Gre阅读真题200篇 brief contents

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The use of heat pumps has been

The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation (energy conservation: 能源节约；能量守恒［不灭］). Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop (closed loop: [电]闭环). The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.

The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air. Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.

Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant—and thus the thermal energy it carries—is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.

Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates—where the most heat is needed—heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes

(B) contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps

(D) advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps（C）

(E) expose extravagant claims about heat pumps as false

18. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by

(A) carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle

(B) pointing out a factual error in the statement that gives rise to this question

(D) denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps（C）

(E) explaining that heat pumps can cool, as well as heat, room air

19. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when

(A) heating is least essential

(B) electricity rates are lowest

(D) outdoor temperatures hold steady（A）

(E) the heating demand surges

20. If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps (lines 1-6) is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?

(A) Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.

(B) Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.

(D) Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.（C）

(E) Concentrate your advertising firmly on financially relevant issues such as price discounts and efficiency of operation.

21. The passage suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if

(A) they could also be used as air conditioners

(B) they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed

(D) models with truly superior cooling capacity were advertised more effectively（E）

(E) people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation

22. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction (lines 16-17) in a heat pump is to

(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point

(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor

(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point（C）

(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed

23. The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a

(A) cause for regret

(B) sign of premature defeatism

(D) case of sloppy thinking（A）

(E) focus for an educational campaign

If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star)

If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) triggered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust, and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming regions would result. If many such chains were created in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of stars would resemble the observed distribution in a spiral galaxy (spiral galaxy: n.(=spiral nebula)螺旋星云,旋涡星云).

This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying density wave, the hallmark (a distinguishing characteristic, trait, or feature “the dramatic flourishes which are the hallmark of the trial lawyer Marion K. Sanders”) of the most widely accepted theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies. That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy, compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse into stars that form a spiral pattern.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe what results when a supernova triggers the creation of chains of star-forming regions

(B) propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure

(D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and contrast it with the most widely accepted theory（D）

(E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the most widely accepted theory

18. The passage implies that, according to the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can be created by supernovas when the supernovas are

(A) producing an underlying density wave

(B) affected by a density wave of spiral form

(D) located in the central plane of a galaxy（E）

(E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy

19. Which of the following, if true, would most discredit the new theory as described in the passage?

(A) The exact mechanism by which a star becomes a supernova is not yet completely known and may even differ for different stars.

(B) Chains of star-forming regions like those postulated in the new theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.

(D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.（C）

(E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.

20. The author’s attitude toward the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure can best be described as

(A) euphoric

(B) enthusiastic

(D) critical（B）

(E) disputatious

Geologists have long known that

Geologists have long known that the Earth’s mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes (地柱) arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

17. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(A) Current theories regarding the structure of the Earth’s mantle cannot account for new discoveries regarding the composition of mantle xenoliths.

(B) There are conflicting hypotheses about the heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle because few mantle elements have been thoroughly studied.

(D) There is clear-cut disagreement within the geological community over the structure of the Earth’s mantle.（D）

(E) There has recently been a strong and exciting challenge to geologists’ long-standing belief in the heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle.

18. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic islands are formed from

(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths

(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system

(D) incompatible elements percolating up from the lower mantle（E）

(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle

19. It can be inferred from the passage that the supporters of the “layered-mantle” theory believe which of the following?

I. The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are composed of material derived from the lower part of the mantle.

II. The materials of which volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and midocean ridges are composed are typical of the layers from which they are thought to originate.

III. The differences in composition between volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the midocean ridges are a result of different concentrations of incompatible elements.

(A) I only

(B) III only

(D) II and III only（C）

(E) I, II, and III

20. The authors suggest that their proposal for determining the nature of the mantle’s heterogeneity might be considered by many to be

(A) pedestrian

(B) controversial

(D) novel（A）

(E) paradoxical

The term “Ice Age” may give a wrong

The term “Ice Age” may give a wrong impression. The epoch that geologists know as the Pleistocene and that spanned the 1.5 to 2.0 million years prior to the current geologic epoch was not one long continuous glaciation, but a period of oscillating climate with ice advances punctuated by times of interglacial climate not very different from the climate experienced now. Ice sheets that derived from an ice cap (ice cap: n. 〈地〉冰帽；冰冠a cover of perennial ice and snow; specifically: a glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center) centered on northern Scandinavia reached southward to Central Europe. And Beyond the margins of the ice sheets, climatic oscillations affected most of the rest of the world; for example, in the deserts, periods of wetter conditions (pluvials) contrasted with drier, interpluvial periods. Although the time involved is so short, about 0.04 percent of the total age of the Earth, the amount of attention devoted to the Pleistocene has been incredibly large, probably because of its immediacy, and because the epoch largely coincides with the appearance on Earth of humans and their immediate ancestors.

There is no reliable way of dating much of the Ice Age. Geological dates are usually obtained by using the rates of decay of various radioactive elements found in minerals. Some of these rates are suitable for very old rocks but involve increasing errors when used for young rocks; others are suitable for very young rocks and errors increase rapidly in older rocks. Most of the Ice Age spans a period of time for which no element has an appropriate decay rate.

Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of (all sorts of:各种各样的) more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. For example, an early classification of Alpine glaciation suggested the existence there of four glaciations, named the Gunz, Mindel, Riss, and Wurm. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. Yet this succession was forced willy-nilly onto the glaciated parts of Northern Europe, where there are partial successions of true glacial ground moraines and interglacial deposits, with hopes of ultimately piecing them together to provide a complete Pleistocene succession. Eradication of the Alpine nomenclature is still proving a Herculean task (herculean task: 需要付出巨大气力的工作;极为艰巨的工作).

There is no conclusive evidence about the relative length, complexity, and temperatures of the various glacial and interglacial periods. We do not know whether we live in a postglacial period or an interglacial period. The chill truth seems to be that we are already past the optimum climate of postglacial time. Studies of certain fossil distributions and of the pollen of certain temperate plants suggest decreases of a degree or two in both summer and winter temperatures and, therefore, that we may be in the declining climatic phase leading to glaciation and extinction.

21. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) searching for an accurate method of dating the Pleistocene epoch

(B) discussing problems involved in providing an accurate picture of the Pleistocene epoch

(D) criticizing fanciful schemes about what happened in the Pleistocene epoch（B）

(E) refuting the idea that there is no way to tell if we are now living in an Ice Age

22. The “wrong impression” (line 1) to which the author refers is the idea that the

(A) climate of the Pleistocene epoch was not very different from the climate we are now experiencing

(B) climate of the Pleistocene epoch was composed of periods of violent storms

(D) Pleistocene epoch comprised one period of continuous glaciation during which Northern Europe was covered with ice sheets（D）

(E) Pleistocene epoch had no long periods during which much of the Earth was covered by ice

23. According to the passage, one of the reasons for the deficiencies of the “early classification of Alpine glaciation” (lines 32-33) is that it was

(A) derived from evidence that was only tangentially related to times of actual glaciation

(B) based primarily on fossil remains rather than on actual living organisms

(D) based on unmethodical examinations of randomly chosen glacial biological remains（A）

(E) derived from evidence that had been haphazardly gathered from glacial deposits and inaccurately evaluated

24. Which of the following does the passage imply about the “early classification of Alpine glaciation” (lines 32-33)?

(A) It should not have been applied as widely as it was.

(B) It represents the best possible scientific practice, given the tools available at the time.

(D) It could be useful, but only as a general guide to the events of the Pleistocene epoch.（A）

(E) It does not shed any light on the methods used at the time for investigating periods of glaciation.

25. It can be inferred from the passage that an important result of producing an accurate chronology of events of the Pleistocene epoch would be a

(A) clearer idea of the origin of the Earth

(B) clearer picture of the Earth during the time that humans developed

(D) more detailed understanding of how radioactive dating of minerals works（B）

(E) firmer understanding of how the northern polar ice cap developed

26. The author refers to deserts primarily in order to

(A) illustrate the idea that an interglacial climate is marked by oscillations of wet and dry periods

(B) illustrate the idea that what happened in the deserts during the Ice Age had far-reaching effects even on the ice sheets of Central and Northern Europe

(D) support the view that during the Ice Age sheets of ice covered some of the deserts of the world（C）

(E) support the view that we are probably living in a postglacial period

27. The author would regard the idea that we are living in an interglacial period as

(A) unimportant

(B) unscientific

(D) plausible（D）

(E) absurd

Volcanic rock that forms as fluid

Volcanic rock that forms as fluid lava chills rapidly is called pillow lava (pillow lava: 枕状熔岩). This rapid chilling occurs when lava erupts directly into water (or beneath ice) or when it flows across a shoreline and into a body of water. While the term “pillow lava” suggests a definite shape, in fact geologists disagree. Some geologists argue that pillow lava is characterized by discrete, ellipsoidal masses. Others describe pillow lava as a tangled mass of cylindrical, interconnected flow lobes. Much of this controversy probably results from unwarranted extrapolations of the original configuration of pillow flows from two-dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows in land outcroppings (OUTCROP (outcrop: n.露出地面的岩层)). Virtually any cross section (cross section: n.横截面) cut through a tangled mass of interconnected flow lobes would give the appearance of a pile of discrete ellipsoidal masses. Adequate three-dimensional images of intact pillows are essential for defining the true geometry of pillowed flows and thus ascertaining their mode of origin. Indeed, the term “pillow,” itself suggestive of discrete masses, is probably a misnomer.

24. Which of the following is a fact presented in the passage?

(A) The shape of the connections between the separate, sacklike masses in pillow lava is unknown.

(B) More accurate cross sections of pillow lava would reveal the mode of origin.

(D) No three-dimensional examples of intact pillows currently exist.（C）

(E) The origin of pillow lava is not yet known.

25. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in

(A) analyzing the source of a scientific controversy

(B) criticizing some geologists’ methodology

(D) proposing a new theory to explain existing scientific evidence（A）

(E) describing a physical phenomenon

26. The author of the passage would most probably agree that the geologists mentioned in line 6 (“Some geologists”) have made which of the following errors in reasoning?

I. Generalized unjustifiably from available evidence.

II. Deliberately ignored existing counterevidence.

III. Repeatedly failed to take new evidence into account.

(A) I only

(B) II only

(D) I and II only（A）

(E) II and III only

27. The author implies that the “controversy” (line 9) might be resolved if

(A) geologists did not persist in using the term “pillow”

(B) geologists did not rely on potentially misleading information

(D) two-dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows were available（B）

(E) existing pillows in land outcroppings were not so badly eroded

Until recently astronomers have

Until recently astronomers have been puzzled by the fate of red giant (red giant: n. 〈天〉红巨星a star that has low surface temperature and a diameter that is large relative to the sun) and supergiant stars. When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times the present mass of our Sun (M_⊙) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is unable to support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star (a hypothetical dense celestial object that consists primarily of closely packed neutrons and that results from the collapse of a much larger stellar body). The gravitational energy released during this implosion of the core blows off (blow off: v.吹掉, 放出) the remainder of the star in a gigantic explosion, or a supernova. Since around 50 percent of all stars are believed to begin their lives with masses greater than 1.4M_⊙, we might expect that one out of every two stars would die as a supernova. But in fact, only one star in thirty dies such a violent death. The rest expire much more peacefully as planetary nebulas. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M_⊙ before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.

Evidence supporting this view comes from observations of IRC+10216, a pulsating giant star (a star of great luminosity and of large mass) located 700 light-years away from Earth. A huge rate of mass loss (1 M_⊙ every 10,000 years) has been deduced from infrared observations of ammonia (NH3) molecules located in the circumstellar cloud around IRC+10216. Recent microwave observations of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules indicate a similar rate of mass loss and demonstrate that the escaping material extends outward from the star for a distance of at least one light-year. Because we know the size of the cloud around IRC+10216 and can use our observations of either NH3 or CO to measure the outflow velocity, we can calculate an age for the circumstellar cloud. IRC+10216 has apparently expelled, in the form of molecules and dust grains, a mass equal to that of our entire Sun within the past ten thousand years. This implies that some stars can shed huge amounts of matter very quickly and thus may never expire as supernovas. Theoretical models as well as statistics on supernovas and planetary nebulas suggest that stars that begin their lives with masses around 6 M_⊙ shed sufficient material to drop below the critical value of 1.4 M_⊙. IRC+10216, for example, should do this in a mere 50,000 years from its birth, only an instant in the life of a star.

But what place does IRC+10216 have in stellar evolution? Astronomers suggest that stars like IRC+10216 are actually “protoplanetary nebulas”—old giant stars whose dense cores have almost but not quite rid themselves of the fluffy envelopes of gas around them. Once the star has lost the entire envelope, its exposed core becomes the central star of the planetary nebula (a usually compact luminous ring-shaped nebula that is composed of matter which has been ejected from a hot star at its center) and heats and ionizes the last vestiges of the envelope as it flows away into space. This configuration is a full-fledged planetary nebula, long familiar to optical astronomers.

21. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer a method of calculating the age of circumstellar clouds

(B) describe the conditions that result in a star’s expiring as a supernova

(D) explain why fewer stars than predicted expire as supernovas（D）

(E) survey conflicting theories concerning the composition of circumstellar clouds

22. The passage implies that at the beginning of the life of IRC+10216, its mass was approximately

(A) 7.0 M_⊙

(B) 6.0 M_⊙

(D) 1.4 M_⊙（B）

(E) 1.0 M_⊙

23. The view to which line 18 refers serves to

(A) reconcile seemingly contradictory facts

(B) undermine a previously held theory

(D) resolve a controversy（A）

(E) question new methods of gathering data

24. It can be inferred from the passage that the author assumes which of the following in the discussion of the rate at which IRC+10216 loses mass?

(A) The circumstellar cloud surrounding IRC+10216 consists only of CO and NH3 molecules.

(B) The circumstellar cloud surrounding IRC+10216 consists of material expelled from that star.

(D) The rate at which IRC+10216 loses mass varies significantly from year to year.（B）

(E) Stars with a mass greater than 6 M_⊙ lose mass at a rate faster than stars with a mass less than 6 M_⊙ do.

25. According to information provided by the passage, which of the following stars would astronomers most likely describe as a planetary nebula?

(A) A star that began its life with a mass of 5.5 M_⊙, has exhausted its nuclear fuel, and has a core that is visible to astronomers

(B) A star that began its life with a mass of 6 M_⊙, lost mass at a rate of 1 M_⊙ per 10,000 years, and exhausted its nuclear fuel in 40,000 years

(C) A star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, has a mass of 1.2 M_⊙, and is surrounded by a circumstellar cloud that obscures its core from view

(D) A star that began its life with a mass greater than 6 M_⊙, has just recently exhausted its nuclear fuel, and is in the process of releasing massive amounts of gravitational energy（A）

(E) A star that began its life with a mass of 5.5 M_⊙, has yet to exhaust its nuclear fuel, and exhibits a rate of mass loss similar to that of IRC+10216

26. Which of the following statements would be most likely to follow the last sentence of the passage?

(A) Supernovas are not necessarily the most spectacular events that astronomers have occasion to observe.

(B) Apparently, stars that have a mass of greater than 6 M_⊙ are somewhat rare.

(C) Recent studies of CO and NH3 in the circumstellar clouds of stars similar to IRC+10216 have led astronomers to believe that the formation of planetary nebulas precedes the development of supernovas.

(D) It appears, then, that IRC+10216 actually represents an intermediate step in the evolution of a giant star into a planetary nebula.（D）

(E) Astronomers have yet to develop a consistently accurate method for measuring the rate at which a star exhausts its nuclear fuel.

27. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?

(A) New Methods of Calculating the Age of Circumstellar Clouds

(B) New Evidence Concerning the Composition of Planetary Nebulas

(D) Planetary Nebulas: An Enigma to Astronomers（E）

(E) The Diminution of a Star’s Mass: A Crucial Factor in Stellar Evolution

Aided by the recent ability to

Aided by the recent ability to analyze samples of air trapped in glaciers, scientists now have a clearer idea of the relationship between atmospheric composition and global temperature change over the past 160,000 years. In particular, determination of atmospheric composition during periods of glacial expansion and retreat (cooling and warming) is possible using data from the 2,000 meter Vostok ice core drilled in Antarctica. The technique involved is similar to that used in analyzing cores of marine sediments, where the ratio of the two common isotopes of oxygen, 18O and 16O, accurately reflects past temperature changes. Isotopic analysis of oxygen in the Vostok core suggests mean global temperature fluctuations of up to 10 degrees centigrade over the past 160,000 years.

Data from the Vostok core also indicate that the amount of carbon dioxide has fluctuated with temperature over the same period: the higher the temperature, the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide and the lower the temperature, the lower the concentration. Although change in carbon dioxide content closely follows change in temperature during periods of deglaciation, it apparently lags behind temperature during periods of cooling. The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.

The correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature throughout the Vostok record is consistent and predictable. The absolute temperature changes, however, are from 5 to 14 times greater than would be expected on the basis of carbon dioxide’s own ability to absorb infrared radiation, or radiant heat. This reaction suggests that, quite aside from (aside from: adv.除...以外) changes in heat-trapping gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases, certain positive feedbacks are also amplifying the temperature change. Such feedbacks might involve ice on land and sea, clouds, or water vapor, which also absorb radiant heat (radiant heat: n.[物]辐射热).

Other data from the Vostok core show that methane gas also correlates closely with temperature and carbon dioxide. The methane concentration nearly doubled, for example, between the peak of the penultimate glacial period and the following interglacial period. Within the present interglacial period it has more than doubled in just the past 300 years and is rising rapidly. Although the concentration of atmospheric methane is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of carbon dioxide, it cannot be ignored: the radiative properties of methane make it 20 times more effective, molecule for molecule, than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat. On the basis of a simulation model that climatological researchers have developed, methane appears to have been about 25 percent as important as carbon dioxide in the warming that took place during the most recent glacial retreat 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) interpret data

(B) explain research methodology

(D) suggest a new technique（A）

(E) attack a theory

18. According to the passage, which of the following statements about methane is true?

(A) Methane is found in marine sediments.

(B) Methane is more effective than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat.

(D) The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere, the lower the concentration of methane.（B）

(E) Most of the global warming that has occurred during the past 10 years has been associated with increased methane concentration.

19. According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between carbon dioxide and global temperature?

(A) Carbon dioxide levels change immediately in response to changes in temperature.

(B) Carbon dioxide levels correlate with global temperature during cooling periods only.

(D) Carbon dioxide levels increase more quickly than global temperature does.（E）

(E) During cooling periods, carbon dioxide levels initially remain high and then decline.

20. The author mentions “certain positive feedbacks” (lines 35-36) in order to indicate that

(A) increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere is responsible for global temperature increase

(B) some climate simulation models have produced useful information

(D) variables that benefit life are causing global temperature to increase（C）

(E) beneficial substances that are not heat-trapping gases and that contribute to global temperature increase have been found in the Vostok ice core

21. It can be inferred from the passage that a long-term decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere would

(A) increase methane concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere

(B) accompany a period of glaciation

(D) promote the formation of more water in the Earth’s global environment（B）

(E) increase the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere

22. The passage suggests that when the methane concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere decreases, which of the following also happens?

(A) Glaciers melt faster.

(B) The concentration of carbon dioxide increases.

(D) Carbon dioxide absorbs more radiant beat.（C）

(E) More clouds form in the Earth’s atmosphere.

23. In the fourth paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) restating the main idea of the passage

(B) using research findings to develop a simulation model

(D) providing an additional example of a phenomenon（D）

(E) introducing a conflicting hypothesis

Recently some scientists have

Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars’s gravity by the impact on Mars of other meteorites. This conclusion has led to another question: whether meteorite impacts on Earth have similarly driven rocks from this planet to Mars.

According to astronomer S. A. Phinney, kicking a rock hard enough to free it from Earth’s gravity would require a meteorite capable of making a crater more than 60 miles across. Moreover, even if Earth rocks were freed by meteorite impact, Mars’s orbit is much larger than Earth’s, so Phinney estimates that the probability of these rocks hitting Mars is about one-tenth as great as that of Mars’s rocks hitting Earth. To demonstrate this estimate, Phinney used a computer to calculate where 1,000 hypothetical particles would go if ejected from Earth in random directions. He found that 17 of the 1,000 particles would hit Mars.

17. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) presenting an argument to support a particular hypothesis

(B) suggesting an answer to a theoretical question

(D) criticizing experimental results（B）

(E) explaining the origin of certain scientific data

18. According to the passage, which of the following events may have initiated the process that led to the presence on Earth of meteorites from Mars?

(A) A meteorite struck the Earth with tremendous velocity.

(B) A meteorite collided with Mars.

(D) The orbits of Earth and Mars brought the planets to their closest points.（B）

(E) Rocks from a meteorite impact broke free of Earth’s gravity.

19. The passage suggests that which of the following is true concerning the probability that a rock, if ejected from Mars, will hit the Earth?

(A) The probability is increased when particles are ejected from Mars in random directions.

(B) The probability is increased by the presence of large craters on the surface of Mars.

(D) The probability is greater than the probability that a rock from Earth will hit Mars.（D）

(E) The probability is less than the probability that a rock from Earth will escape Earth’s gravity.

20. Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt on Phinney’s estimate of the probability of Earth rocks hitting Mars?

(A) Rather than going in random directions, about 25 percent of all particles ejected from Earth go in the same direction into space.

(B) Approximately 100 meteorites large enough to make a noticeable crater hit the Earth each year.

(D) The velocity of rocks escaping from Earth’s gravity is lower than the velocity of meteorites hitting the Earth.（A）

(E) No craters more than 60 miles across have been found on Mars.

The intensive work of materials

The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-state physicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallic alloys, or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical and applied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials.

When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, a crystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloy composition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials, when cooled, do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structure somewhat like that of the liquid—an amorphous structure. At room temperature (room temperature: n.室温, 常温(约20摄氏度)), the natural long-term tendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure. The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of the crystalline structure, which is controlled by factors such as the nature of the chemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other. Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystalline structure, whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow that almost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. For glassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidly so that crystallization is suppressed.

The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that of liquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid was that by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hard spheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possible density. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for many attempts to model the structure of glassy metals. Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal (noble metal: n.贵金属) together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres used in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different sizes, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy, for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloy might fit into holes in the dense, random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.

One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual crystalline materials, one finds an inverse relation (inverse relation: 反比关系) between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable. One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.

21. The author is primarily concerned with discussing

(A) crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures

(B) molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure

(D) metallic alloys and problems in determining their density（C）

(E) amorphous materials and their practical utilization

22. The author implies that the rate at which the molten materials discussed in the passage are cooled is a determinant of the

(A) chemical composition of the resulting solids

(B) strength of the chemical bonds that are formed

(D) structure the materials assume（D）

(E) stability of the materials’ crystalline structure

23. The author’s speculation about the appropriateness of models using spheres of two sizes for binary alloys would be strongly supported if models using spheres of two sizes yielded

(A) values for density identical to values yielded by one-sphere models using the smaller spheres only

(B) values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with experimentally determined values

(D) significantly different values for density depending on the size ratio between the two kinds of spheres used（B）

(E) the same values for density as the values for appropriately chosen models that use only medium-sized spheres

24. The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of

(A) disinterest

(B) impatience

(D) apprehension（C）

(E) skepticism

25. According to the passage, which of the following determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy?

(A) At what rate the molten alloy is cooled

(B) How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is

(D) What the alloy consists of and in what ratios（D）

(E) At what temperature the molten alloy becomes solid

26. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it is presented in the passage?

(A) The latter is an illustrative example of the former.

(B) The latter is a large-scale version of the former.

(D) The former provides an instructive contrast to the latter.（E）

(E) The former is a fair approximation of the latter.

27. It can be inferred from the passage that, theoretically, molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphous structure only if they are cooled

(A) very evenly, regardless of the rate

(B) rapidly, followed by gentle heating

(D) to room temperature（C）

(E) to extremely low temperatures

Before 1965 many scientists pictured

Before 1965 many scientists pictured the circulation of the ocean’s water mass as consisting of large, slow-moving currents, such as the Gulf Stream (Gulf Stream: n. 湾流，墨西哥暖流). That view, based on 100 years of observations made around the globe, produced only a rough approximation of the true circulation. But in the 1950’s and the 1960’s, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment, including subsurface floats that move with ocean currents and emit identification signals, and ocean-current meters that record data for months at fixed locations in the ocean. These instruments disclosed an unexpected level of variability in the deep ocean. Rather than being characterized by smooth, large-scale currents that change seasonally (if at all), the seas are dominated by what oceanographers call mesoscale fields: fluctuating, energetic flows whose velocity can reach ten times the mean velocity of the major currents.

Mesoscale phenomena—the oceanic analogue of weather systems—often extend to distances of 100 kilometers and persist for 100 days (weather systems generally extend about 1,000 kilometers and last 3 to 5 days in any given area). More than 90 percent of the kinetic energy of the entire ocean may be accounted for by mesoscale variability rather than by large-scale currents. Mesoscale phenomena may, in fact, play a significant role in oceanic mixing, air-sea interactions, and occasional—but far-reaching—climatic events such as El Nino, the atmospheric-oceanic disturbance in the equatorial Pacific that affects global weather patterns.

Unfortunately, it is not feasible to use conventional techniques to measure mesoscale fields. To measure them properly, monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers, with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months. Because using these techniques would be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, it was proposed in 1979 that tomography (tomography: n.[医]X线断层摄影术) be adapted to measuring the physical properties of the ocean. In medical tomography x-rays map the human body’s density variations (and hence internal organs); the information from the x-rays, transmitted through the body along many different paths, is recombined to form three-dimensional images of the body’s interior. It is primarily this multiplicative increase in data obtained from the multipath transmission (multipath transmission: 多路传输) of signals that accounts for oceanographers’ attraction to tomography: it allows the measurement of vast areas with relatively few instruments. Researchers reasoned that low-frequency sound waves, because they are so well described mathematically and because even small perturbations in emitted sound waves can be detected, could be transmitted through the ocean over many different paths and that the properties of the ocean’s interior—its temperature, salinity, density, and speed of currents—could be deduced on the basis of how the ocean altered the signals. Their initial trials were highly successful, and ocean acoustic tomography was born.

21. According to the passage, scientists are able to use ocean acoustic tomography to deduce the properties of the ocean’s interior in part because

(A) low-frequency sound waves are well described mathematically

(B) mesoscale phenomena are so large as to be easily detectable

(D) tomography is better suited to measuring mesoscale phenomena than to measuring small-scale systems（A）

(E) density variations in the ocean are mathematically predictable

22. The passage suggests that medical tomography operates on the principle that

(A) x-rays are superior to sound waves for producing three-dimensional images

(B) sound waves are altered as they pass through regions of varying density

(D) the varying densities within the human body allow x-rays to map the internal organs（D）

(E) information from x-rays and sound waves can be combined to produce a highly detailed image of the body’s interior

23. Which of the following is most similar to medical tomography as it is described in the passage?

(A) The use of ocean-current meters to determine the direction and velocity of the ocean’s mesoscale fields

(B) The use of earthquake shockwave data collected at several different locations and combined to create a three-dimensional image of the Earth’s interior

(D) The use of subsurface floats to map large-scale circulation in the ocean（B）

(E) The use of computer technology to halt the progress of a particular disease within the human body’s internal organs

24. The author mentions El Nino (line 27) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points?

(A) The brief duration of weather patterns

(B) The variability of mesoscale phenomena

(D) The effectiveness of low-frequency sound waves in mapping the ocean（E）

(E) The possible impact of mesoscale fields on weather conditions

25. Which of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?

(A) A theory is proposed, considered, and then attended.

(B) Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.

(D) An argument is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.（C）

(E) A hypothesis is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed.

26. The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if the ocean’s circulation consisted primarily of large, slow-moving currents?

(A) The influence of mesoscale fields on global weather patterns would remain the same.

(B) Large-scale currents would exhibit more variability than is actually observed.

(D) Atmospheric-oceanic disturbances such as El Nino would occur more often.（E）

(E) Conventional measuring techniques would be a feasible method of studying the physical properties of the ocean.

27. Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage?

(A) Timekeeping in medical tomography must be precise because the changes in travel time caused by density fluctuations are slight.

(B) To understand how ocean acoustic tomography works, it is necessary to know how sound travels in the ocean.

(D) These variations amount to only about 2 to 3 percent of the average speed of sound in water, which is about 1, 500 meters per second.（B）

(E) The device used in medical tomography emits a specially coded signal, easily distinguishable from background noise.

Geologists Harris and Gass

Geologists Harris and Gass hypothesized that the Red Sea rift developed along the line of a suture (a splice in the Earth’s crust) formed during the late Proterozoic era, and that significant observable differences in the composition of the upper layers of rocks deposited on either side of the suture give clues to the different natures of the underlying igneous rocks.

Other geologists argued that neither the upper rock layer nor the underlying igneous rocks on the one side of the rift differ fundamentally from the corresponding layers on the other side. These geologists believe, therefore, that there is inadequate evidence to conclude that a suture underlies the rift.

In response, Harris and Gass asserted that the upper rock layers on the two sides of the rift had not been shown to be of similar age, structure, or geochemical content. Furthermore, they cited new evidence that the underlying igneous rocks on either side of the rift contain significantly different kinds of rare metals.

17. Part of the Harris and Gass hypothesis about the Red Sea rift would be weakened if it could be demonstrated that the composition of upper rock layers

(A) cannot cause a suture to develop

(B) has no effect on where a suture will occur

(D) is similar on the two sides of a rift unless a suture divides the two sides（C）

(E) is usually different from the composition of underlying rocks

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the “Other geologists” (line 8) would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

(A) Similar geological features along both sides of a possible suture imply the existence of that suture.

(B) Sutures can be discovered only where they are not obscured by superimposed geological features.

(D) It is possible to date igneous rocks by carefully studying the different kinds of rare metals contained in them and by observing their similarity to the layer of rock that lies above them.（E）

(E) The existence of rock layers on one side of a rift that are similar in composition to rock layers on the other side suggests that no suture exists between the two sides.

19. It can be inferred from the passage that Harris and Gass have done which of the following?

(A) Drawn detailed diagrams of the Red Sea rift.

(B) Based their conclusions on the way in which sutures develop in the Earth’s crust.

(D) Suggested that the presence of rare metals in rocks indicates an underlying suture.（C）

(E) Asserted that rifts usually occur along the lines of sutures.

20. According to the passage, Harris and Gass have mentioned all of the following properties of rocks along the Red Sea rift EXCEPT:

(A) age of the upper layers of rock

(B) structure of the upper layers of rocks

(D) metallic content of the underlying igneous rocks（E）

(E) age of the underlying igneous rocks

Eight times within the past million

Eight times within the past million years, something in the Earth’s climatic equation has changed, allowing snow in the mountains and the northern latitudes to accumulate from one season to the next instead of melting away. Each time, the enormous ice sheets resulting from this continual buildup lasted tens of thousands of years until the end of each particular glacial cycle brought a warmer climate. Scientists speculated that these glacial cycles were ultimately driven by astronomical factors: slow, cyclic changes in the eccentricity (eccentricity: n. [数]离心率) of the Earth’s orbit and in the tilt and orientation of its spin axis. But up until around 30 years ago, the lack of an independent record of ice-age timing made the hypothesis untestable.

Then in the early 1950’s Emiliani produced the first complete record of the waxings and wanings of past glaciations. It came from a seemingly odd place, the seafloor. Single-cell marine organisms called “foraminifera” house themselves in shells made from calcium carbonate (calcium carbonate: n.[化]碳酸钙). When the foraminifera die, sink to the bottom, and become part of seafloor sediments, the carbonate of their shells preserves certain characteristics of the seawater they inhabited. In particular, the ratio of a heavy isotope of oxygen (oxygen-18) to ordinary oxygen (oxygen-16) in the carbonate preserves the ratio of the two oxygens in water molecules.

It is now understood that the ratio of oxygen isotopes in seawater closely reflects the proportion of the world’s water locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. A kind of meteorological distillation accounts for the link. Water molecules containing the heavier isotope tend to condense and fall as precipitation slightly sooner than molecules containing the lighter isotope. Hence, as water vapor evaporated from warm oceans moves away from its source, its oxygen-18 returns more quickly to the oceans than does its oxygen-16. What falls as snow on distant ice sheets and mountain glaciers is relatively depleted of oxygen-18. As the oxygen-18-poor ice builds up, the oceans become relatively enriched in the isotope. The larger the ice sheets grow, the higher the proportion of oxygen-18 becomes in seawater—and hence in the sediments.

Analyzing cores drilled from seafloor sediments, Emiliani found that the isotopic ratio rose and fell in rough accord with the Earth’s astronomical cycles. Since that pioneering observation, oxygen-isotope measurements have been made on hundreds of cores. A chronology for the combined record enables scientists to show that the record contains the very same periodicities as the orbital processes. Over the past 800,000 years, the global ice volume has peaked every 100,000 years, matching the period of the orbital eccentricity variation. In addition, “wrinkles” superposed on each cycle—small decreases or surges in ice volume—have come at intervals of roughly 23,000 and 41,000 years, in keeping with (in keeping with: adv.与...一致) the precession and tilt frequencies of the Earth’s spin axis.

17. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(A) Marine sediments have allowed scientists to amass evidence tending to confirm that astronomical cycles drive the Earth’s glacial cycles.

(B) The ratio between two different isotopes of oxygen in seawater correlates closely with the size of the Earth’s ice sheets.

(D) The Earth’s astronomical cycles have recently been revealed to have an unexpectedly large impact on the Earth’s climate.（A）

(E) The earth has experienced eight periods of intense glaciation in the past million years, primarily as a result of substantial changes in its orbit.

18. The passage asserts that one reason that oceans become enriched in oxygen-18 as ice sheets grow is because

(A) water molecules containing oxygen-18 condense and fall as precipitation slightly sooner than those containing oxygen-16

(B) the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in water vapor evaporated from oceans is different from that of these isotopes in seawater

(D) less water vapor evaporates from oceans during glacial periods and therefore less oxygen-18 is removed from the seawater（A）

(E) the freezing point of seawater rich in oxygen-18 is slightly lower than that of seawater poor in oxygen-18

19. According to the passage, the large ice sheets typical of glacial cycles are most directly caused by

(A) changes in the average temperatures in the tropics and over open oceans

(B) prolonged increases in the rate at which water evaporates from the oceans

(D) steadily increasing precipitation rates in northern latitudes and in mountainous areas（E）

(E) the continual failure of snow to melt completely during the warmer seasons in northern latitudes and in mountainous areas

20. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true of the water locked in glaciers and ice sheets today?

(A) It is richer in oxygen-18 than frozen water was during past glacial periods.

(B) It is primarily located in the northern latitudes of the Earth.

(D) It is steadily decreasing in amount due to increased thawing during summer months.（E）

(E) In comparison with (in comparison with: adv.与...比较) seawater, it is relatively poor in oxygen-18.

21. The discussion of the oxygen-isotope ratios in paragraph three of the passage suggests that which of the following must be assumed if the conclusions described in lines 49-58 are to be validly drawn?

(A) The Earth’s overall annual precipitation rates do not dramatically increase or decrease over time.

(B) The various chemicals dissolved in seawater have had the same concentrations over the past million years.

(D) Water molecules falling as precipitation usually fall on the open ocean rather than on continents or polar ice packs.（C）

(E) Increases in global temperature do not increase the amount of water that evaporates from the oceans.

22. The passage suggests that the scientists who first constructed a coherent, continuous picture of past variations in marine-sediment isotope ratios did which of the following?

(A) Relied primarily on the data obtained from the analysis of Emiliani’s core samples.

(B) Combined data derived from the analysis of many different core samples.

(D) Evaluated the isotope-ratio data obtained in several areas in order to eliminate all but the most reliable data.（B）

(E) Compared data obtained from core samples in many different marine environments with data samples derived from polar ice caps.

23. The passage suggests that the scientists mentioned in line 8 considered their reconstruction of past astronomical cycles to be

(A) unreliable because astronomical observations have been made and recorded for only a few thousand years

(B) adequate enough to allow that reconstruction’s use in explaining glacial cycles if a record of the latter could be found

(D) incomplete and therefore unusable for the purposes of explaining the causes of ice ages（B）

(E) adequate enough for scientists to support conclusively the idea that ice ages were caused by astronomical changes

In 1923 the innovative Russian

In 1923 the innovative Russian filmmaker Dziga Vertov described filmmaking as a process that leads viewers toward a “fresh perception of the world.” Vertov’s description of filmmaking should apply to films on the subject of art. Yet films on art have not had a powerful and pervasive effect on the way we see.

Publications on art flourish, but these books and articles do not necessarily succeed in teaching us to see more deeply or more clearly. Much writing in art history advances the discourse in the field but is unlikely to inform the eye of one unfamiliar with its polemics. Films, however, with their capacity to present material visually and to reach a broader audience, have the potential to enhance visual literacy (the ability to identify the details that characterize a particular style) more effectively than publications can. Unfortunately, few of the hundred or so films on art that are made each year in the United States are broadcast nationally on prime-time television.

The fact that films on art are rarely seen on prime-time television may be due not only to limitations on distribution but also to the shortcomings of many such films. Some of these shortcomings can be attributed to the failure of art historians and filmmakers to collaborate closely enough when making films on art. These professionals are able, within their respective disciplines, to increase our awareness of visual forms. For close collaboration to occur, professionals in each discipline need to recognize that films on art can be both educational and entertaining, but this will require compromise on both sides.

A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow the standards set by rock videos and advertising. Filmmakers need to resist the impulse to move the camera quickly from detail to detail for fear of boring the viewer, to frame the image for the sake of drama alone, to add music for fear of silence. Filmmakers are aware that an art object demands concentration and, at the same time, are concerned that it may not be compelling enough—and so they hope to provide relief by interposing “real” scenes that bear only a tangential relationship to the subject. But a work of art needs to be explored on its own terms. On the other hand, art historians need to trust that one can indicate and analyze, not solely with words, but also by directing the viewer’s gaze. The specialized written language of art history needs to be relinquished or at least tempered for the screen. Only an effective collaboration between filmmakers and art historians can create films that will enhance viewers’ perceptions of art.

21. The passage suggests that a filmmaker desiring to enhance viewers’ perceptions of art should do which of the following?

(A) Rely on the precise language of art history when developing scripts for films on art.

(B) Rely on dramatic narrative and music to set a film’s tone and style.

(D) Depend more strongly on narration instead of camera movements to guide the viewer’s gaze.（C）

(E) Emphasize the social and the historical contexts within which works of art have been created.

22. The author of the passage refers to Vertov in the first paragraph most probably in order to

(A) provide an example of how films can be used to influence perceptions

(B) present evidence to support the argument that films have been used successfully to influence viewers’ perceptions

(D) contrast a traditional view of the uses of film with a more modern view（C）

(E) describe how film can change a viewer’s perception of a work of art

23. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) An observation about an unsatisfactory situation is offered, the reasons for the situation are discussed, and then ways to change it are suggested.

(B) Two opinions regarding a controversial phenomenon are contrasted, supporting evidence for each is presented, and then the two opinions are reconciled.

(C) Criticism of a point of view is discussed, the criticism is answered, and then the criticism is applied to another point of view.

(D) A point of view is described, evidence supporting the view is provided, and then a summary is presented.（A）

(E) A strategy is presented, reasons for its past failure are discussed, and then a recommendation that will be abandoned is offered.

24. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) discussing why film’s potential as a medium for presenting art to the general public has not been fully realized and how film might be made more effective in this regard

(B) discussing the shortcomings of films on art and the technological innovations required to increase the impact of film on visual literacy

(C) discussing the advantages and the disadvantages of using films rather than publications to present works of art to the general public

(D) presenting information to support the view that films on art must focus more on education and less on entertainment in order to increase visual literacy（A）

(E) presenting information to support the view that films on art, because they reach a broader audience than many other kinds of media, have had greater success in promoting visual literacy

25. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about film and visual literacy?

(A) Reading a publication about a work of art and then seeing a film about the same work is the most effective way to develop visual literacy.

(B) An increase in a viewer’s awareness of visual forms will also lead to an increased attention span (attention span: 注意广度the length of time during which an individual is able to concentrate or remain interested).

(D) A film that focuses on the details of a work of art will hinder the development of visual literacy.（C）

(E) Films on art would more effectively enhance the visual literacy of teenagers if filmmakers followed the standards set by rock videos.

26. According to the passage, art historians desiring to work with filmmakers to enhance the public’s appreciation of art need to acknowledge which of the following?

(A) The art historian’s role in the creation of a film on art is likely to be a relatively minor one.

(B) Film provides an ideal opportunity to acquaint viewers with a wide range of issues that relate incidentally to a work of art.

(D) Although silence may be an appropriate background when viewing a work of art in a museum, it is inappropriate in a film.（E）

(E) Film can use nonverbal means to achieve some of the same results that a spoken or written discourse can achieve.

27. Which of the following would describe the author’s most likely reaction to a claim that films on art would more successfully promote visual literacy if they followed the standards set for rock videos?

(A) Ambivalence

(B) Indifference

(D) Interest（E）

(E) Disdain

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