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INDEX
Abadites (cf. Kharijites), 142 f.
'Abbas, uncle of Muhammad, 146
'Abbas-Effendi, 193; doctrine, 194, 195 (cf. Behaism)
'Abbasids, 128, 141
'Abdal'aziz ibn Sa'ud, 184–8 (cf. Ibn Sa‘ud)
'Abdallah, father of Muhammad, 25
'Abdalmuttalib, 25
'Abdalqadir al-Gilani, 136
'Abdalqahir al-Baghdadi, 140
'Abdarraziq ('Ali), his theory of the Caliphate, 109–10, 200, 208, 223
'Abdu (Muhammad), 211, 212 (cf. Modernism, Manar)
'Abdulhamid (Sultan), 107, 196, 201, 215
'Abdulmajid (Sultan), 198, 202 (cf. Caliphate)
Ablutions (cf. Tahara), 81
Abraham and the Ka'ba, 20, 28; in the Qoran, 39, 47, 50, 223
Abrogating and Abrogated: verses of the Qoran, 36, 67; hadith, 80, 191
Abu Bekr, Caliph, 27, 32; his election, 36
Abu'd Darda, 131
Abu Daud, 78
Abu Dharr, 131
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Abu Hanifa, 59, 85; his school, 85; his tendencies, 86, 88; his liberalism, 89, 90, 91, 93 (cf. Hanifites)
Abu Horaira, 76
Abu Lahab, the sura of, 142
Abu Nuwas, 135
Abu Sufyan, 14, 29, 30, 33
Abu Talib, 25
Abu Yazid (cf. Bistami)
Abu Yusuf, the Qadi, 85
Abyssinia, Abyssinians, 22, 26, 30
Acre, 193, 195
Afghanistan, 105, 160, 221
Africa, Sufism in, 130; Islam in, 220, 222
Agha Khan, 161
Ahabish (see Abyssinians)
Ahl-i-Haqq (cf. ‘Ali-ilahis)
Ahmad, name of Muhammad, 24, 51
Ahmad Ahsa‘i, 190
Ahmad al-Badawi, 136
Ahmad al-Rifa‘i, 136
Ahmad, Sir Sayyid, of Aligarh, 209, 210
Ahmadiyya, their first appearance, doctrine, diffusion sects, 188-9, 210
Ahsa, 161
Akhbari, 149
Alamut, 158, 160, 161
‘Alawis, 169 (cf. Nosairis)
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244 ISLAM BELIEFS AND INSTITUTIONS
Albania, 137, 138, 219
Algeria, 142 (cf. Africa)
'Ali, son-in-law of the Prophet, 25, 42, 141, 153; 'Amir of the Bees', 153; deified, 169, 170, 171 (cf. Nosairis, 'Ali-ilahis), 172, 176-8
'Ali al-Shadhili, 136
'Alids, 143 (cf. Sherif, Shi'as)
Aligarh, 209, 210
‘Ali-ilahis or ‘Ali-allahis, 137; origin, beliefs, habitat, 176-8
'Ali Muhammad, 190-1, 194
Allah, his essence, his attributes, his qualificatives in the Qoran, 57-8; the name of, in the dhikr, 132-3
America, total of its Muslims, 221 (cf. 'Abbas-Effendi)
Amina, mother of Muhammad, 25
Amir 'Ali Sayyid, 210
'Amru ibn al-'Asi, 31
Anatolia, 139 (cf. Angora, Kemalists), 177, 197, 225
Andalusia (cf. Spain)
Angelology of the Qoran, 48, 49
Angora, 109 (cf. Kemalists), 197, 202
Ansar, 21, 28, 36, 170
Ansariyya (cf. Nosairis)
Antaki, 116
'Antar, legend of, 8
Anthropomorphism in the Qoran, 44, 57
Apostasy and Islam, 89
‘Aqil, 168, 169 (cf. Druses)
Arabia, pre-Islamite, I, etc., 161, 165 (cf. Hejaz)
Arabic, language and prayer, 59; law, 63
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Arabs (see Beduins), their language and their poetry, 6, etc.
'Arafa, 19, 61
Ash'ari, his theodicy, 57-8, 86, 97, 180
Asia, and the diffusion of Islam, 221
Assassins (cf. Isma' ilis), 158, 160
Auza'i, 83, 84
'Ayesha, wife of Muhammad, 36, 47, 153, 209
Ayssauas (cf. 'Isawis)
Ayyubites, 129
Azalis, 192, 194
Azhar (al), Mosque, 85, 100, 110, 189, 202, 203, 211, 224
Bab, 170 (cf. Nosairis), 190 (cf. Babism)
Babism, 189; origin, doctrine, 190—I
Badawis, 136
Badr, 29, 42
Baghawi, 80-1
Baghdad, 8
Baha ad-din, 165 (cf. Druses)
Baha ad-din Naqshiband, 136
Baha Allah, 192, 193
Bai'a, its character, 34
Baidawi, 45
Bakka’un, 116, 118
Baqa, 122
Baqilani, 170
Barres (Maurice), 124
Batiniyya, 157
Bayan, 191
Beduins, description of, 5, etc.; the—and poetry, 6; individualism, 9, 10; courage, 10, 30; tenacity, 10; the tribal chief among the, 11; their defection, 35
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INDEX 245
Behaism, 192; its doctrines, 192-3; statistics, 194
Bektashis, 129, 135, 136, 138, 177
Bishr al-Hafi, 116
Bistami, 116, 123, 125, 130, 131
Black Stone (the), 17, 18 (cf. Ka'ba)
Blood money, 90, 92
Bohoras, 161
Bolshevism (cf. Russia), 203, 204, 223, 225
Book, 'peoples of the', 22, 48 (cf. Scripturaries, Christians, Jews)
Books, the ‘Six', 77, etc., 79; reasons for their success, 79-80, 95, 97
Bornier (de), 50, 51
Browne (Edward), 195
Bukhari, 75, 77; his 'Sahih', 77, 78, 79, 80, 151-2
Byzantines, 42
Cairo, 85, 181, 242
Caliphate, 67, 92; erroneous assimilation, 107; no spiritual power, 108; its attributes, 108; modernist theory, 109-10; the—and Quraish, 141; present-day problem of the, 196, etc., 199, etc.
Camel, the, and thirst, 3; its value to the Beduin, 3; its urine, a specific, 3
Caravans, their organization, profits, 15-16
Carmathians, 158 etc. (cf. Isma'ilis)
Celibacy, 91, 117, 135
China, 'seek knowledge in', 71; its Muslim population, 220—I
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Christ, second coming of, 150 (cf. Mahdi)
Christianity and Sufism, 115, etc., 121 (cf. Sufism)
Christians in the Hejaz, 22; their divisions, 22; Muhammad and the, 22 (cf. Scripturaries), 105
Christology of the Qoran, 50, 51; miracles of Christ, Christ 'Word and Spirit of Allah', His death, 51-2
Circumcision, its obligation, 88, 106
Clergy, absence of, 103, 105
Climate of Arabia, I, etc.
Coffee, 183, 186
Commentaries on the Qoran (cf. Tafsir)
Companions of the Prophet, 68, etc., 83, 85, 94
Confession, 105; and the Bektashis, 129
Congress, pan-Islamic, 200, etc.; of Cairo, 202-3, 204; of Mecca, 203, 205
Councils, absence of, 99, 100 (cf. Congress)
Criticism of the hadith (cf. Hadith), historical, in Islam, 223-4
Cult (cf. Liturgy)
Cyrenaica, 137
Dahna (see Nefud)
Damascus, 135, 181, 183, 220
Dances, 103 (cf. Sufism)
Dar-al-harb, definition, 62, 63
Dar-al-islam, definition, 62, 63
Darazi, 163, 165 (cf. Druses)
Darimi, 78
Darqutni, 80
Daud ibn 'Ali, 84
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246 ISLAM BELIEFS AND INSTITUTIONS
Daudis, 161
David, 39
Da'wa jadida (cf. Isma'ilis), 158, 160
Delafosse, 220
Dervishes, 114; whirling, 136
Dhahabi, 72, 180
Dhikr, 89, 103; the—of the Sufis, organization, 131, etc., 134, etc.; music and the, 147, etc.
Divans, the 'Six' (cf. Books)
Divorce, after the 'third', 63, 214
Druses, 146, 161, etc.; their habitat, 163; organization, doctrines, 164, 165; propaganda, 165, etc.; dogma, 166; ethics, the number seven, 166, etc.; initiation, 168; spirituals and corporeals, 168–9
Egypt, 85, 102, 105, 128, 136, 137, 157, 165, 202; modernism in, 210, etc., 220, 222, 224
Elias, the prophet, 131, 153 (cf. Khidr (al-) )
Eschatology in the Qoran, 48, 52
Europe and the diffusion of Islam, 221, 222
'Eye for an eye' (cf. Retaliation)
Fadak, 4, 32
Fakhr ad-din ar-Razi, his Tafsir, 44
Fana, 122
Faqih, 82 (cf. Jurisprudence)
Faqir, 114
Fara'idiyya, 185
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Fard al-kifaya, definition, 62 (cf. Caliphate)
Fast, the (cf. Ramadan)
Fatiha (sura), 59
Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, 25, 143, 146, 209
Fatima, Muslim woman mystic, 135
Fatimids, 146, 149; Caliphs, 157, etc., 159, 162
Fatwa, 101
Fiqh (cf. Jurisprudence)
Forbidden territories to non-Muslims, 63
France, number of Muslims under its jurisdiction, 221
Fraternities, Sufi (cf. Sufism)
Freemasonry in Islam, 139
Friday, in the Cult, 58, 59, 103
Gabriel (Archangel) in the Qoran, 48; and 'Ali, 169
Gambling and the Qoran, 64
George (Saint), 131
Germany, 189
Gestation, its legal duration, 90
Ghadir Khomm, 173
Ghaiba, 146, 149, 150
Ghaibis, 172
Gharib, 76
Ghazali, 95, 106, 112, 113, 118, 180, 211; and music, 120, 133, 134, etc.; and the account of conscience, 119; and mysticism, 118, etc.
Gholam Ahmad (cf. Ahmadiyya)
Gholat, 169
Ghurabiyya, 169
Gideon, 39
Gog and Magog, 53
Goliath, 39
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INDEX 247
Hadith, definition, parts; the—and the Sunna, 69; science of the, 70, etc.; parties, sects and the, 71, etc.; journeys in search of, 71; oral and written transmission, etc., multiplication of the, 71; criticism of the, 72; apocryphal, 75; no internal criticism, 73; qualificatives of the, 74, etc.; 'disorders' of the, 75; principal collections, 76, etc.; 'prophetic' and 'divine', 81; of the Shi'as, 79, 152, etc.; modernists and the, 209
Haidaris, 172
Haifa, 193, 194, 195
Ha'il, 184
Hair-cutting and the pilgrimage, 61
Hakim, Caliph, 162, 163, 164, 165, etc. (cf. Druses)
Halim-Pasha (Sa'id), 216, 217
Hallaj, 116, 123, 133, 140; his death, 128; a rival of, 128
Hama, 160
Haman, in the Qoran, 39
Hamza ibn 'Ali, 163, 164, 165, etc. (cf. Druses)
Hanbalites, their tendencies, 85 (cf. Ibn Hanbal), 86, 95; anti-mystics, 121, 124, 130, 136
Hanif, 23
Hanifites, 85 (cf. Abu Hanifa), 145; their number, 221
Haram, 18, etc.
Harra, description, 4
Hasan al-'Askari, 149, 170
Hasan al-Basri, 114, 131
Hasan ibn 'Ali, 25, 143, 144
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Hasan ibn Sabbah, 160, 161
Hashimites, 25
Hatim Tayy, 209
Hauran, 6, 164
Heaven, in the Qoran, 52; the wine of, 52; beatific vision, 53; women of the faithful in, 52
Hejaz, climate, I; oases, 4; population, 5, etc.; religion, 17, etc., 104
Hell in the Qoran, 52
Hermon, 163
Hijra, 27
Hisham, Omayyad Caliph, 155
Holland, number of Muslims under the jurisdiction of, 221, 222
Holy Land in the Qoran, 26
Homs, 160
Houris (cf. Heaven)
Huber (Charles), 4
Hudaibiyya, 31, 32, 33
Hudud Allah, 64, 106
Hulul, 124, 128
Hunain, 34, 42
Hunting during the pilgrimage, 61
Husain ibn ‘Ali, 11, 25, 104; cult of, 144, 145
Husain ibn ‘Ali, Grand Sherif of Mekka, 184, 197, 198
Husain (Taha), 223, 224
Ibadites (cf. Kharijites)
Ibahiyya, 160
Ibn Adham (Ibrahim), ascetic, 114
Ibn al-'Arabi, his exegesis of the Qoran, 45, 125, 127; his intolerance, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135
Ibn al-Jauzi, 73, 87, 135
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248 ISLAM BELIEFS AND INSTITUTIONS
Ibn Battuta, 181
Ibn Hanbal, 77; his 'Musnad', 76, 77, 78, 79; his school, 85, 86, 88, 89 (cf. Hanbalites)
Ibn Hazm, 97, 170
Ibn Ibad, 142
Ibn Khaldun, 8
Ibn Maja, 78, 79
Ibn Nosair, 170
Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyya, 181
Ibn Rashid, 184
Ibn Sa'ud, 184–6
Ibn Taimiyya, 86, 87, 97, 101 (cf. Wahhabis), 112; and Sufism, 112, 121, 123; his polemical activity, 180, 181; his tomb, 181; precursor of the Wahhabis, 182, etc., 185
Ibrahim, son of Muhammad, 35
'Idda, 214
Idols, absence of, among the pre-Islamic Beduins, 18
Ignatius Loyola (Saint), 119
Ihram, 61
Ijaza, in the hadith, 74
Ijma', 83, 86, 87; elaboration of the theory, 93, etc.; its interpreters, 93, etc.; definition, 94, 95; and innovations, 96, 97, 185, 210
Ijtihad, 79, 96; 'the door of —', its closing, 97; absolute and relative, 97, 98, 99
Ikhwan, 130, 185
Ilahi (cf. Hadith)
Illumination of the Mosques, 103
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Ilyasin, 153
Imam, the, of the Shi'as, 99, 105, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154 (cf. Mahdi)
Imamites, 113 (cf. Shi'a, Shi'as), 148, etc.; their number, 149
India, 105, 122, 160, 161, 185, 202; modernism in, 208-11, 220, 221, 222
Infanticide in Arabia, 21
Inquisition, Sufism and, 127, etc., 129
Insurance, companies and Islam, 64, 224
Interest on money in Arabia, 63
Irada, 135 (cf. Murid)
Iraq, 105
'Isa (cf. Christ), 50–2
'Isawis, 135, 136
Ishmael, 28; in the Qoran, 39, 50
Isma'ilis, 148; their origin, their denominations, 156, etc.; the—and the number seven, 158; their cosmogony, 159; degrees of initiation, 159, etc.; sects, statistics, 160, 161; extremists, 169
Isnad of the hadith, 70; attestors of, 73, etc.; breaks in continuity, 74; of the fraternities, 131
Isra (cf. Jerusalem)
Ittihad, 124 (cf. Tauhid), 128 (cf. Sufism)
Ja'far as-Sadiq, 151, 156
Ja'fari, 151, 155
Jahil, 169
Jahiz, 140
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INDEX 249
Jalaladdin ar-Rumi, 136
Jamal ad-din al Afghani, 211
Jami', 103
Jarida, 119
Jaulan, 116
Java, Islam in, 223
Jebel Nefusa, 142
Jeddah, 5, 184
Jehad, the, before and after the Hijra, 27, 62; its popularity, 62; perpetuity, 62, 63, 89, 115, 210
Jerba (island), 142
Jerusalem and 'isra, 26, 167
Jews, and oases, 4; the—in the Hejaz, 21—2; despise the Beduins, 21; Muhammad and the—of Medina, 28, 31; Talmudist—and eternal hell, 52, 106 (cf. Scripturaries)
Jinn, their nature, 20, 44; the—in the Qoran, 49, 55; marriage with, 91, 213
John Damascenus (Saint) and the Suras, 40
Joint Stock Companies (cf. Insurance)
Judgment, the last, 52; the 'Book' and the 'Balance', 54
Junaid, 116, 126, 127
Jurisprudence of Islam, 82, etc.; its scope, 82; its ‘roots', 83; borrowings, 83; vanished schools, 84; orthodox schools, 84; their methods and differences, 86–8; casuistry, 91; immutability, 92; a speculative science, 92; teaching of the, 98; its modernization, 102
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Ka'ba, 14; the—and the floods, 16; its cult, 17, etc., 61, 184, 218
Kaba’ir, mortal sins, 52, 119, 155
Kabylia, 138
Kahin, Kahina, 19, 20
Kaifa, 193
Kalima, meaning of the word in the Qoran, 51, 164
Karamat, 125
Karmi (al-), Sa'id, 201
Kashshaf (cf. Zamakhshari)
Kitman, 145
Kazimain, 144
Kemalists (cf. Angora), 109, 139, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 215, 216; Kemalist poets and Islam, 217, etc.; and the pilgrimage, 217–18; and the personal statute, 219
Kerbela, 144, 145, 173
Khaibar, its fertility, 4, 32
Khairallah (Ibrahim George), 195
Khalid ibn al-Walid, 31, 33
Khalwa, 169
Khalwatis, 138
Khanqa (cf. Zawia)
Kharijites, 38, 52; the—and the jehad, 62; and Sufism, 113, 138, 141; their distinguishing features, 141, etc.
Khasa’is of Muhammad, 68
Khatib, 103
Khidr (al-), 131
Khirqa, 135, 136
Khojas, 101, 160, 161, 169
Khuan (cf. Ikhwan), 138
Khutba, 59, 60, 103; style, specimens, 103, 104; implicit and explicit, 104, 105
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250 ISLAM BELIEFS AND INSTITUTIONS
Kilazis, 172
Kitab-i-aqdas, 192
Kufa, 8
Kurds, 176, 177
Lahore, 189
Laicisation, 102 (cf. Modernism, Bolshevism)
Law of Islam (cf. Jurisprudence)
Law, penal, of the Qoran, 64, 93; international and commercial, 92
Lebanon, its hermits, 116, 154, 163
Litanies (cf. Sufism, Dhikr)
Litholatry, 17, etc.
Liturgy, absence of, 103 (cf. Dhikr, Sufism)
Lot in the Qoran, 50
Macoraba, 13
Madanis, 136
Madhhab, 84 (cf. Jurisprudence), 100
Maghrib, 84, 85, 157 (cf Morocco, Africa)
Mahdi, 149, etc., 188, 189
Malamatiyya, 126
Malik ibn Anas, 85, etc., 87 88, 89, 90, 93, 94
Mamluks, 129, 137
Manar (al-), the review, 187, 205; its theories, 211, etc., 220
Manichæism, 128
Maqamat, 119
Maqdisi, geographer, 85, 116
Marabout, etymology, 114
Maria, Copt slave, 35
Marriage, with non-Muslims, 63, 89, 90, 106, 219; formalities, 106–7; temporary (cf. Mut'a)
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Martyrs, their fate, 54
Marwa and Safa, 19, 61, 218
Mary, the two Marys in the Qoran, 39
Masjid, 103
Massignon (Louis), 127, 170, 200, 221
Matn of the hadith, 70
Maulawis, 136
Maulid of Muhammad, 60, 95, 103, 213
Mawardi, 92, 196
Medina, 4, 5; the Jews at, 5, 23, 27; Muhammad at, 28, etc., 30, 35; haram of, forbidden to non-Muslims, 63, 67, 68; 'home of the Sunna', 69, 85, 115
Mehemet-'Ali, 184
Mekka, 12; its government, 13, etc.; commerce, 13, 14, 15; site, 16, etc.; climate, 16, etc.; conquest of, by Muhammad, 33, 62; haram of, forbidden to non-Muslims, 63, 167, 184
Mesopotamia, 157
Metempsychosis, 169, 172
Metoualis, 154; etymology, their number, 154
Michael (Archangel), 48
Mina, 19, 61
Minbar, 103
Miracles of the wali and of the prophets, 125 (cf. Karamat, Mu'jiza)
Mi'raj of Muhammad, 60
Modernists, 92, 96, 99, 187; origin and causes of modernism, 205, etc.; general features, 206, etc.; in India, 209; in Egypt, 211, etc.; in Turkey, 215, etc., 225
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INDEX 251
Monks, in Arabic poetry, in the Qoran, 22, 105, 114
Morocco, 104, 105, 138; Islam in, 220
Moses, 122
Mu'awiya (Caliph), 11, 14, 144
Mubarrad (al-), 41
Muezzin, 59, 106
Mufti, 101
Muhajir, 28, 36
Muhammad: his names, his age, 24; youth, 25; marriage, 25; first preaching, 26; Hijra, 27; his children, 25; nocturnal journey, 26; diplomacy, 31; at the pilgrimage, his death, 34; his succession, 35; overtaken by death, 35, etc., 66; 'seal of the prophets', 50; festivals in his honour, 60; visits to his tomb, 62, 184; his 'Khasa'is', 68, 90; his cult, his miracles, 51, 95, 96, 114; and the Nosairis, 170; and epidemics, 213
Muhammad VI, Sultan, 198, 201, 202
Muhammad 'Ali, 193, 194
Muhammad ibn 'Abdalwahhab, 181; his adventures, his doctrine, 181, 182
Muhammad ibn Ahmad, 150
Muhammad ibn Hasan, 149, 150
Muhammad ibn Isma'il, 156, 157
Muhammad ibn Sa'ud, 182
Muhasibi, 116
Mu'jiza (cf. Miracles), 126
Mujtahid, 99, 121, 145
Mulla, 101
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Muqtana, 165
Murid, 129, 135
Musannaf, 77
Music, and Sufism, 120 (cf. Sama'), 133
Muslim, his 'Sahih', 77
Musnad, 76 (cf. Ibn Hanbal)
Musta'li, Fatimid Caliph, 161
Mustansir, Fatimid Caliph, 161
Mustapha Kemal, 197, 225 (cf. Kemalists)
Musta'riba, 33
Mut'a, 154, 155
Mu'tazilites, tendencies of this school, their tafsir, 44; the—and predestination, 49, 53, 54; their theodicy, 57, 73, 86, 140, 151
Muwahhidun (cf. Druses, Nosairis, Behaism)
Muzdalifa, 61
Mzab, 142
Nails, cutting of, and the pilgrimage, 61
Najaf, 144, 151, 183
Najran, 161
Naqshibandis, 136
Nasa'i, 78, 79
Nationalism in Islam, 199–200, 215–16
Natiq, 159, 163
Nefud, description, 3
Negroes, and the diffusion of Islam, 220
Nejd, 2, 4, 181, 183, 184, etc. (cf. Wahhabis, Ibn Sa'ud)
Neo-Mu'tazilites, 208
Nizar, Isma'ili Imam, 160, 161
Nizariyya (cf. Nizar)
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