Federal Republic of Nigeria Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Staple Crop Processing Zones Support Project (scpz)
|
|  Yüklə 11.44 Mb.
|
4.4.3 Administrative StructureInformation about the traditional administrative structure within these communities is similar and shows that the governance structure is hierarchical formed around the traditional leadership. For example, community governance hierarchy follows a systematic order of household head, ward head, districts or clan chief and the Obaru as the head of the community. The Obaru in each community reports to Olubunu or the apex King in the LGA. The communities build their administrative structure around this chain of command which is based on the size of the population or domain that each leader has within his constituent/community. 4.4.4 Local Dispute Resolution ProcedureThere exists a traditional mechanism for dispute resolution in the communities structured after the order of the administrative command described above. An aggrieved person is required to lodge his/her complaint to the head of the ward or clan. A matter that is not adjudicated satisfactorily at this level is taken to the Obaru Council. 4.4.5 LiteracyThe outcome of the safeguard survey shows that illiteracy level is highest in Iresuare farm settlement within Osara-Ngada community in Adavi LGA and lowest in Ayegunle in Ijumu LGA. Table 3.2 below shows that at least 90% of the people met in Ayegunle attended primary education compared to 70% in Irukuochakoko, 65% in Oshokosho/Iwaa, 50% in Alape Kabba-Bunu and 20% in Iresuare. Table 0 1: Education level i project area
Source: Community Primary Survey (2014) 4.4.6 Agricultural Production and LivelihoodsAgricultural land use in the ABIR is characterized by arable land that supports the cultivation of cassava, yam, maize, sorghum and vegetables. Cash crops grown in the area are cocoa, coffee and cashew. About 90% of the population engages in agricultural activities as a major means of livelihood; although a large proportion of this (about 98%) consists of subsistence farming while the Fulani nomadic are found in cattle grazing activities. Other forms of livelihood and the estimated ratio of community participation are trading which accounts for 4% in Irukuochakoko, 1% in Oshokosho/Iwaa (Lokoja), 0.5% in Iresuare (Adavi) 4.5% in Ayegunle (Ijumu) and 1.5% in Alape (Kabba-Bunu). Those in employed job are few and are found in Irukuochakoko, Oshokosho and Ayegunle (Ijumu). Those in Ayegunle (5%) are employed by the local government council. Employment in Irukuochakoko is driven by women cloth weaving artisanship while Obajana Cement factory is the employer of the 3% population of Oshokosho and Iwaa. Pastoralism is a livelihood in the area that is essentially practiced by the Fulani settlement and very few indigenes. This means of livelihood is approximately engaged by about 5% of the population in Adavi, Lokoja and Kabba-Bunu project areas. Prior to the project, there has been a recent effort, to increase agricultural production, by The Federal Government of Nigeria and the development partners (World Bank) aimed at the enhancement of farming production and processing in the area. This is through the FADAMA 3 project which is said to have been extended to Kabba-Bunu, Ijumu, Adavi and Okehi areas under the FADAMA additional financing. For example, the available boreholes, market shades and Garri processing equipment in Iresuare farm settlement is attributed to the FADAMA 3 additional financing project. The outcome of the impact of the FADAMA 3 programmes on productivity, income and welfare of the people could not be ascertained as the programmes are said to be at early implementation stage in the area. 4.4.7 Women and their right to Ownership of Farmland in the ABIR communitiesThe Survey carried out in all the project area converged around the point that lands are culturally not owned by women. However, women interviewed on the field stated that they own farms and have access to farmland from their husbands and/or community heads on non-payment conditions. It is only in Alape, Kabba-Bunu through GEMS 3 systematic land titling report that land ownership to about 20% by women is recorded. This RPF survey traced the development to, widows who have direct transfer of the right to their late husband’s land inheritance and other categories to those who received land from the community for residential purposes. 4.4.8 Vulnerable peopleTo the extent that over 90% of the people of the project area depend on agriculture and land based resources for livelihood, significant acquisition of land for this project without proper mitigation measures will expose some social groups to economic vulnerability. This might include women farmers and women heads of households as well as aged people and people with disabilities. While the proportion of the potential vulnerable women and aged persons are not readily determined at this stage, the ratio of disabled people is estimated to account for less than 1% of the population of the communities. 4.4.9 Land Competition and ConflictThere is largely peaceful co-existence in the communities and among indigenes and settlers with respect to land use and social interactions. However, it is reported that there is a court case over the contention of the ownership of the Osara-Ngada land between Okehi and Adavi local government councils. Aside from this, there is a major incessant conflict, across the 5 local government areas, over the use of land by the Fulani pastoralists for grazing their cattle. Nomadic pastoralists have no land use rights and depend largely on the hospitality/generosity of their hosts. They may have access to routes, corridors/passageways for wildlife and domestic animals, indicating a desire by government to provide grazing land for both nomadic and settled pastoralists. However, existing grazing reserves are only rudimentary lacking any facilities. Thus, generally, nomads move to open pasture to raise stock as well as avoid contact with agricultural communities. The cattle movements avoid areas of tsetse fly infestation and other diseases and follow the location of farming communities for crops residues and markets for their products, thus trampling into the farm land. The increasing human population, irrigation and expansion of town and villages accelerated the encroachment of land cultivation and urbanization into grazing area and stock routes, leading to competition for resources and create farmer/herder clashes which have resulted in heavy losses in lives and properties. The local farmers claim that the Fulani’s cattle frequently destroy their crops, resulting in conflict which is sometimes violent. 4.4.10 Land Tenure and Land Use across the ABIR influence communities Detailed evaluations of land rights and use in the ABIR as a whole have not yet been conducted. However, a number of important assessments have been undertaken with respect to the land tentatively earmarked for the Cargill Farm, namely the PEIA Report and the Initial Land Tenure Assessment prepared by GEMS3. As of this time, a precise boundary for the Cargill area has not been determined and indeed, the design of the farm appears to be following an iterative process, taking into account new information about demographics and the location of communities, feedback from community consultations, issues raised during the aforementioned studies and Cargill’s own investigations, and other considerations. In principle, however, the expectation is that the Government of Kogi State will grant a certificate of occupancy for 99 years to Cargill for an area of up to 30,000 hectares for cassava plantation adjacent to the SCPZ core area. The area tentatively slated for Cargill is currently inhabited by a number of different communities, including so-called “indigene” Bunu communities, presided over by a number of different chiefs arrayed in a complex hierarchy. Other groups include “settlers” (mainly Tiv and Igbira) who obtain usufructory rights by paying small annual tribute to Bunu chiefs, and Fulani communities reside in and graze animals in the area, and in some cases engage in settled agriculture. Estimates vary as to the number of potentially affected people who live in the 30,000 hectare area, and final figures will depend on the configuration of the area, which is reportedly being revised to exclude some of the larger nucleated villages. In any event, it is likely that at least several thousand people utilize land within the area that Cargill anticipates including in its farm. Land rights in the area are generally undocumented, governed by custom and few if any formal certificates of occupancy have been issued, especially with respect to agricultural land. Clan and communal land ownership is practised in most of the communities while in Ayegunle (Ijumu LGA) there are a few land-owning families. Over 90% of the farmers across the project area are land owners while others who are not land owners including settlers have the privilege to farm land from the community through the community head. In terms of land use, the Fadama farmers and community elders informed that about 90% of the land area is used for agriculture, 2% is made up of water bodies, while about 8% is for settlement. The account of this differs only in Alape Kabba-Bunnu area where about 54% of total land area is used for agriculture, 23.45% for mixed vegetation, 2.76% is fresh water swamp (wet land) while 6.26% and 1.17% are for human settlements and water bodies respectively. Non-land owners in Kabba-Bunu and Lokoja project areas pay some form of royalty/rent (N2, 000 annually) to the community for the use of their land irrespective of the size of land occupied Annex 2 contains more detailed information on land tenure issues. Meanwhile, Figure 4.6 and Table 4.6 provides a general land use map and existing land use classification of the proposed project area. 
Figure 4.7: Land use Map of the Proposed Project (SCPZ & ABIR) 4.4.11 Infrastructure (Road and Electricity)The project area is characterized by huge physical infrastructural deficit. The Kabba-Bunu and Lokoja-Obajana road is in a dilapidated condition and makes it difficult for the movement of agricultural goods and services. This has been described as one of the reasons for low productivity and rural-urban migration amongst youth in the area. Major roads to farm settlements in Osara-Ngada, in Adavi, Oshokosho and Iwaa in Lokoja are unpaved and difficult to access by vehicles. Ijumu and Irukuochakoko project areas are relatively accessible by vehicle but the farm roads are narrow and in a poor state of repair. Most of the project area, except Alape, is connected to The National Grid. This development however, does not in any way translate to power availability as the communities except Obajana area (supplied by Dangote group) make use of local generators for energy supply. 4.4.12 Water Supply for Domestic UseThe communities in the project areas rely on boreholes, wells and streams for their water supply. The number of available and functional boreholes are quite few and inadequate in many of the communities 4.4.13 Health facilities and Prevalent DiseasesA common trend across the project area is the availability of primary health centres across the communities in the project area. However, secondary health facilities (general hospitals) are located in the major towns such as Lokoja and Kabba which are about 10 kilometres away or more from the rural people. Common sicknesses reported in the project areas are: malaria, typhoid and rheumatism. CHAPTER FIVE DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS This Section five contains a preliminary summary of the impacts that are likely to result from the project as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. It should be noted that the impacts identified here are preliminary in nature. The potential for occurrence of the impacts identified has to be ascertained during further stages of the project and investment design and development. 5.1 Environmental and Social Screening ProcessThe screening process is the first step in operationalizing the ESMF process. Environmental and Social screening process distinguishes sub-projects and activities that will require thorough review vis-à-vis developing preventive and mitigation measures for those that would have adverse negative impacts and enhancing the opportunities to due to those with positive impacts. To this end, the screening is directed at identifying those sub-projects activities that have minimal/no environmental or social concerns so that they can move to implementation stage in accordance with pre-approved standards or codes of practices for environmental and social management while those identified to have adverse/more significant impacts are elaborated on and appropriate mitigation measures and management plan designed for ensuring social-environmental sustainability. The extent of elaboration of environmental and social work that might be required for the project prior to implementation will depend on the outcome of the screening process. Every subproject proposal funded under the SCPZ and by extension ABIR will undergo an environmental and social screening process before it is selected for implementation. The screening process will establish the level of environmental and social assessment required, as well as help the PMU to understand the environmental and social issues related to the project before they are considered for implementation and thus assist in the decision making process. Thus the environmental and social screening conducted as part of the ESMF was intended to provide inputs into the initial identification of potential impacts with the implementation of the proposed project activities in the SCPZ and ABIR. 5.2 Environmental Screening CriteriaGenerally, the screening exercise will be carried out prior to initiation of any project preparation activities. The screening exercise will be used as a tool to identify the severity of impacts of environmental and social issues, and thereby integrate their mitigation measures into the project preparation accordingly. The screening criteria include the following, inter alia: 1. Environmental factors such as;
2. Social factors such as;
The screening shall provide information on the categories of subprojects for inclusion in the project and categories of subprojects to be excluded in sensitive areas through exclusion criteria. The categorization shall be done through the use of an Environmental Screening Checklist of the proposed projects to determine if they fall under any EA Category A, B or C as mentioned in Section 3.5 Chapter 3. For instance, Category B Projects will result in adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-that are less adverse than those of Category A projects which are more severe in the light of the core investment activities of the project including the infrastructures the gas and power connections, road improvements, water works, etc. in both the SCPZ and ABIR. In general, such impacts are localized, do not affect sensitive area/resources, and reversible, unlike Category A projects. While all category A projects will require EA/ESIA with development of adequate ESMP, category B projects will require only an ESMP. Category C - Projects are generally benign and typically do not require EA. However, all such subprojects shall be screened to determine if specific environmental management plans (e.g., waste management plan) are required. Annex 3 presents an indicative Environmental & Social Screening checklist that could be used in the screening of projects. Fig.2 presents a diagrammatic representation of steps in the environmental and social Screening processes to be followed in determining the level of impact and assessment of all stages in project development. . In addition, each sub-project planned for implementation under the project shall be screened for possible triggering of OP4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) and the processes and procedures have adequately been captured in the RPF prepared alongside this ESMF. The report on the outcome of the screening, scoping and EA category and so on will be sent to the World Bank for clearance.
The application of ESMF to the SCPZ/ABIR subprojects enables preparation of a standardized environmental and social assessment documents for appraisal and implementation. This is because subprojects triggering significant environmental and social impacts, i.e. subprojects with potential to trigger impacts on environmental sensitive areas, or resettlement activities. For instance, are envisaged under the project. To this end, all subprojects shall undertake the necessary environmental and social assessments, as mandated by the Environmental laws of Nigerian Governments (national and state) and in conformance to the safeguard policies of the World Bank and in line with the processes/procedures defined in this framework. The criteria established as per the Checklist of items shall enable the appropriate categorization of all (sub) projects. At the stage of detailed project preparation, ESIA shall be used to evaluate a subproject’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; identifies ways of improving project planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental and social impacts and enhancing positive impacts, including throughout the project implementation. The World Bank favours preventative measures over mitigation or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. Any significant environmental and social issues that may arise would be addressed and mitigated through an ESMP. The environmental management measures through the ESMP should be included as part of the specifications and codified in the bidding documents to ensure implementation. The ESIA or standalone ESMP documents need to be prepared by a Consultant in accordance with the Typical TORs presented in Annexes 4 and 5 for Environmental Assessment and ESMP preparation, as the case may be. Below an outline of how the ESIA should be carried out are outlined: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
