Table S1.
List of species included in the analyses with information on copulatory behaviour and relative testes size. Lock: presence or absence of copulatory lock; IN: intromission number – the number of intromissions preceding the first ejaculation; EN: ejaculation number – the mean number of ejaculations achieved with a single female before attainment of some satiety criterion; III: inter-intromission interval – the mean interval separating the intromissions of the first copulatory series; PEI: post-ejaculatory interval – the interval between the end of the first ejaculation and the beginning of the next intromission; EL: ejaculation latency – the mean latency from the first intromission to the end of the first (or only) ejaculation; RTS: relative testes size - based on the regression equation for the relationship between log body mass and log testes mass for rodents in Kenagy and Trombulak (1986); (s): seconds; species data labelled (1) or (2) are for different populations.
Species
|
lock
|
IN (s)
|
EN (s)
|
III (s)
|
PEI (s)
|
EL (s)
|
RTS
|
Sources
| Acomys cahirinus |
no
|
14.2
|
1.3
|
82.2
|
1838
|
1121
|
|
26
|
Baiomys taylori
|
yes
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
18, 22, 32
|
Cavia porcellus
|
no
|
4.38
|
1
|
|
|
<60
|
0.94
|
12, 41, 57
|
Chinchilla lanigera
|
no
|
2.75
|
1.5
|
|
600
|
9
|
1.91
|
12, 41
|
Citellus richardsonii
|
no
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
9, 12
|
Cryptomys hottentotus
|
no
|
3.5
|
|
|
|
750
|
|
39
|
Dicrostonyx groenlandicus
|
no
|
21.5
|
2.0
|
14.1
|
680.8
|
236.1
|
|
1, 12
|
Dipodomys merriami
|
no
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
0.93
|
12, 31, 41
|
Dipodomys nitratoides
|
no
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
|
12, 31
|
Dipodomys panamintinus
|
no
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
0.66
|
12, 31, 41
| Erethizon dorsatum |
no
|
|
|
|
|
150
|
|
12, 56
|
Glaucomys sabrinus
|
no
|
>24
|
|
22.5
|
|
|
|
12, 50
| Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris |
no
|
1
|
>7
|
|
|
5
|
|
51
|
Hystrix africaeaustralis
|
no
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
154
|
|
49*
| Meriones tristrami |
no
|
39.3
|
2.9
|
40.3
|
426
|
677
|
|
18, 22, 29
|
Meriones unguiculatus
|
no
|
51
|
6.9
|
23.4
|
218
|
1117
|
|
12, 22, 43
|
Mesocricetus auratus
|
no
|
7.8
|
14.2
|
|
26
|
68
|
3.11
|
6, 12, 22, 41, 52
|
Microtus agrestis
|
no
|
5.6
|
>4
|
|
337
|
115
|
1.45
|
41, 48
|
Microtus californicus
|
no
|
3.75
|
2.6
|
83.4
|
799
|
345
|
0.38
|
18, 22, 41, 42
|
Microtus canicaudus
|
no
|
10.0
|
4.0
|
28.2
|
511.4
|
270.8
|
|
22, 25
|
Microtus montanus
|
no
|
18.6
|
4.2
|
15.8
|
370
|
287
|
0.68
|
12, 14, 22, 30, 53
|
Microtus ochrogaster
|
no
|
12.4
|
2.1
|
40.1
|
1073
|
646
|
0.89
|
12, 22, 30, 35, 53
|
Microtus oeconomus
|
no
|
3.8
|
3.2
|
19.9
|
524
|
98.5
|
0.93
|
22, 25, 41
|
Microtus pennsylvanicus
|
no
|
16.5
|
4.2
|
|
551
|
398
|
1.73
|
12, 22, 36, 37, 53
|
Microtus pinetorum
|
no
|
|
2.3
|
|
|
|
0.22
|
18, 22, 53
|
Microtus xanthognathus
|
no
|
1.8
|
2.9
|
47.0
|
71.5
|
440.5
|
|
22, 25
| Mus musculus |
no
|
12.5
|
1.1
|
146.7
|
2250
|
1483
|
0.48
|
12, 22, 34, 41
|
Neotoma albigula
|
yes
|
1
|
6.2
|
|
313.6
|
32.0
|
|
12, 15, 22
|
Neotoma floridana
|
yes
|
1
|
4.4
|
256
|
172
|
27
|
|
16, 18, 22
|
Neotoma lepida
|
no
|
1
|
3.2
|
|
137
|
|
|
18, 22, 32
|
Notomys alexis
|
yes
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
16.7
|
0.11
|
4, 5, 26, 41
|
Nyctomys sumichrasti
|
no
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
35
|
|
3, 12
|
Ochrotomys nuttalli
|
yes
|
1
|
3.2
|
|
473.4
|
57.8
|
|
12, 15, 22
|
Onychomys leucogaster
|
yes
|
1
|
6.7
|
|
443
|
63
|
|
12, 18, 22
|
Onychomys torridus
|
yes
|
1
|
18.7
|
|
358
|
11.4
|
4.84
|
12, 22, 27, 40, 41
|
Oryzomys palustris
|
no
|
7.9
|
2.3
|
71.5
|
672.5
|
542.1
|
0.63
|
12, 22, 41
|
Ototylomys phyllotis
|
yes
|
1
|
4.0
|
|
628
|
11.5
|
|
18, 22, 33
|
Perognathus longimembris
|
no
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
0.46
|
12, 38, 41
|
Perognathus parvus
|
no
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
0.62
|
12, 41
|
Peromyscus californicus
|
no
|
17
|
1.7
|
160.7
|
1000.3
|
261.8
|
|
12, 17, 22, 44
|
Peromyscus crinitus
|
no
|
5.7
|
2.2
|
85.5
|
847
|
348
|
|
19, 22
| Peromyscus eremicus |
no
|
6.3
|
1.05
|
44.1
|
335.5
|
381.5
|
|
18, 22, 24
|
Peromyscus floridanus
|
no
|
|
15
|
22.9
|
|
|
|
18, 19
|
Peromyscus gossypinus (1)
|
no
|
3.1
|
2.4
|
48.6
|
305.5
|
142.5
|
|
12, 18, 22, 44, 46
|
Peromyscus gossypinus (2)
|
no
|
3.3
|
1.9
|
81.6
|
406.8
|
205.8
|
|
12, 18, 22, 44, 46
|
Peromyscus leucopus
|
no
|
3.7
|
2.8
|
104.0
|
489
|
315
|
|
18, 22, 28, 30, 44
|
Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi
|
no
|
6.3
|
3.5
|
74.7
|
486
|
367
|
1.32
|
12, 20, 22, 41, 44
|
Peromyscus maniculatus blandus
|
no
|
10
|
3.8
|
84.6
|
432.6
|
642.1
|
|
20
|
Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli
|
no
|
7.5
|
3-6
|
24.9
|
404.5
|
184
|
|
7
|
Peromyscus melanocarpus
|
no
|
1
|
2.1
|
|
665
|
|
|
18, 21
|
Peromyscus melanophrys
|
no
|
1
|
5.8
|
|
256
|
|
|
18, 21
|
Peromyscus mexicanus
|
no
|
1
|
4.1
|
|
430
|
|
|
18, 21
|
Peromyscus polionotus
|
no
|
10.1
|
5.4
|
73.9
|
459
|
603
|
|
11, 12, 22, 44
|
Peromyscus yucatanicus
|
no
|
1
|
6.0
|
|
360.5
|
|
|
18, 21
|
Proechimys semispinosus
|
no
|
|
1
|
|
|
>300
|
|
12, 47
|
Rattus norvegicus
|
no
|
8.4
|
7.6
|
43.8
|
327
|
374
|
1.30
|
12, 41, 54
|
Rattus rattus
|
no
|
8.5
|
4.4
|
47
|
254
|
427
|
5.12
|
2, 18, 22, 23, 41
|
Reithrodontomys megalotis
|
no
|
3.2
|
3.4
|
62.4
|
509
|
180
|
|
8, 12, 18, 22
|
Sigmodon hispidus
|
no
|
4.5
|
2.1
|
54.7
|
485
|
230
|
1.01
|
12, 13, 41
| Thomomys bottae |
no
|
20
|
>3
|
10
|
660
|
|
2.33
|
55*
|
Tylomys nudicaudus(1)
|
yes
|
1
|
8.6
|
|
598
|
43.5
|
|
18, 22, 32
|
Tylomys nudicaudus (2)
|
yes
|
1
|
5.4
|
|
912
|
21.2
|
|
18, 22, 32
|
*Based on observation of one copulation.
Data sources
(1) Banks, E.M. 1968. Behavioural biology of the collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Triall): II Sexual behaviour. Anim. Behav. 16: 263-270.
(2) Bean, C.A. & Estep, D.Q. 1981. Postpartum copulation and induction of pregnancy in roof rats (Rattus rattus). Physiol. Behav. 27: 785-789.
(3) Birkenholz, D.E. & Wirtz, W.O. 1965. Laboratory observations on the vesper rat. J. Mammal. 45: 181-189.
(4) Breed, W.G. 1982. Morphological variation in the testes and accessory sex organs of Australian rodents in the genera Pseudomys and Notomys. J. Repro. Fert. 66: 607-613.
(5) Breed, W. G. 1990. Copulatory behaviour and coagulum formation in the female reproductive tract of the Australian hopping mouse, Notomys alexis. J. Repro. Fert. 88: 17-24.
(6) Bunnell, B.N., Boland, B.D. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1977. Copulatory behaviour of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Behaviour 61: 180-206.
(7) Clemens, L.G. 1969. Experimental analysis of sexual behaviour of the deermouse Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli. Behaviour 34: 267-285.
(8) Davis, H.N. Jr & Dewsbury, D.A. 1974. A quantitative description of the copulatory behavior of western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Z. Tierpsychol. 35: 437-444.
(9) Denniston, R.H. 1957. Notes on breeding and size of young in the Richardson ground squirrel. J. Mammal. 38: 414-416.
(10) Dewsbury, D.A. 1971. Copulatory behaviour of Neotoma albigula in relation to that of other muroid rodents. Am. Zool. 11: 623-624.
(11) Dewsbury, D.A. 1971. Copulatory behavior of old-field mice (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus). Anim. Behav. 19: 192-209.
(12) Dewsbury, D.A. 1972. Patterns of copulatory behaviour in male mammals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 47: 1-33.
(13) Dewsbury, D.A. 1972. Copulatory behavior of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Z. Tierpsychol. 30: 477-487.
(14) Dewsbury, D.A. 1973. Copulatory behavior of montane voles (Microtus montanus). Behaviour 44: 186-202.
(15) Dewsbury, D.A. 1974. Copulatory behavior of white-throated wood rats (Neotoma albigula) and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli). Anim. Behav. 22: 601-610.
(16) Dewsbury, D.A. 1974. Copulatory behaviour of Neotoma floridana. J. Mammal. 55: 864-866.
(17) Dewsbury, D.A. 1974. Copulatory behaviour of California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Brain Behav. Evol. 9: 95-106.
(18) Dewsbury, D.A. 1975. Diversity and adaptation in rodent copulatory behaviour. Science 190: 947-954.
(19) Dewsbury, D.A. 1975. Copulatory behavior of Peromyscus crinitus and Peromyscus floridanus. Am. Midl. Nat. 93: 468-471.
(20) Dewsbury, D.A. 1979. Copulatory behavior of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): I. Normative data, subspecies differences, and effects of cross-fostering. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93: 151-160.
(21) Dewsbury, D.A. 1979. Copulatory behavior of four Mexican species of Peromyscus. J. Mammal. 60: 844-846.
(22) Dewsbury, D.A. 1981. An exercise in the prediction of monogamy in the field from laboratory data on 42 species of muroid rodents. Biologist 63: 138-162.
(23) Dewsbury, D.A. 1990. Modes of estrus induction as a factor in studies of the reproductive behavior of rodents. Neur. Biobehav. Rev.14: 147-155
(24) Dewsbury, D.A. & Estep, D.Q. 1975. Pregnancy in cactus mice: Effects of prolonged copulation. Science 187: 552-553.
(25) Dewsbury, D.A. & Hartung, T.G. 1982. Copulatory behavior of three species of Microtus. J. Mammal. 63: 306-309.
(26) Dewsbury, D.A. & Hodges, A.W. 1987. Copulatory behaviour and related phenomena in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and hopping mice (Notomys alexis). J. Mammal. 68: 49-57.
(27) Dewsbury, D.A. & Jansen, P.E. 1972. Copulatory behavior of southern grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus). J. Mammal. 53: 267-278.
(28) Dewsbury, D.A. & Lanier, D.L. 1976. Effects of variations in copulatory behavior in pregnancy in two species of Peromyscus. Physiol. Behav. 17: 921-924.
(29) Dewsbury, D.A., Estep, D.Q. & Oglesby, J. 1978. Copulatory behavior and pregnancy initiation in Israeli gerbils (Meriones tristrami). Biol. Behav. 3: 243-257.
(30) Dewsbury, D.A., Evans, R.L. & Webster, D.G. 1979. Pregnancy initiation in postpartum estrus in three species of muroid rodents. Horm. Behav. 13: 1-8.
(31) Eisenberg, J.F. & Isaac, D.E. 1963. The reproduction of heteromyid rodents in captivity. J. Mammal. 44: 61-67
(32) Estep, D.Q. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1976. Copulatory behaviour of Neotoma lepida and Baiomys taylori: Relationships between penile morphology and behavior. J. Mammal. 57: 570-573.
(33) Estep, D.Q. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1977. Copulatory behavior of Tylomys and Ototylomys. Am. Midl. Nat. 98: 223-227.
(34) Estep, D.Q., Lanier, D.L. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1975. Copulatory behavior and nest building behavior of wild house mice (Mus musculus). Anim. Learn. Behav. 3: 329-336.
(35) Gray, G.D. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1973. A quantitative description of copulatory behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Brain Behav. Evol. 8: 437-452.
(36) Gray, G.D. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1975. A quantitative description of the copulatory behavior of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Anim. Behav. 23: 261-267.
(37) Gray, G.D., Kenney, A.M. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1977. Adaptive significance of the copulatory behavior pattern of male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in relation to the induction of ovulation and implantation in females. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91: 1308-1319.
(38) Hayden, P., Gambino, J.J. & Lindberg, R.G. 1966. Laboratory breeding of the little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris. J. Mammal. 47: 412-423.
(39) Hickman, G.C. 1982. Copulation of Cryptomys hottentotus (Bathyergidae) a fossorial rodent. Mammalia 46: 293-298.
(40) Horner, B.E., & Taylor, J.M. 1968. Growth and reproductive behaviour of the southern grasshopper mouse. J. Mammal. 49: 644-660.
(41) Kenagy, G.J. & Trombulak, S.C. 1986 Size and function of mammalian testes in relation to body size. J. Mammal. 67: 1-22.
(42) Kenney, A.M., Hartung, T.G. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1979. Copulatory behavior and the initiation of pregnancy in California voles (Microtus californicus). Brain Behav. Evol. 16: 176-191.
(43) Kuehn, R.E. & Zucker, I. 1968. Reproductive behaviour of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatis). J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66: 747-752.
(44) Langtimm, C.A. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1991. Phylogeny and evolution of rodent copulatory behaviour. Anim. Behav. 41: 217-225.
(45) Lanier, D.L. &. Dewsbury, D.A. 1977. Studies of copulatory behaviour in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster). Anim. Behav. 25: 185-192.
(46) Lovecky, D.V., Estep, D.Q. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1979. Copulatory behavior of cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) and their reciprocal hybrids with white-footed mice (P. leucopus). Anim. Behav. 27: 371-375.
(47) Maliniak, E. & Eisenberg, J.F. 1971. Breeding spiny rats Proechimys semispinosus in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 11: 93-98.
(48) Milligan, S.R. 1975. The copulatory behavior of Microtus agrestis. J. Mammal. 56: 220-224.
(49) Morris, D.J. & Aarde, R.J. van. 1985. Sexual behaviour of the female porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis. Horm. Behav. 19: 400-412.
(50) Muul, I. 1969. Mating behavior, gestation period, and development of Glaucomys sabrinus. J. Mammal. 50: 121.
(51) Ojasti, J. 1968. Notes on the mating behaviour of the capybara. J. Mammal. 49: 534-535.
(52) Perkins, M.N., Perkins, M.S. & Bunnell, B.N. 1984. Copulation in golden hamsters: behavior of intact versus ovariectomized females given hormonal replacement. Behaviour 89: 29-58.
(53) Pierce, J.D. Jr, Ferguson, B., Salo, A.L., Sawrey, D.K., Shapiro, L.E., Taylor, S.A. & Dewsbury, D.A. 1990. Patterns of sperm allocation across successive ejaculates in four species of voles (Microtus). J. Repro. Fert. 88: 141-149.
(54) Price, E.O. 1980. Sexual behavior and reproductive competition in male wild and domestic Norway rats. Anim. Behav. 28: 657-667.
(55) Schramm, P. 1961. Copulation and gestation in the pocket gopher. J. Mammal. 42: 167-170.
(56) Shadle, A.R. 1946. Copulation in the porcupine. J. Wildlife Manage. 10: 159-162.
(57) Young, W.C., & Grunt, J.A. 1951. The pattern and measurement of sexual behavior in the male guinea pig. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 44: 492-5
60> |