A aac Arctic Athabaskan Council (aac). Aasiaat
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Senate – the upper branch of the legislature of the U.S.A., and of most of the states of the U.S.A. Also in Canada, the Senate is the upper branch of the legislature. A member of the Senate is called Senator. Senior Arctic Officials (SAO) Arctic Council (AC). Septentrional – a word that finds its origin in the Latin name of the seven stars of the constellation of the Great Bear means “of the north”; early maps of North America often refer to the northern unexplored areas as “America Septentrionalis”. Sewage – the waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial sources and discharged into sewers. Sex ratio – the relative number of males compared to the number of females in a population. Shaman – the central religious person, man or woman, working both as doctor and priest in many Indigenous societies, sometimes also referred as a medicine man or a witch doctor. Shamanistic skills are in some societies considered being inherited, and in others shamans are considered to have been called and therefore require a lengthy training. The shamans plays the role of the healer in shamanistic societies and gain their knowledge and power by travelling from the one world to another and bringing back knowledge from the heavens. Before travelling to the spirit world, the shamans have to enter into an ecstatic trance, which can be done differently, but often by drumming and singing. Usually the shaman has, or acquires, one or more helpers from the spirit world. These spirits may have an animal form or spirits of healing plants. In many shamanistic societies, the shamans have a language of their own. In the Inuit culture the shaman is called angakkoq. Shamanism – the word Shaman derives from the Manchu-Tungus branch of the Altaic language family and means one who knows. The word can be traced back to the Sanskrit language of India. Until Christianity was introduced Shamanism was widespread throughout the Arctic. The missionaries did their best to covert the Indigenous peoples to the Christian faith. In theory, many were converted to the new faith but in practice many kept to their old beliefs where the shamans continued to be the most important religious intermediaries between human beings and the spirits. Soon after the Soviet Union was established, the constitution stated that every citizen has freedom of consciousness – the right to follow any religion or no religion at all. In practise it was different, T.S. Tejin, a Soviet anthropologist, published as late as in 1981 an article about the Eskimo shamans in which he wrote: With the progress in Chukotka in regard to the new life, which is different from that of the past where every thing was suppressed by the hunters’ superstitious illiteracy, there are now positive results in the active propaganda for scientific ideas, the heightening of the peoples’ common culture and of the Soviet workers’, teachers’, and doctors’ atheistic work against the shaman’s reactionary being and his detrimental influence on the people’s consciousness. The belief in shamanism – this relic from a far away past – has been exterminated. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Shamanism has revitalised as a part of the Indigenous cultures. Shrimp Arthropoda. Sila – an Inuit word meaning weather, climate systems, and all that surrounds us. It also refers to the mind of humans. Finally it means the Creator in the old Inuit mythology. Sila-Inuk – a project of Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). ICC has shown considerable efforts in advancing the interests of Inuit with respect to climate change. ICC participated actively in the preparation from 2002 to 2004 of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) by the Arctic Council. Further, ICC drafted climate change policy recommendations in cooperation with the other five permanent participants to the Arctic Council. The Arctic Council ministers approved these recommendations in November 2004. Special climate change projects were also initiated within each of the ICC regions. One such project is the Sila-Inuk project. As an outgrowth of ICC’s international work on this matter, Greenland’s Hunters’ and Fishermen’s Organization, KNAPK, jointly with ICC are leading this multi-year project. Sila-Inuk’s main objectives are to collect climate change observations first hand from those most closely connected to the land, sea, and ice. National Greenland radio and other broadcast media will be used significantly in the project. In 2007, ICC received the Environmental Prize of the Home Rule Government for the Sila-Inuk project. Siorapaluk – the northernmost civilian society in the world, situated at 77.47N, 70.43W in the municipality of Qaanaaq in the far north of West Greenland. Siorapaluk has an approximate population of 80. Sisimiut – a town (66.55N, 53.40W) and municipality (36,000 square kilometres) in West Greenland. Sisimiut means the “people who live in the fox caves”. The population of the municipality is approximately 5,500, hereof 4,850 in the town and rest in the remaining three villages of Itilleq, Sarfannguit, and at the airport of Kangerlussuaq. The fishing industry dominates the municipality. Established as the colony of Holsteinsborg in 1764. Siumut – a social democratic political party in Greenland and member of the Socialist International. Siumut has headed all governments since the introduction of Home Rule in 1979. SLBM – Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile. Sledge – a large sled pulled by animals and used for transportation across snow and ice. Especially the Inuit uses dogs. The Saami and many of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North and Siberia are using reindeers. SLICA Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLICA). Smog – air pollution typically associated with oxidants. Smoke – a form of air pollution consisting primarily of particulate matter, i.e., particles released by combustion. Other components of smoke include gaseous air pollutants such as hydrocarbons oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Sources of smoke may include fossil fuel combustion, agricultural burning, and other combustion processes. SNG – Sodruzestvo Nezavisimyh Gosudarstv are the former USSR member states with the exception of the Baltic Countries. Snow line – the lower limit of permanent snow cover. The height of the line varies with latitude. Locally it also varies due to summer temperatures. Snow pack – a seasonal accumulation of slow-melting snow. Snow-patch vegetation – in the tundra environments late melting snow patches exert a marked influence on the vegetation. Vegetation that occurs beneath the small snow patches and the peripheral parts of large ones is protected from the rigours of winter, but as the snow melts comparatively early in the summer, the vegetation is also able to capitalise on most of the growing season. Vegetation that occurs beneath the larger snow patches conversely is having a short growing season. Social behaviour – the interactive behaviour of two or more individuals, all of which belong to the same species. Social justice – is being entitled to the same rights and services as all other citizens. Society – the system or condition of living together as a community, or any organized group of people joined together because of work, interests etc. SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). Solemnly proclaims – a proclamation made in due legal form, as a declaration, agreement, etc. Example: “Solemnly proclaims the necessity of bringing to a speedy and unconditional end colonialism in all its forms and manifestations;” Solstice – are the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator. Summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere occurs about June 21 (the longest day of the year). The winter solstice occurs about December 21 (the shortest day of the year). In the Southern Hemisphere the longest day of the year is December 21, and the shortest June 21. In pre-Christianity times most northern people celebrated the summer solstice, but after the introduction of Christianity the day was changed to the night before the postulated birthday of St John the Baptist, June 24. In some countries, like Greenland and the Respublika Sakha (Yakutia) the summer solstice has been chosen as the national day. Soot – carbon dust formed by incomplete combustion. Sovereignty – the supreme and independent political authority of a country. Soviet – a council. Also used in a broader sense to refer to the Communist system of administration. Species diversity – the richness of species in an ecosystem. Specific – concrete. Spout – the column of spray thrown into the air by a whale in the act of respiration. SS – Surface to surface. A military expression for guided projectiles or missiles launched, usually from light units, such as ships, vehicles or trailers. Stakeholder – any organization, governmental entity, or individual that has a stake in or may be impacted by a given approach to environmental regulation, pollution prevention, energy conservation, etc. Standing Committee Of Parliamentarians Of The Arctic Region (SCPAR) – a committee that started its activities in 1994. The Committee takes initiatives to further Arctic cooperation, and act, in particular, as a parliamentary forum of the Arctic states for issues relevant to the work of the Arctic Council. Every two years the Committee arranges the Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region. The Standing Committee takes part in the work of the Council as an observer. START – Strategic Arms Reduction Talks. The START negotiations between the U.S.A. and the USSR followed the SALT negotiations on limitations of strategic nuclear weapons. State – a political and geopolitical entity with a political organisation with effective power over a geographic area. It is not a necessity that the citizens share a common language, culture, and other values. Statement – a written or oral declaration. Status Indian – an Indian person who is registered or entitled to be registered under the Indian Act in Canada. Stereotypes – many people tend to divide the world into a number of stereotypical categories: Danes eat porridge with cream, Russians drink vodka, the Finns carry knives, Muslim women wear a veil, British gentlemen wear bowler hats, the Turks marry their cousins, Indians wear feathers and the Chinese eat dogs. The concept of indigenous peoples as the noble savages that sit at home on their sleeping platform in exotic clothing and drum madly while the shaman seeks contact with the spirits, is as far removed from reality as the above stereotypes. Of course, every people have their own characteristics and traditions but in reality the world is far more detailed than the simplified picture many like to draw. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) – at the conference on the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, held in May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden, the convention was adopted and opened for signature. The convention came into force on May 17, 2004. The Stockholm Convention singles out the Arctic and indigenous peoples, the first global convention to do so. Much of the science used to persuade countries to negotiate this convention was generated in Canada through the Northern Contaminants Program in which ICC, Canada participates. Strategy – a combination of communication and consensus building, information assembly and analysis, policy formulation, and action planning and implementation. Striations – the grooves or scratches that are left behind in the bedrock after a glacier has passed over it. Strip-Mining – a process that uses machines to scrape soil or rock away from mineral deposits just under the earth’s surface. Subarctic – is the area that is immediately below the Arctic Circle and the areas around the world that are similar to the Arctic in climate. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights – until 1999 called the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. It was the main subsidiary body of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), which terminated its work in 2006, and was replaced by the Human Rights Council (UNHRC). UNHRC extended Sub-Commission’s work for one year until June 2007. It was composed of 26 elected human rights experts whose mandate was to conduct studies on discriminatory practices and make recommendations to ensure that racial, national, religious and linguistic minorities were protected by law. UNHRC took over the responsibility for the Sub-Commission when it replaced the UNCHR. The Sub-Commission met for the final time in August 2006; among the recommendations it adopted at that session was one for the creation of a Human Rights Consultative Committee as a standing body to assist the UNHRC. Subjugation – is to bring a people under control and governance. An example of subjugation is that the Norwegian Saami for a long time not was permitted to speak their native language of Saami. Today, the Saami define them as such if one considers oneself Saami and either Saami as their native tongue or has had parents and/or grandparents who had Saami as their Native tongue. Submergence – the rise of the water level in relation to the land. It is a result either from the sinking of land or from the rise of the water level. Subsistence – the act of providing food, or the barest means in terms of food, clothing, and shelter to sustain life. Indigenous peoples have suggested Indigenous economy to replace the term subsistence economy because certain animal welfare organisations try to limit subsistence economy to an economic system without money involvement. Substrate – a surface upon which an organism grows, sometimes by using chemicals of particles in the material as food. It is also used to describe materials that can become involved in chemical reactions, particularly where those reactions are mediated by the enzymes of living organisms. Sui generis – meaning of its own kind and constitutes a class alone, unique, or peculiar. Sulphur dioxide Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Surface Water – all water naturally open to the atmosphere, like fjords, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, seas, etc. Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLICA) – an international joint effort of research and indigenous people to measure and understand living conditions in the Arctic. Indigenous peoples and researchers from the United States, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the indigenous peoples of the Kola Peninsula and Chukotka in Russia have contributed to SLICA. SLICA is a Sustainable Development initiative of the Arctic Council and is supported by the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), the Saami Council (SC), and the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON). Survival in the High North High North Alliance. Sustainability – a characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained indefinitely. Sustainable development – an economic development model that takes full account of the environmental consequences of economic activity and is based on the use of resources that can be replaced or renewed and therefore are not depleted. The concept was introduced in the late 1970’s in the World Conservation Strategy. In “Our Common Future” by the Brundtland Commission from 1983 it is defined as development that “seeks to meet the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future.” At the ten-year anniversary of AEPS in Rovaniemi, Finland, governments and the permanent participants decided to approach the WSSD (Preparing for Johannesburg 2002 – An Initial Arctic Message): “Global market demands and technological progress offer new opportunities for expanded utilization of natural resources in the Arctic. If properly managed, these opportunities can bolster sustainable growth and well being in the region. Without precautionary measures, however, the traditional livelihood of indigenous and other local people, as well as the existence of vast areas of pristine nature, may be in danger. Securing sustainability in the use of natural resources, including also biological resources, is an important challenge to all Arctic states. Arctic states should assess the environmental, social and economic impacts of any undertakings to exploit resources in the Arctic portions of their territory, taking into account the latest research on the specific circumstances of the Arctic.” Sustainable Development Process within the United Nations – 1972: the United Nations (UN) Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm, and the establishment of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); 1983: UN World Commission on Environment and Development, or the Brundtland Commission, was set up; 1989: The Brundtland Report “Our Common Future” was released; 1992: UN Conference on Environment and Development – the “Earth Summit” in Rio de Janeiro, and the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established; 1993 – 1997: the UN CSD first five year programme was set up; 1997 Rio Summit + 5 review; 1998 - 2001 CSD second five year programme with the overarching theme: poverty eradication, sustainable production and consumption; 2001: CSD + 10 with three Global Preparatory Committee meetings on organisational issues, defining modalities of process National, Sub regional and Regional preparatory meetings; 2002: World Summit On Sustainable Development. Sustainable use – the use of an organism, ecosystem or other renewable resource at a rate within its capacity for renewal. Syllabics – are the written signs or characters of Inuktitut. Eskimo-Aleut languages. Symbiosis – close coexistence of organisms belonging to different species. T TAC Total Allowable Catch Limit (TAC). Tailings – residue of raw material or waste separated out during the processing of crops or mineral ores. Taking into consideration – term often used in laws, conventions, etc, which means that something is promised, given, or done that has the effect of making an agreement a legally enforceable contract. Example: “by promoting a multicultural approach to education, taking into consideration the needs, aspirations and cultures of indigenous women.” Tasiilaq – the main town (65.36N, 37.33W) in the municipality of Ammassalik. The population counts approximately 1,700 persons. It was founded as the Danish colony Angmagsalik in 1894. Taxonomist – a scientist who classifies animals according to their natural relationship to other animals. Terra nullius – a concept in international law meaning “empty land”, “nobody’s land” or “a territory belonging to no-one”. The concept is related to the legal acceptance of occupation as an original means of peacefully acquiring territory. However, a fundamental condition of a valid occupation is that the territory should belong to “no-one”. Norway occupied and claimed parts of the uninhabited Eastern Greenland in the 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius. The matter was later settled in the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1933 by declaring Denmark full sovereignty over the whole of Greenland. Terrestrial – animals living on land rather than in water or in the air. Theocracy – rule by a religious elite. Government. Third World – an obsolete term for Less Developed Countries. To day, the term Less Developed Countries (LDC) is used. Thule – a trade post founded by Knud Rasmussen close to the Inughuit settlement Uummannaq in the far northern part of West Greenland. Thule was closed in 1954, and the name was change to Dundas. The name “Thule” and “Ny Thule” has often been used on the new town Qaanaaq. Qaanaaq. Thule – among the ancient Greek, the northernmost region of the world, possibly Norway, Iceland or Jutland in Denmark, etc. Ultima Thule. Thule Air Base (TAB) – the Greenlandic name for TAB is Pituffik, which means “the place to have the dogs”. TAB is he northernmost U.S.A. Air Base constructed in 1951-1953 in Northwest Greenland. Originally the base was designed for more than 10,000 men. From being an advantage point of operation for the strategic air force of U.S.A., TAB has till today gradually changed to being a logistic base for high-technology installations in and around the base vicinity. Thus, in the end of the 1950’es, the world’s largest radar installation, a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) was being build. The purpose of BMEWS was originally to provide long-range warning of a ballistic missile attack across the North Pole from the Soviet Union. In the 1990’es the BMEWS site at Thule was upgraded with a Large Phased Array Radar (LPAR). The data collected from this and other sites are sent to Cheyenne Mountain Air Base in Colorado, U.S.A. A B-52 bomber loaded with 4 H-bombs crashed at Thule Air Base in 1968. The clean up of nuclear waste has been source to many years of dispute between the clean up workers and the Danish State, because the workers claim that they were exposed to a high risk of radiation, and consequently have a high risk of cancer. The indigenous peoples, the Inughuit were forced to move their immediate settlement Uummannaq in 1953 some 100 miles north to a new place Qaanaaq. Inughuit. Topography – the physical features of a surface area including relative elevations and the position of natural and man-made (anthropogenic) features. Total Allowable Catch Limit (TAC) – a statistical word, expressing that the total allowable catch (TAC) is a catch limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. TAC’s are usually expressed in tonnes of live-weight equivalent, but are sometimes set in terms of numbers of fish. Township – a self-governing municipality. Traditional Knowledge Indigenous Knowledge. Traditional peoples – as described in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), traditional peoples are “indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles.” Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Indigenous. Transcend frontiers – to exceed or overpass boundaries. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (RAMSAR). Trapper – a person who is hunting by setting traps, especially one who traps fur-bearing animals for their skins. Treaty – a formal agreement between two or more nations, or the document embodying such an agreement. In a Canadian indigenous perspective it refers to the treaties agreed on between the Crown (British government) and the indigenous peoples. |