice Zachary shot the ball (active)—Zach does the action. The ball was shot by Zachary (passive)—ball receives action. Zachary himself passed the ball (middle)—Zach did it for himself. Verbal mood shows how something is said.
Examples of Verb Mood
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