Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Magisterská diplomová práce
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5.2 Universals in Markoš’s translations5.2.1 Explicitation and implicitation and The Mismeasure of ManIn the first translation by Markoš, excessive use of simplification and interpersonal explicitation was expected with respect to the length and style of the source and target texts. Both universals do occur in the translation but their frequency is by no means exceptional (25 instances of interpersonal explicitation, compared to 23, 21 and 24 in the remaining texts and 14 instances of simplification compared to 33, 11 and 16 in the rest of the corpus). It seems as if the tendencies mentioned actually were universal and tended to be applied regardless of the character of the source texts.
Table 6: Universals in The Mismeasure of Man The use of explicitation is comparable to Hradilek’s translation of Wright, with the exception of logical and textual explicitation. Logical explicitation is slightly more frequent (5 and 11 instances compared to 20 in the translations of Gould); while textual explicitation is less frequent (28 occurrences compared to 40 and 49 in Hradilek’s texts). Implicitation, on the other hand, prevails in Markoš’s text (84 occurrences compared to 49 and 46 in Hradilek’s translations). There are 29 experiential implicitations, 19 of them (66%) belonging to the category of process participants.
Ještě jednou prošel celý soubor, vybral rozměry pěti nejlepších i pěti nejslabších žáků a celý zbytek vyhodil. (EI, participants) The main difference between the two translators is in textual implicitation (30 instances compared to 5 and 17 in Hradilek’s texts). Unlike in the three remaining texts from the corpus, textual implicitations from the category of cohesion dominate (67%), the name of Binet being replaced by a pronoun or by the appropriate verb ending most often. Repeating the name of the scientist as often as in the source text would sound unnatural in Czech and from this point of view, these examples stand on the boundary between textual and optional implicitation.
Proto své pacienty změřil ještě jednou. (TI, cohesion)
Rozdíly mezi oběma extrémy byly konzistentnější – v průměru 3-4 mm. I tak však nepřevyšovaly možnou průměrnou chybu měření, způsobenou ovlivnitelností experimentátora. (TI, cohesion)    
Graph 3. Types of explicitation and implicitation in The Mismeasure of Man 5.2.2 Explicitation and implicitation and The Ages of GaiaThe stylistic analysis of Lovelock’s text and his translation suggests that interpersonal implicitation, simplification and omission should be plentiful. Similarly like in the case of the translation of Gould, however, this claim was not confirmed. There are 10 instances of interpersonal implicitation, 16 of simplification and 13 of omission; which is nothing exceptional compared to the remaining texts.
Table 7: Universals in The Ages of Gaia There are no major differences in the distribution of individual subcategories of explicitation and implicitation between the two texts translated by Markoš (EE: 37-39, LE: 20-20, TE: 28-27, IE: 25-24; EI: 29-24, LI: 12-10, TI: 30-26, II: 13-10). Differences, however, can be found within individual subcategories. In the scope of experiential explicitation, the meaning component related to the process circumstances is explicitated more often (44% compared to 16% in the translation of Gould).
Alternativou k tomuto způsobu zpravodajství je poprosit přítele, aby zprávu na patřičném místě podal ústně. (EE, circumstances) The proportion of textual implicitations related to the information structure and to cohesion is reversed in the two Markoš’s translations (33% vs. 69% in the translation of Gould, 67% vs. 31% in the translation of Lovelock).
Použijete-li tlampač, třeba se dovoláte do vzdálenosti 10 kilometrů11. (TI, information structure) Generally, it can be concluded that the tendency towards greater explicitness also is the dominant one in the case of Markoš. However, his tendency towards implicitation is much stronger than that of Hradilek’s (154 instances of implicitation).   
. Graph 4. Types of explicitation and implicitation in Markoš’s texts Even though the source texts differ in style to a great extent, both Markoš’s translations are very close to each other and rather consistent as far as the distribution of various hypothesized translation universals is concerned. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||