Gre阅读真题200篇 brief contents
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Currently, the paramount problemCurrently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, or surface, between implanted biomaterials and living tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controlling either the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterial, our fundamental understanding of how implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. 17. According to the passage, the major problem currently facing scientists in the field of biomaterials is (A) assessing and regulating the bonding between host tissue and implants (B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxic materials across the interface of tissue and implant (C) discovering new materials from which to construct implant devices (D) deciding in what situations implants are needed（A） (E) determining the importance of short-term implants to long-term stability of tissue-implant interfaces 18. The passage suggests which of the following about the recent research mentioned in lines 19-25? (A) It has solved one set of problems but has created another. (B) It has concentrated on secondary concerns but has ignored primary concerns. (C) It has improved practical applications of biomaterial technology without providing a complete theoretical explanation of that improvement. (D) It has thoroughly investigated properties of biomaterials but has paid little attention to relevant characteristics of human tissue.（C） (E) It has provided considerable information on short-term implant technology but little on long-term implant technology. 19. The author’s primary purpose is to (A) answer a theoretical question in the field of biomaterials (B) discuss the current state of technology in the field of biomaterials (C) resolve a research dispute in the field of biomaterial (D) predict an ethical crisis for biomaterials researchers（B） (E) suggest some practical benefits of biomaterial implants
Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body’s midline are mirror images). Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same asymmetry, members of the starry flounder (starry flounder: (美洲)箭齿鲽,星斑川鲽) species can be either left-eyed (both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters between the United States and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast. Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a “cline (cline: n.[生]渐变群(一种生态特征))” and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a response to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of one another) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage (selective advantage: 选择有利性) in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other? The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, there would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost. The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed, a natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring (red herring: n.熏青鱼, 转移注意力的话). 21. According to the passage, starry flounder differ from most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder (A) are not basically bilaterally symmetric (B) do not become asymmetric until adulthood (C) do not all share the same asymmetry (D) have both eyes on the same side of the head（C） (E) tend to cluster in only certain geographic regions 22. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in the starry flounder? I. They are adaptive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences. II. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starry flounder. III. They occur in different proportions in different locations. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only（D） (E) I, II, and III 23. According to the passage, a possible disadvantage associated with eye migration in flatfish is that the optic nerves can (A) adhere to one another (B) detach from the eyes (C) cross (D) stretch（E） (E) twist 24. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole? (A) A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected. (B) A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed. (C) A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified. (D) A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.（A） (E) A hypothesis is introduced and corroborated in the light of new evidence. 25. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions? (A) Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed? (B) Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral? (C) Why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral? (D) How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?（B） (E) How did Parker make his discoveries about the anatomy of optic nerves in flatfish? 26. Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the passage? (A) A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin (B) A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit (C) A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price (D) A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill（D） (E) A national park in which the ranger stations are placed so as to be inconspicuous, and yet as easily accessible as possible 27. Which of the following phrases from the passage best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish? (A) “Most striking” (line 4) (B) “variation is adaptive” (line 19) (C) “mechanically disadvantageous” (lines 3738) (D) “adaptively significant” (lines 48-49)（E） (E) “evolutionary red herring” (line 54)
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