Appendix
Table 3 Distribution among families of the 24 angiosperm species whose floral nectar was examined microscopically in this study for the identification of yeasts
Plant family Species surveyed
Fabaceae Anthyllis vulneraria, Erinacea anthyllis, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Vicia onobrychioides, Vicia villosa
Lamiaceae Marrubium supinum, Phlomis lychnitis,
Prunella grandiflora, Teucrium pseudochamaepitys
Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum australe, Digitalis obscura,
Linaria aeruginea, Linaria lilacina
Iridaceae Gladiolus illyricus, Iris foetidissima, Iris pseudacorus, Iris xiphium
Caprifoliaceae Lonicera etrusca, Lonicera implexa Ranunculaceae Aquilegia vulgaris, Aquilegia cazorlensis Brassicaceae Erysimum myriophyllum
Familial classification follows [2]
References
1. Adler LS (2000) The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos
91:409–420
2. APG (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot J Linn Soc 141:399–436
3. Barnett JA, Payne RW, Yarrow D (2000) Yeasts: characteristics and identification, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
4. Brysch-Herzberg M (2004) Ecology of yeasts in plant-bumblebee mutualism in Central Europe. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 50:87–100
5. Canto A, Herrera CM, Medrano M, Pérez R, García IM (2008) Pollinator foraging modifies nectar sugar composition in Helle- borus foetidus (Ranunculaceae): an experimental test. Am J Bot
95:315–320
6. Capriotti A (1953) I lievitti dei fiori. Riv Biol 45:370–394
7. Castresana J (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol
17:540–552
8. Chao A, Chazdon RL, Colwell RK, Shen TJ (2005) A new statistical approach for assessing similarity of species composition with incidence and abundance data. Ecol Lett 8:148–159
9. Colwell RK (2005) EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.0. User's guide and application published at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/ estimates
10. Colwell RK, Coddington JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiver- sity through extrapolation. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 345:101–118
11. Colwell RK, Mao CX, Chang J (2004) Interpolating, extrapolat- ing, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85:2717–2727
12. de Vega C, Herrera CM, Johnson SD (2009) Yeasts in floral nectar of some South African plants: quantification and associations with pollinator type. S Afr J Bot 75:798–806
13. Eisikowitch D, Kevan PG, Lachance MA (1990) The nectar- inhabiting yeasts and their effect on pollen germination in common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. Israel J Bot 39:217–225
14. Fierer N (2007) Metagenomic and small-subunit rRNA analyses reveal the genetic diversity of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:7059–7066
15. Gadanho M, Sampaio JP (2004) Application of temperature
gradient gel electrophoresis to the study of yeast diversity in the estuary of the Tagus river, Portugal. FEMS Yeast Res 5:
253–261
16. Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: proce- dures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol Lett 4:379–391
17. Herrera CM, Canto A, Pozo MI, Bazaga P (2010) Inhospitable
sweetness: nectar filtering of pollinator-borne inocula leads to impoverished, phylogenetically clustered yeast communities. Proc R Soc B 277:747–754
18. Herrera CM, de Vega C, Canto A, Pozo MI (2009) Yeasts in floral
nectar: a quantitative survey. Ann Bot 103:1415–1423
19. Herzberg M, Fischer R, Titze A (2002) Conflicting results obtained by RAPD-PCR and large-subunit rDNA sequences in determining and comparing yeast strains isolated from flowers: a comparison of two methods. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1423–
1433
20. Hong SG, Bae KS, Herzberg M, Titze A, Lachance MA (2003) Candida kunwiensis sp. nov., a yeast associated with flowers and bumblebees. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:367–372
21. Hong SH, Bunge J, Jeon SO, Epstein SS (2006) Predicting microbial species richness. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 103:117–
122
22. Hughes JB, Hellmann JJ, Ricketts TH, Bohannan BJM (2001) Counting the uncountable: statistical approaches to estimating microbial diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4399–4406
23. Jimbo T (1926) Yeasts isolated from flower nectar. Sci Rep
Tohoku Imp Univ 2:161–187
24. Kurtzman CP, Robnett CJ (1998) Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
73:331–371
25. Kyung KH, Woo YH, Kim DS, Park HJ, Kim YS (2007) Antimicrobial activity of an edible wild plant, apiifolia Virgin's Bower (Clematis apiifolia DC). Food Science Biotechnol
16:1051–1054
26. Lachance MA (2006) Yeast biodiversity: how many and how much ? In: Rosa CA, Peter G (eds) Biodiversity and ecophysiol- ogy of yeasts. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–9
27. Lachance MA, Bowles JM, Starmer WT, Barker JSF (1999)
Kodamaea kakaduensis and Candida tolerans, two new ascomy- cetous yeast species from Australian Hibiscus flowers. Can J Microbiol 45:172–177
28. Lachance MA, Daniel HM, Meyer W, Prasad GS, Gautam SP,
Boundy-Mills K (2003) The D1/D2 domain of the large-subunit rDNA of the yeast species Clavispora lusitaniae is unusually polymorphic. FEMS Yeast Res 4:253–258
29. Lachance MA, Starmer WT, Rosa CA, Bowles JM, Barker JSF,
Janzen DH (2001) Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. FEMS Yeast Res 1:1–8
30. Lambais MR, Crowley DE, Cury JC, Bull RC, Rodrigues RR (2006) Bacterial diversity in tree canopies of the Atlantic forest. Science 312:1917–1917
31. Lopez-Archilla AI, Gonzalez AE, Terron MC, Amils R (2004) Ecological study of the fungal populations of the acidic Tinto River in southwestern Spain. Can J Microbiol 50(11):923–934
32. Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Oxford, p 256
33. Manson JS, Lachance MA, Thomson JD (2007) Candida gelsemii sp nov., a yeast of the Metschnikowiaceae clade isolated from nectar of the poisonous Carolina jessamine. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 92:37–42
34. Mao CX, Colwell RK, Chang J (2005) Estimating species
accumulation curves using mixtures. Biometrics 61:433–441
35. Nagahama T (2006) Yeast biodiversity in freshwater, marine and deep-sea environments. In: Rosa C, Peter G (eds) Biodiversity and ecophysiology of yeasts. Springer, Berlin, pp 241–262
36. Nicolson SW, Thornburg RW (2007) Nectar chemistry. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E (eds) Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Berlin, pp 215–264
37. Peay KG, Kennedy PG, Bruns TD (2008) Fungal community ecology:
a hybrid beast with a molecular master. Bioscience 58:799–810
38. Purvis A, Hector A (2000) Getting the measure of biodiversity.
Nature 405:212–219
39. Qvit-Raz N, Jurkevitch E, Belkin S (2008) Drop-size soda lakes:
transient microbial habitats on a salt-secreting desert tree. Genetics
178:1615–1622
40. Sampaio A, Sampaio JP, Leao C (2007) Dynamics of yeast populations recovered from decaying leaves in a nonpolluted stream: a 2-year study on the effects of leaf litter type and decomposition time. FEMS Yeast Res 7:595–603
41. Sandhu D, Waraich MK (1985) Yeasts associated with pollinating
bees and flower nectar. Microb Ecol 11:51–58
42. Schloss PD, Handelsman J (2005) Introducing DOTUR, a computer program for defining operational taxonomic units and estimating species richness. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1501–
1506
43. Shaw AK, Halpern AL, Beeson K, Tran B, Venter JC, Martiny JBH (2008) It's all relative: ranking the diversity of aquatic bacterial communities. Environ Microbiol 10:2200–2210
44. Simberloff D (1978) Use of rarefaction and related methods in ecology. In: Dickson KL, Cairns J, Livingston RJ (eds) Biological data in water pollution assessment: quantitative and statistical analyses. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 150–165
45. Suh SO, McHugh JV, Pollock DD, Blackwell M (2005) The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts. Mycol Res
109:261–265
46. Tipper JC (1979) Rarefaction and rarefiction—the use and abuse of a method in paleoecology. Paleobiology 5:423–434
47. Ugland KI, Gray JS, Ellingsen KE (2003) The species- accumulation curve and estimation of species richness. J Anim Ecol 72:888–897
48. Vörös-Felkai G (1957) Données sur les levures de fleurs
répandues en Hongrie. Acta Bot Acad Scient Hungar 3:391–399
49. Walther BA (1995) Sampling effort and parasite species richness.
Parasitol Today 11:306–310
50. Yarrow D (1998) Methods for the isolation, maintenance and identification of yeasts. In: Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (eds) The yeast, a taxonomic study. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 77–100