Gre阅读真题200篇 brief contents
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Although a historical lack①Although a historical lack of access to formal Spanish-language education initially limited the opportunities of some Chicanos to hone their skills as writers of Spanish, their bilingual culture clearly fostered an exuberant and compelling oral tradition. ②It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers, whose English-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. ③This Spanish-English difference is not surprising. ④When writing in Spanish, these authors stayed close to the spoken traditions of their communities where publication, support, and instructive response would come quickly in local or regional newspapers. ⑤Works in English, however, often required the elimination of nuance or colloquialism, the adoption of a formal tone, and the adjustment of themes or ideas to satisfy the different demands of national publications. 17. The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following? (A) Debating the historical value of a literary movement (B) Describing and accounting for a difference in literary styles (C) Explaining a publishing decision and evaluating its results (D) Analyzing the expectations of a particular group of readers（B） (E) Classifying several kinds of literary production 18. According to the author, the Chicano oral experience contributed directly to which of the following characteristics in the work of some Chicano writers? (A) A sensitivity to and adeptness in using the spoken language (B) A tendency to appear in national rather than regional publications (C) A style reflecting the influence of Spanish language education (D) A reliance on a rather formal style（A） (E) A capacity to appeal to a broad range of audiences 19. Which of the following best describes the function of the last two sentences of the passage? (A) They expand on an advantage mentioned in the first sentence of the passage. (B) They outline the consequences of a limitation discussed in the first sentence of the passage . (C) They provide explicit examples drawn from the oral and the written works mentioned in the second sentence of the passage. (D) They explain the causes of a phenomenon mentioned in the third sentence of the passage.（D） (E) They limit the applicability of a generalization made in the third sentence of the passage. 20. The passage suggests that which of the following was probably characteristic of the “national publications” mentioned in the last sentence of the passage? (A) They primarily presented scholarly material of little interest to a general audience. (B) They sometimes published articles treating controversial themes. (C) They encouraged authors to feature local issues in articles in order to increase circulation. (D) They included a significant number of articles by minority authors.（E） (E) They took a stylistically formal approach to material of interest to a general audience.
It is their sensitive response to human circumstance that accounts for the persistence of certain universal ideas. Rabbi Meir, a second-century scholar, admonished his disciples to look not at the pitcher but at its contents because, he stated, “Many a new pitcher has been found to be full of old wine.” This was his way of emphasizing the importance of the distinction between form and idea, and of stressing that the integrity of an idea is more important than the form of its expression. Creative ideas not only produce their own instruments of survival as time and circumstances demand, but permit the substitution of new forms for old under the pressure of changed circumstances. For example democracy, as an idea, originated in ancient Greece and was carried from there to Western Europe and the Americas. But it did not retain the ancient Greek form: it passed through several reforming processes and exists today in many countries. Democratic governments differ in form because democracy is in principle dynamic and has therefore responded to local needs. 17. The author is primarily concerned with (A) illustrating the importance of a historical figure (B) discussing an important characteristic of human ideas (C) describing the history of the growth of democracy (D) contrasting ancient and modern views of the importance of creative ideas（B） (E) evaluating the contribution of ancient Greece to modern government 18. According to the passage, democracy is an example of (A) a human circumstance that has molded creative ideas (B) an instrument of survival that has altered its original form (C) an attribute of a creative idea that has allowed that idea to persist (D) a creative idea that has persisted because of its adaptability（D） (E) a reforming process that has culminated in the creation of modern governments 19. The “new pitcher” mentioned in the first paragraph is the equivalent of which of the following elements in the author’s discussion of democracy? (A) Ancient Greece (B) The idea of democracy (C) A modern democratic government (D) A dynamic principle（C） (E) The Greek form of democracy 20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would disagree most with which of the following assertions? (A) Changing circumstances sometimes give rise to original ideas. (B) Creative ideas have universal applications. (C) Changing human needs influence universal ideas. (D) Democratic institutions are appropriate in the modern world.（E） (E) An idea must be expressed in a traditional way.
This is not to deny that the Black gospel music of the early twentieth century differed in important ways from the slave spirituals. Whereas spirituals were created and disseminated in folk fashion, gospel music was composed, published, copyrighted, and sold by professionals. Nevertheless, improvisation remained central to gospel music. One has only to listen to the recorded repertoire of gospel songs to realize that Black gospel singers rarely sang a song precisely the same way twice and never according to its exact musical notation (a system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in an art or science or in mathematics or logic to express technical facts or quantities). They performed what jazz musicians call “head arrangements” proceeding from their own feelings and from the way “the spirit” moved them at the time. This improvisatory element was reflected in the manner in which gospel music was published. Black gospel composers scored the music intended for White singing groups fully, indicating the various vocal parts and the accompaniment, but the music produced for Black singers included only a vocal line and piano accompaniment. 17. Which of the following best describes “head arrangement” as the term is used in line 11? (A) A published version of a gospel song produced for use by Black singers (B) A gospel song based on a slave spiritual (C) A musical score shared by a gospel singer and a jazz musician (D) An informally written composition intended for use by a gospel singer（E） (E) An improvised performance inspired by the singer’s emotions 18. The author mentions “folk fashion” (line 4) most likely in order to (A) counter an assertion about the role of improvisation in music created by Black people (B) compare early gospel music with gospel music written later in the twentieth century (C) make a distinction between gospel music and slave spirituals (D) introduce a discussion about the dissemination of slave spirituals（C） (E) describe a similarity between gospel music and slave spirituals 19. The passage suggests which of the following about Black gospel music and slave spirituals? (A) Both became widely known in the early twentieth century. (B) Both had an important improvisatory element. (C) Both were frequently performed by jazz musicians. (D) Both were published with only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.（B） (E) Both were disseminated chiefly by Black singing groups. 20. Of the following sentences, which is most likely to have immediately preceded the passage? (A) Few composers of gospel music drew on traditions such as the spiritual in creating their songs. (B) Spirituals and Black gospel music were derived from the same musical tradition. (C) The creation and singing of spirituals, practiced by Black Americans before the Civil War, continued after the war. (D) Spirituals and gospel music can be clearly distinguished from one another.（B） (E) Improvisation was one of the primary characteristics of the gospel music created by Black musicians.
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