Issues paper for the import risk analysis of fresh apple fruit from the united states of america

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3. Pests associated with apple production in the Pacific Northwest

3.1. Pest list

Biosecurity Australia has reviewed the initial pest list provided by the USA and conducted additional research to establish a draft pest list for US apple production in the Pacific Northwest. The USA has agreed to provide further pest information shortly. Biosecurity Australia also welcomes any additional information that may be received from other stakeholders. As the pest list is not considered to be finalised, research will be ongoing to ensure that all pests of concern have been identified and addressed within the IRA. The final list will form the basis of the pest categorisation process within the risk analysis.

3.2. Fire blight status in the USA

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., is an internationally recognised and significant plant disease affecting pome fruit (CAB International 2007). Fire blight is not present in Australia and it is a quarantine pest for Australia.

Fire blight is widespread in the USA and has continuously been observed in apple and pear orchards since the late 18th century (Bonn and van der Zwet 2000). Fire blight spread northward in the early 20th century, appearing first in California then moving into Washington and Oregon (Bonn and van der Zwet 2000).

Outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest tend to be sporadic in occurrence, but when they do occur, losses are significant (Douglas 2006). Fire blight outbreaks have occurred in apple orchards of Washington State every season since 1991 (Smith 2006). Washington’s worst fire blight season occurred in 1997 with serious damage also occurring in 1998 (Smith 2006).

Australia has developed a policy for apple fruit imported from New Zealand where fire blight is known to occur. This policy will be taken into account, where relevant, as part of this import risk analysis.

4. Further steps in the import risk analysis process

Completion of this IRA will be in accordance with the IRA Handbook and will therefore involve the following key steps:

consultation on issues paper (60 days)
risk analysis and preparation of a draft IRA report
consultation on draft IRA report (60 days)
consideration of stakeholder submissions and preparation of a revised draft IRA report
review of revised draft IRA report by the Eminent Scientists Group
preparation and publication of provisional final IRA report (end of regulated timeframe)
opportunity to appeal on the provisional final IRA report
if there are no appeals, or at the conclusion of the appeal process, BA will provide the final IRA report and a recommendation for a policy determination to the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine
consideration of the final report and its recommendations by the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine
determination of the policy
publication of the final IRA report.

Biosecurity Australia is committed to a thorough risk analysis of the proposal to import fresh apple fruit from the United States of America (Idaho, Oregon and Washington). This analysis requires that technical information be gathered from a wide range of sources. This paper is being issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment on issues relevant to the analysis. If you have relevant information you would like to have considered as part of this analysis, it should be submitted to Biosecurity Australia by 5 September 2008.

References

AQIS (1998) Final import risk analysis of the importation of fruit of the Fuji apple (Malus pumila Miller var. domestica Schneider) from Aomori Prefecture in Japan. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Canberra. 58 pp.

BA (2006) Final import risk analysis report for apples from New Zealand. Biosecurity Australia, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australia.

Biosecurity Australia (2007) Import risk analysis handbook. Australian Government Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australia.

Bonn WG, van der Zwet T (2000) Distribution and economic importance of fire blight. In ‘Fire blight: the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora’. (Eds JL Vanneste). pp 37-53. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.

CAB International (2007) Crop Protection Compendium – Global Module. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Available at http://www.cabi.org/compendia.asp [Accessed 28 May 2008]

Douglas SM (2006) Fire blight. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology. Available at http://vvv.caes.state.ct.us/FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp029f.htm [Accessed 8 May 2008].

FAO (2004) International standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPM) No.11. Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO (2007a) International standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPM) No. 2. Framework for pest risk analysis. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO (2007b) International standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPM) No.5. International Standards, Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAS online (2001) The US apple and pear industries: Situation and outlook. Horticultural and Products Division, Foreign Agriculture Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Available at http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp2/highlights/1998/98-10/Apple-Pear/usapple.html [Accessed 8 April 2008].

Geisler M (2007) Commodity apple profile. Agricultural Marketing Resource Centre, Iowa State University, Iowa. Available at http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/fruits/apples/commodityappleprofile.htm [Accessed 8 April 2008].

Kupferman E (1996) Packinghouse primer: Maturity, storage and handling of Washington apples. Washington State University – Tree Fruit Research and Extension Centre, Washington. Available at http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/EMK2002F.PDF [Accessed 8 April 2008].

Kupferman E (1999) How to prevent diseases of fruit in storage. Good Fruit Grower, Washington. Available at http://www.goodfruit.com/link/Mar1-99/special1.html [Accessed 8 April 2008].

Kupferman E (2001) Controlled atmosphere of apples and pears. Post harvest information network, Washington State University - Tree Fruit Research and Extension Centre, Washington. Available at http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/EMK2001D.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2008].

Smith TJ (2006) Fire blight management in the Pacific Northwest USA. Washington State University, Washington. Available at http://www.ncw.wsu.edu/treefruit/fireblight/principles.htm [Accessed 14 April 2008].

US Apple Association (2001) Fact sheet: Apple storage technologies. US Apple Association, Vienna. Available at http://www.usapple.org/consumers/storage.cfm [Accessed 7 May 2008].

USDA/FAS (2006) Apple update. Office of Global Analysis, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/horticulture/Apples/Apple%20Update%20-%20December%202006.pdf [Accessed 8 April 2008].

USDA/FAS (2008) 2007/08 Global apples. World markets and trade, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/2008_Apples.pdf [Accessed 8 April 2008].

Washington Apple Commission (2007) Controlled atmosphere storage (CA). Wenatchee, Washington. Available at http://www.bestapples.com/facts/facts_controlled.shtml [Accessed 7 May 2008].

Washington State University (2001) Crop profiles for apples in Washington. College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University, Washington. Available at http://www.tricity.wsu.edu/~cdaniels/profiles/apple.pdf [Accessed 8 April 2008].

Washington State University (2002) Apples in Washington State: General production information. Washington State University, Washington. Available at http://www.ncw.wsu.edu/treefruit/aplcrop.htm [Accessed 8 April 2008].

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