Radioactivity Neutralization Methods
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Table 1. Beam currents versus affected radius for reversal of the order to disorder arrow of the second law of thermodynamics. There is another important use of the Refresher machine: A Clean Energy Source (no Carbon Emissions and no radioactive wastes) is possible through electrino fusion technology, but not without a simultaneous operation of a Refresher in their footprints. For the theory of the Refresher, please see Refresher 1, by Gordon Ziegler, published by Xliebris (call 888-795-4274 ext. 7879). Source: Gordon Zeigler’s February 25, 2014 email to Gary Vesperman For an extensive discussion of Gordon Ziegler’s electrino fusion power reactor, see Gary Vesperman’s compilation of “130 Electrical Energy Innovations” in www.padrak.com/vesperman. E.Coli Cleans Up Nuclear Waste Cheaply, Efficiently by Ariel Schwartz, 09/22/09 E. coli bacteria does more than just make people sick — it can also be used to clean up nuclear waste, according to researchers at Birmingham University. The research team found that E. coli bacteria effectively breaks down phytic acid (a phosphate storage material found in seeds) and releases the phosphate molecules, which bind to uranium to create a uranium phosphate precipitate. The precipitate can be harvested to recover uranium, and voila – no more nuclear waste.
The uranium recovery process isn’t new. It was discovered in 1995, but scientists used an additive that was more expensive and less efficient than phytic acid. And since the price of uranium was low at the time, scientists saw no need to look into commercializing the process. But with an uptick in the price of uranium and the discovery of phytic acid’s effectiveness, the process has become economically viable. In addition to cleaning up nuclear waste sites, uranium recovered with the phytic acid process can be reused for nuclear energy. And for countries like the UK that lack natural uranium reserves, E. coli could be one of the keys to a low-carbon future. Source: http://inhabitat.com/e-coli-cleans-up-nuclear-waste-cheaply-efficiently/ Russian Process Uses Liquid Lead Bismuth to Trigger Transforming in the Form of Neutrons Monday Dec. 7, 1998 Las Vegas Sun article: Nuclear physicist Anthony Hechanova works at UNLV's Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies. He is studying a Russian process that uses liquid lead bismuth to trigger transforming in the form of neutrons. No working machine exists yet. http://nstg.nevada.edu/research/fac_staff/Hechanova_Anthony.shtml ‘Hutchison Effect’ for Neutralizing Both Radioactive Waste and Dispersed Radioactivity John Hutchison claims that by employing his ‘Hutchison effect” via a specially designed Hutchison-Lazaryan electronic frequency generator, he can neutralize radioactive waste and also excess radioactivity dispersed over an area of several square miles and maybe up to within a radius of 75 miles. See his website www.liferaygroup.com. For a video of Hutchison’s demonstration of transmutation of an alpha emitter with his ‘raygun’ see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cnrMm4t7Ws&feature=youtu.be. More of Hutchison’s videos can be linked at http://www.youtube.com/user/johnkhutchison1?feature=mhee/ http://pesn.com/2011/03/19/9501792_Hutchison_Gives_Instructions_for_Earth_Radiation_Shield/ An energy researcher has emailed Gary Vesperman that “I have tested some of his crystal cell batteries and they do work, very low power outputs nearly continuous,…”. A Cool Solution to Radioactive Waste Disposal Author is Edwin Cartlidge, News Editor, Physics World – July 31, 2006 A group of physicists in Germany claims to have discovered a way of speeding up radioactive decay that could render nuclear waste harmless on timescales of just a few tens of years. Their proposed technique – which involves slashing the half-life of an alpha emitter by embedding it in a metal and cooling the metal to a few degrees kelvin – could therefore avoid the need to bury nuclear waste in deep repositories, a hugely expensive and politically difficult process. But other researchers are sceptical and believe that the technique contradicts well-established theory as well as experiment. The leader of the German-based group, Claus Rolfs of Ruhr University in Bochum, is an astrophysicist and made the discovery about alpha decay after replicating the fusion reactions that take place in the centre of stars. Using the university’s particle accelerator he fired protons and deuterons (nuclei containing a proton and a neutron) at various light nuclei. He noticed that the rate of fusion reactions was significantly greater when the nuclei were encased in metals than when they were inserted into insulators. He also observed that the effect is enhanced at lower temperatures (J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 32 489). Rolfs believed this effect could be explained in simple terms by assuming that the free electrons in a metal act like the electrons in a plasma, as described in a model by Dutch physicist Peter Debye. The lower the temperature of the metal, the closer the free electrons get to the radioactive nuclei. These electrons accelerate positively charged particles towards the nuclei, thereby increasing the probability of fusion reactions. But Rolfs realized that the reverse reaction might also occur and that free electrons could enhance the ejection of positively charged particles from a nucleus. This would reduce the half-lives of α-decay or β+-decay, and increase half-lives for processes involving electrons (which are repelled by the free electrons within the metal), i.e. β–-decay and electron capture. The group has investigated this hypothesis by embedding a number of radioactive nuclei inside metals and then cooling the metal to a few degrees kelvin. As expected, they observed a longer half-life for the electron capture of beryllium-7 and shorter half-lives for β+-decay in sodium-22 (Eur. Phys. J. A 28 251) and α-decay in polonium-210. They are now investigating the α-decay of radium-226, a hazardous component of spent nuclear fuel with a half-life of 1600 years. Rolfs calculates that this half-life could be reduced to as little as a year and at the very least to 100 years, and believes that the half-lives of all other hazardous alpha emitters within nuclear waste could be shortened by similar amounts. "This means that nuclear waste could probably be dealt with entirely within the lifetimes of the people that produce it." he says. "We would not have to put it underground and let our great-great-grandchildren pay the price for our high standard of living." Rolfs admits that much engineering research needs to be done to convert his idea into practice, but he believes there are probably no insurmountable technical barriers. Other physicists, however, think that the basic idea may be flawed. According to Nick Stone, a nuclear physicist recently retired from Oxford University, physicists have already carried out experiments in which they cooled alpha emitters to 4 K and below, but found no significant changes in their half-lives. Meanwhile, Hubert Flocard, director of the CSNSM nuclear-physics lab near Paris, believes that Rolfs' model contradicts standard solid-state physics, although he admits that he cannot explain the group's data himself. Rolfs concedes that he needs a more sophisticated theory, but stands by his results. "Nature decides what is right." he says. Source: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2006/jul/31/a-cool-solution-to-waste-disposal Piezonuclear Reactions in Solutions Cavitated by Ultrasound Physicist Fabio Cardone is one of the pioneers of piezonuclear reactions induced by cavitation. Andrea Rampado offers an interesting contribution on piezonuclear reactions drawn of its protagonists.
Monday, February 20, 2012 Following a growing interest in piezonuclear reactions induced by cavitation, I received a short note of explanation produced by the parties concerned and the discoverers of this new phenomenon. The brief note is necessary because recently, particularly in a blog edited by Dr. Camillo Franchini, were raised objections and criticisms of various types and of various kinds.
These objections and criticisms, legitimate and acceptable, expired, unfortunately, as often happens in speculation and provocation intended to ridicule and disparage not so much a scientific discovery, but the people involved. A totally unscientific attitude and incomprehensible. I leave space to note, that although short is very explanatory and full of interesting content. Allow me to point out that the first of the 3 main arguments specified in the note is difficult to understand, CHEMICAL very few experts are able to understand its meaning – a drop of double-distilled and deionized water with a specific analysis of the elements contained in it in ppb (parts per billion) is able to possess all the elements that make up our planet with the exception of the rare earths – is basically our fingerprint. Happy reading Andrea Rampado BRIEF NOTES ON PIEZONUCLEAR CAVITATION BY Fabio Cardone, Giovanni Cherubini, Roberto Mignani, Walter Perconti, Aelianus Pessa, Andrea Petrucci, Francesca Rosetto, Guido hopes.
WITH THE APPROVAL OF Aracu Antonio, John Albertini, Claudio Bertoli, Alberto Carpinteri, Andrea Dodaro, Joseph Lacidogna, Amedeo Manuello, Manuello Andrea, Francesco Mazzuca, Massimiliano Monti, Fabio Pistella, Filippo Ridolfi, Walter Hall, Emilio Santoro, Massimo Sepielli, Sixth Viticoli. The results on cavitation piezonucleare have already been published in journals with reviewing committee as Physics Letters A, International Journal of Modern Physics B and E, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Annals of the Foundation of Louis de Broglie.
This fact indicates that our work is not made of mere conjecture or hypothesis inventive. However, the subject of our research is absolutely like new and everything new (especially in physics) meets most objections that approvals. Nevertheless, some examiners have considered our reports and convincing evidence in the manuscripts. We wish to emphasize that each feature of the experimental device, from which are obtained emission of pulses of neutrons, is absolutely crucial for reproducible results. It is impossible and even wrong to think that any one device which produces cavitation can generate this new type of nuclear reactions and produce pulses of neutrons as is suggested by some research groups. The statement about the critical nature of the project of the experimental apparatus should not sound strange, since we are dealing with something completely new compared our knowledge of physics. It's up to us to first understand how to produce the effect, and then as reveal, and do not assume that the effect manifests itself, however, with any device cavitation that is available to anyone.
They suggested to use instead the detectors active boron trifluoride. We followed their suggestion and conducted numerous experiments with this type of detector and obtained evidence of pulses of neutrons absolutely compatible with those obtained with the bubble detectors. All of this can be found by comparing the works "from Piezonuclear Neutron Reactions" and "Piezonuclear Neutrons", where you can find also that a third type of passive detector (CR39 polycarbonate shielded with boron) was also used and that the evidence obtained with the CR39 were compatible with those of the detectors in bubbles and boron trifluoride. No other objection or observation on the cavitation of solutions of iron and the emissions of neutrons has been advanced so far. Let us now turn to the results obtained with solutions containing a radionuclide (thorium-228).
We conducted this type of experiment once (but with 12 samples each of which consists of an experiment in itself) because of technical difficulties in the treatment of radioactive substances and the obvious health concerns. An experiment with a positive or negative result is absolutely far from conclusive due to insufficient statistical results. The sole purpose of this work was to bring to the attention of others to the fact that apparently the cavitation also affects the radioactive nuclei and that this opens new perspectives for research. So the comments of others do not add anything new to what anyone might say about this stage of the preliminary results.
As long as the observations are made without conducting new experiments it is difficult to say something new or reveal deficiencies in our work which we are not already well aware of. However, a group of Canadian researchers published in Physics Letters A their work entitled "Measurement of the thorium-228 activity in solutions cavited by ultrasonic sound" that relate experimental evidence that claim to be contrary to our evidence on thorium. We give the reference for convenience (Physics Letters A 374 (2010) 701-703, R. Ford, M.Gerbier-Violleau, E.Vázquez-Jáuregui).
Their experiment is a perfect example of how this type of experiments MUST NOT be done in the sense that we have said before that is the criticality of the device. If you read our papers and theirs, you will soon become aware of the huge differences and that their equipment does not apply to the cavitation solution containing thorium-228 because they enclosed this solution in small cylinders. That precaution prevents ultrasound from suitably affecting thorium.
BRIEF NOTES ON PIEZONUCLEAR CAVITATION EDITED BY Fabio Cardone, Giovanni Cherubini, Roberto Mignani, Walter Perconti, Aelianus Pessa, Andrea Petrucci, Francesca Rosetto, Guido hopes.
WITH THE ASSENT OF Aracu Antonio, John Albertini, Claudio Bertoli, Alberto Carpinteri, Andrea Dodaro, Joseph Lacidogna, Amedeo Manuello, Manuello Andrea, Francesco Mazzuca, Massimiliano Monti, Fabio Pistella, Filippo Ridolfi, Walter Hall, Emilio Santoro, Massimo Sepielli, Sixth vine. The results on piezonuclear cavitation have already been published in peer reviewed journals like Physics Letters A, International Journal of Modern Physics B and E, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Annals of the Foundation of Louis de Broglie (at the end of these notes there can be found a list of papers including the book on the theory foreseeing these new phenomena). This indicates that fact our work is not made of mere conjectures or inventions. However, the subject of our investigation is indeed new and like anything new (in physics above all) encounters blackberries than frowns approvals. Nonetheless, some referees deemed convincing evidences and our reports in the papers.
We would like to stress that every characteristic of the experimental set-up, from which we obtained emission of neutron bursts, is crucial for achieving compatible results. It is impossible and even wrong to imagine that any equipment for producing cavitation may generate this new type of nuclear reactions and produce neutron bursts as some research team hypothesized. The statement about the criticality of the design of the experimental set-up should not sound strange, since having to do with something completely new to our physical knowledge, it is up to us to understand how we can produce the effect first and then detect that and not assumed, by the cavitation equipment at one's disposal, the effect will show up anyway. We have been dealing with three main subjects: Cavitation of bi-distilled deionised water in which we found out anomalous changes of concentration of elements; cavitation of solutions of iron obtained from which we bursts of neutrons without gamma emission above the background level; cavitation of solutions of a radionuclide, from obtained in which we apparently decrease of radioactivity blackberries quickly than it would happen through natural decay. As to the first and second subjects, we performed many experiments with 100% of compatibility, and the only remark from the referees was about neutron emission. Every time they frowned on the passive bubble detectors that we used to detect neutrons. They suggested using boron trifluoride active detectors instead. We followed their suggestion and performed many experiments by this type of detector and achieved evidences of neutron bursts absolutely compatible with those obtained by bubble detectors. All of this can be found by comparing the papers "Neutrons from Piezonuclear Reactions" and "Piezonuclear Neutrons", where you will find also that a third type of passive detectors (CR39 polycarbonate screened by boron) was used as well and that the evidences obtained by CR39 were compatible with those of bubble detectors and boron trifuoride. No objections or other remarks on cavitation solutions of iron and neutron emission not have been put forward since then. Let us move now to the results obtained with solutions containing a radionuclide (Thorium-228). We performed this type of experiments with only two ounces due to the technical difficulties of dealing with radioactivity and the obvious concerns about health. Anyway we used not less than 12 samples in order to get enough confidence with the results. One experiment with either positive or negative evidences is absolutely far from being conclusive due to the lack of sufficient statistics of results. The only purpose of this paper was to let people know that apparently cavitation affects radioactive nuclei That this too and open new perspectives of research. Thus, the comments by anybody do not add anything new to what everyone of us would say about these early stage results.
As long as the remarks are made without performing new experiments, they will hardly say anything new or point out any shortcoming of our paper that we are not aware of. However a Canadian research team published a paper on Physics Letters A entitled "Measurement of the thorium-228 activity in solutions cavitated by ultrasonic sound" in which they report experimental evidences that they claim to be against our evidences about thorium. We give you here the reference for your convenience (Physics Letters A 374 (2010) 701-703, R. Ford, M.Gerbier-Violleau, E.Vázquez-Jáuregui).
Their experiment is the perfect example of how these kind of experiments MUST NOT be done in the sense that we mentioned above, i.e., the criticality of the equipment. If you read our papers and theirs, you will soon become aware of the huge differences and that their equipment does not apply to the cavitation solution containing thorium-228 because they enclosed this solution in small cylinders. That precaution prevents ultrasound from suitably affecting thorium. Here is the link to Arxiv (http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.5391) where you can find our remarks on this Canadian experiment and suggestions about how to perform experiments of piezonuclear reactions.
Possible Observation of Transformation of Elements in Cavited Water - International Journal of Modern Physics B Vol.17, Issue 3 (2003) pag.307-317 - Fabio Cardone and Roberto Mignani http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpb/mkt/archive.shtml?2003&17 http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpb/17/1703/S02179792031703.html DOI No: 10.1142/S0217979203015759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217979203015759
Energy and Geometry - published by World Scientific 2004 - F.Cardone and R.Mignani Possible Evidence for Production of an Artificial Radionuclide Cavitated in Water - Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol.265, No.1 (2005) 151-161 - F.Cardone, R.Mignani, W.Perconti, E.Pessa, G . Spera Piezonuclear Reactions and Lorentz Invariance Breakdown - International Journal of Modern Physics E Vol.15, Issue 4 (2006) pag.911-924 http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpe/mkt/archive.shtml?2006&15 http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpe/15/1504/S02183013061504.html DOI No: 10.1142/S0218301306004600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218301306004600 Deformed Spacetime - published by Springer, 2007 - F.Cardone and R.Mignani Neutrons from Piezonuclear Reactions - Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 34 no 2, 2009 - F. Cardone, G.Cherubini, R.Mignani, W.Perconti, A.Petrucci, F.Rosetto, G.Spera
Piezonuclear neutrons - Physics Letters A, Vol.373, Issues 8-9, 23 February 2009, Pag.862-866 - F.Cardone, G.Cherubini, A.Petrucci http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375960109000164 Piezonuclear decay of thorium - Physics Letters A, Vol.373, Issue 22, 11 May 2009, Page 1956 to 1958 - F.Cardone, R.Mignani, A.Petrucci http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375960109004113 Reply to "Comment on 'Piezonuclear decay of thorium' - Physics Letters A, Vol.373, Issue 41, 5 October 2009, Page 3797-3800 - F.Cardone, R.Mignani, A.Petrucci http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375960109010354
Reply to "Comment on 'Piezonuclear decay of thorium' 2nd paper - Physics Letters A, Vol.374, Issue 4, 11 January 2010, Page 698-700 - F.Cardone, R.Mignani, A.Petrucci Source: http://translate.google.com/translate?ie=UTF8&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=it&tl=en&twu=1&u=http://22passi.blogspot.com/2012/02/nota-breve-sulla-cavitazione.html Las Vegas energy expert Robert Nelson (see his www.rexresearch.com) has found these patents by Fabio Cardone: WO2008041254 Apparatus and process for the production of neutrons by means of ultrasounds and the cavitation of substances Fabio Cardone Abstract -- The invention relates to an apparatus and a process for the production of neutrons in doses which are not dangerous for living beings, starting from stable elements by means of insonation or sonication using an electromechanical transducer, called a sonotrode-cavitator, characterized in that said electromechanical transducer comprises a stack of piezoelectric elements mechanically connected to a sonotrode of such a size as to operate at its own resonance frequency as a function of the electrical activation energy applied to said piezoelectric elements. The process is conducted in the liquid phase, preferably in the presence of iron ions at atmospheric pressure in an open environment to make the bubbles naturally present in the liquid phase implode. WO2008041255 Process and plant for the production of endothermic and exothermic piezonuclear reactions by means of ultrasounds and the cavitation of substances Fabio Cardone Also published as: ITRM20060522 Abstract -- The invention relates to a process and plant for the production of endothermic and exothermic piezonuclear reactions by means of ultrasounds and the cavitation of substances. The plant comprises in sequence a storage tank for the working liquid containing an active medium in solution and/or in suspension, said storage tank being connected up to a cavitation chamber in which the piezonuclear reactions take place. In the case of exothermic reactions, there is production of vapour under high pressure, which is then conveyed to a turbine for the production of mechanical energy or electrical energy by means of an alternator or equivalent; the process is accompanied by the secondary phenomenon of production of material different from that making up the working liquid. In the case of endothermic reactions, there is consumption of electrical energy for the generation of piezonuclear reactions that produce substances regarded as useful starting from the working liquid available.
WO2008041253 Apparatus and process for the quenching of the radioactivity of radioactive materials by means of piezonuclear reactions induced by ultrasounds and cavitation Fabio Cardone Abstract -- The invention relates to an apparatus and a process for reducing the radioactivity of natural and/or artificial elements through piezonuclear reactions generated by means of insonation or sonication using an electromechanical transducer. The apparatus is characterised in that said electromechanical transducer comprises a stack of piezoelectric elements mechanically connected to a sonotrode of such a size as to operate at its own resonance frequency as a function of the electrical activation energy applied to said piezoelectric elements, to obtain the cavitation of the bubbles present in the liquid in which the radioactive substances are to be placed. Dispositivo e metodo per rilasciare neutroni ITMI20110553 Metodo per la produzione di nuclidi mediante ultrasuoni e cavitazione. ITRM20020563 |