FJournal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Volume 42, Issue 2 Abstracts
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Isolation of Staphylococcus simulans from Dermatitis in a Captive African Pygmy Hedgehog Jae-Ik Han, D.V.M., Ph.D., Sook-Jin Lee, D.V.M., M.S., Hye-Jin Jang, M.S., Jeong-Ho Kim, D.V.M., M.S., and Ki-Jeong Na, D.V.M., Ph.D. Abstract: Staphylococcus simulans, a coagulase-negative staphylococcal species, can cause several diseases in humans and animals. This report describes a case of dermatosis characterized by broad, well-circumscribed hyperkeratosis and alopecia on the back of a household pygmy hedgehog (Erinaceous albiventris). Quills and exudates were studied by microscopy. The microscopic examination of the exudates collected from the lesion revealed several leukocytes and numerous gram-positive cocci. An aerobic bacterial culture revealed overgrowth of the same gram-positive bacteria. The bacterium was identified as S. simulans by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing targeted to the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. This report is the first to show that S. simulans could be related to the dermatitis of hedgehogs. Key words: Alopecia, dermatitis, hedgehog, 16S rRNA gene, Staphylococcus simulans 從一隻皮膚炎的非洲侏儒刺蝟身上分離出Staphylococcus simulans 譯者：曾冠捷
Jae-Ik Han, D.V.M., Ph.D., Sook-Jin Lee, D.V.M., M.S., Hye-Jin Jang, M.S., Jeong-Ho Kim, D.V.M., M.S., and Ki-Jeong Na, D.V.M., Ph.D. 摘要：Staphylococcus simulans是一種缺乏凝固酶的金黃葡萄球菌，它可以在動物及人身上引發數種疾病。本次報告所描述的病例為一圈養的非洲侏儒刺蝟，在其背部有廣泛且界線明顯的高度角化及脫毛區域。我們用顯微鏡來檢查其毛屑以及滲出液。在鏡檢下可見取自病變處的滲出液，有些許白血球以及為數眾多呈現格蘭氏染色陽性的球菌。在辨別有氧細菌的培養下，可見大量增生的格蘭氏陽性菌，於是藉由聚合酶鏈結反應檢測，測定16S核糖體RNA的基因序列，確認出此菌為S. simulans。這第一份刺蝟的皮膚炎與S. simulans有關的報告。 關鍵字：脫毛、皮膚炎、刺蝟、16S 核糖體RNA基因、Staphylococcus simulans Pages 281-290 Abomasal Impaction in Captive Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) Zoltan S. Gyimesi, D.V.M., Roy B. Burns, D.V.M., Mark Campbell, D.V.M., Felicia Knightly, D.V.M., Lynn W. Kramer, D.V.M., Raymund F. Wack, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Jeffery R. Zuba, D.V.M., and D. Michael Rings, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. Abstract: Fatal abomasal impaction, often combined with omasal impaction, was diagnosed in 11 bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) from five different zoologic collections in the United States between 1981 and 2009. Nine of 11 cases occurred in young females (10 mo–7 yr old) and typical clinical signs prior to diagnosis or death included partial or complete anorexia, dehydration, and scant fecal production. Although the clinical histories in several of the earlier cases are incomplete, clinical signs were known to begin shortly after an anesthetic event in five of 11 bongo (45%). Pedigree analysis indicates that affected bongo were descendants of multiple founders and not from a single family line, suggesting that the development of abomasal impaction is not a strictly inheritable trait. Treatment, when attempted, was variable and included abomasotomy and removal of impacted ingesta, drug therapy (prokinetic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, antimicrobials), fluid therapy, and administration of oral lubricants or intralesional stool softeners. Based on the outcomes in the cases presented here, the prognosis for bongo with abomasal impaction is considered poor to grave. Key words: Abomasal impaction, abomasotomy, bongo, gastrointestinal obstruction, Tragelaphus eurycerus 在圈養的斑哥羚羊發生的皺胃積食 譯者：曾冠捷
Zoltan S. Gyimesi, D.V.M., Roy B. Burns, D.V.M., Mark Campbell, D.V.M., Felicia Knightly, D.V.M., Lynn W. Kramer, D.V.M., Raymund F. Wack, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Jeffery R. Zuba, D.V.M., and D. Michael Rings, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. 摘要：在1981到2009年間，於美國五個不同動物園所蒐集，總共11隻斑哥羚羊，診斷顯示致命的皺胃積食，往往也伴隨著重瓣胃的積食。11隻當中有9隻為年輕的雌獸(年齡約莫10個月~7歲)。在診斷或是死亡前的典型臨床症狀為部分或完全的厭食、脫水、少便。雖然，在一些早期的病例，其臨床史並不完整，但在11隻當中有5隻(45%)在麻醉操作後，快速的出現臨床症狀。由族譜的分析顯示，受到影響的班哥羚羊，並非由單一家族血緣繁殖而來，而是多樣血緣的後裔。由此可知，皺胃積食並不是一種遺傳性問題。當嘗試進行治療時，包括皺胃切開術，將導致其積食的食物移除、投藥治療(促動力藥，非類固醇消炎藥，抗菌素等)、輸液治療、或是口服潤滑劑，或是在病灶處給予軟化劑。根據該報告導出的結論，皺胃積食之斑哥羚羊的預後不佳，甚至是沒有治癒的希望。 關鍵字：皺胃積食、皺胃切開術、斑哥羚羊、胃腸道阻塞、斑哥羚羊學名 Pages 291-294 Alternative Therapeutic Options for Medical Management of Epilepsy in Apes Trevor Gerlach, D.V.M., Victoria L. Clyde, D.V.M., George L. Morris III, M.D., Barbara Bell, B.S., and Roberta S. Wallace, D.V.M. Abstract: Phenobarbital has been the primary antiepileptic drug used in primates, but the dosage required for seizure control is frequently associated with significant side effects. Newer antiepileptic drugs and adjunctive therapies currently being used in human medicine provide additional options for treatment of nonhuman primates. This report describes different drug regimes used for control of epileptic seizures in apes at the Milwaukee County Zoo (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA), including the addition of acetazolamide to phenobarbital, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and the use of extended cycle oral contraceptives to assist seizure control in female apes with catamenial epilepsy. Key words: Epilepsy, antiepileptic drug, bonobo, Pan paniscus, gorilla, Gorilla gorilla 針對巨猿癲癇醫療管理的治療原則 翻譯：曾昱錩
Trevor Gerlach, D.V.M., Victoria L. Clyde, D.V.M., George L. Morris III, M.D., Barbara Bell, B.S., and Roberta S. Wallace, D.V.M. 摘要：鎮定安眠劑－苯巴比妥一直以來都是靈長類的抗癲癇用藥，但是對於癲癇控制所需劑量，常會造成嚴重的副作用。近來年，用於人類醫療上的新一代抗癲癇藥和相關的治療，對非人類靈長類提供了新的治療選擇。這篇報導描述了位於美國威斯康辛州的密爾瓦基巿立動物園，對具有癲癇症的巨猿類所施行的不同藥物使用方式，包含了加入醋唑磺胺到苯巴比妥、左乙拉西坦或卡巴馬平；和使用延遲生理期的口服避孕藥，來協助雌性巨猿的月經性癲癇症的控制。 關鍵字：癲癇、抗癲癇藥、侏儒黑猩猩、侏儒黑猩猩學名、大猩猩、大猩猩學名
Pages 295-299 Evaluation of Parenteral Drugs for Anesthesia in the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Rolando J. Quesada, D.V.M., Christopher D. Smith, B.S., D.V.M., and Darryl J. Heard, BVSc, Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.Z.M. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of several parenteral anesthetics in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Thirty-one animals were administered one or more of the following drugs by injection into the hemolymph (i.v.) through an arthrodial membrane: etomidate, ketamine, lidocaine, pentobarbital, propofol, tiletamine–zolazepam, xylazine, and ketamine–xylazine. A subset of crabs received intracardiac ketamine. Etomidate had no effect. Lidocaine effects were ultrashort (<3 min). Pentobarbital had prolonged inductions (2 min) and often caused violent excitement and poor anesthesia. Propofol induced light anesthesia accompanied by distress and limb autotomy. Inductions with ketamine, xylazine, tiletamine–zolazepam, and ketamine–xylazine were usually fast (≤60 sec). Their anesthetic effects were generally very short (5–10 min) but predictable, smooth, and with good muscle relaxation. The latter two protocols induced a deep plane of anesthesia more consistently but also more significant bradycardia. Intracardiac ketamine injection was fatal in four of five crabs. In conclusion, the anesthetic protocols were considered unsuitable for prolonged anesthesia. However, if very short-term anesthesia is desired, then tiletamine–zolazepam or ketamine–xylazine is recommended. Further studies are indicated to identify a safe anesthetic protocol of longer duration in C. sapidus as well as in other crab species. Key words: Anesthesia, blue crab, ketamine, propofol, tiletamine–zolazepam, xylazine 青蟳注射用麻醉藥的評估 翻譯：曾昱錩
Rolando J. Quesada, D.V.M., Christopher D. Smith, B.S., D.V.M., and Darryl J. Heard, BVSc, Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.Z.M. 摘要：這個研究的目地，是在評估對青蟳的幾種注射麻醉用藥的效果和安全性。有31隻青蟳經由滑動關節膜的血淋巴，被注射一種或一種以上的的麻醉藥。藥品如下：依托咪酯、氯胺酮、利多卡因、苯巴比妥、異丙酚、舒泰、xylazine、xylazine併用氯胺酮。一部分青蟳則接受了心內注射氯胺酮。依托咪酯沒有任何作用。利多卡因麻醉作用為極短的三分鐘。苯巴比妥則需要二分鐘長的誘導期，且常會引起激烈的興奮狀態，麻醉效果差。異丙酚則引起輕微的麻醉，伴隨抑鬱和自殘現象。而氯胺酮、xylazine、舒泰、xylazine併用氯胺酮以上四種麻醉劑的誘導期很短，約不到一分鐘，麻醉時間也很短，為五到十分鐘，但有著可預測、平順且良好的肌肉放鬆等的優點。而舒泰和xylazine併用氯胺酮二種麻醉劑型，會造成較深層且持續的麻醉狀態，但也會造成心跳過慢的副作用。心內注射氯胺酮對青蟳的致命性很高，在五隻注射個體死亡了四隻。總結，以上的麻醉組合皆不適合用於長時間麻醉。然而，如果有需要短時間麻醉的情況出現，舒泰和xylazine併用氯胺酮是不錯的選擇。更進一步的研究以確認青蟳的長時間麻醉安全準則，如同在其它種類的蟹一樣。 關鍵字：麻醉、青蟳、氯胺酮、異丙醇、舒泰、xylazine
Pages 300-303 Bilateral Ocular Abnormalities in a Wild Stranded Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica) Suggestive of Anterior Segment Dysgenesis and Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous Claire Erlacher-Reid, D.V.M., Carmen M. H. Colitz, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.O., Ken Abrams, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.O., Ainsley Smith, B.S., and Allison D. Tuttle, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M. Abstract: A male yearling harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) stranded and was brought to Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration's Seal Rescue and Rehabilitation Center. The seal presented with a bilateral pendular vertical nystagmus, negative menace response, and a positive palpebral response. Ophthalmological examination by slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed perilimbal corneal edema, excessive iridal surface structures, pupils that appeared to be shaped improperly (dyscoria), and suspected cataracts. Attempts to dilate the pupils with both dark-lighted conditions and repeated dosages of 10% phenylephrine and 1% atropine ophthalmic solution in each eye (OU) were unsuccessful. Ocular ultrasonography findings suggested bilateral cataracts with flattened anterior-posterior (A-P) diameter and possible persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. It is possible that these structural congenital abnormalities could produce further ocular complications for this seal including uveitis, secondary glaucoma, retinal detachment, and/or vitreal hemorrhage in the future. This case demonstrates the importance of a thorough ophthalmological examination in stranded wild animals, especially if their symptoms appear neurological. Key words: Anterior segment dysgenesis, cataract, eye, harp seal, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, Phoca groenlandica 野外擱淺雙側眼睛異常的豎琴海豹出現玻璃體前段發育不全和殘留增殖性初級玻璃體症 翻譯：曾昱錩
Claire Erlacher-Reid, D.V.M., Carmen M. H. Colitz, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.O., Ken Abrams, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.O., Ainsley Smith, B.S., and Allison D. Tuttle, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M. 摘要：一隻公的已滿一歲的豎琴海豹，擱淺後被救起運送至波士頓神祕水族館和探索館的海豹救援及復育中心。這隻被救起的豎琴海豹的眼睛有雙側性鐘擺式的垂直眼球震顫及缺乏脅迫反射，但有眼瞼反射。經眼科顯微鏡裂隙燈檢查，發現有角膜周邊輪狀水腫、過多的虹膜表面結構、瞳孔變形和可能有白內障等病變。嘗試在白天及夜晚的環境下，使用劑量為10% phenylephrine及1%的阿托品的混合眼藥水，重複滴在雙眼擴張瞳孔皆失敗。眼科的超音波掃描發現，雙側性白內障伴隨平坦的前後直徑，和可能有殘留增殖性初級玻璃體症。這些天生的眼球結構異常，在未來可能會導致此海豹的眼睛併發症狀，如葡萄膜炎、繼發性青光眼、視網膜剝離和/或玻璃體出血。這個案例彰顯了周全的眼科檢查，對擱淺的野生動物的重要性，特別是當這些擱淺動物出現神經學症狀時。 關鍵字：前段發育不全、白內障、眼睛、豎琴海豹、殘留增殖性初級玻璃體症、豎琴海豹學名 Pages 304-308 Pancreatic Atrophy Due to Zinc Toxicosis in Two African Ostriches (Struthio camelus) Vinicius Carreira, D.V.M., Barbie J. Gadsden, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., W. Emmet Braselton, Ph.D., and Scott D. Fitzgerald, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Dipl. A.C.P.V. Abstract: Two of three captive adult African ostriches exhibited inappetance and weakness. In spite of treatment, the two birds were euthanized because of lack of clinical improvement. Postmortem examination demonstrated exocrine pancreatic degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy. Grossly, one ostrich had a markedly diminished pancreatic mass. Histologically, there was massive pancreatic acinar (exocrine) atrophy, marked interstitial fibrosis, and tubular complex formation in one animal, and the second ostrich had active pancreatic acinar necrosis. Toxicologic testing revealed markedly elevated liver zinc levels in the first two birds, whereas the third ostrich had normal serum levels of zinc and continues without apparent disease. This form of zinc toxicosis, while previously reported in different avian species, has been only rarely described in ratites. Key words: African ostrich, pancreatic atrophy, tubular complexes, Struthio camelus, zinc toxicosis 兩隻非洲鴕鳥因鋅中毒所造成的胰臟萎縮 翻譯：洪端漪
Vinicius Carreira, D.V.M., Barbie J. Gadsden, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., W. Emmet Braselton, Ph.D., and Scott D. Fitzgerald, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Dipl. A.C.P.V. 摘要：三隻圈養的成年非洲鴕鳥中，有兩隻表現出食慾不振和虛弱的現象，雖然有嘗試治療，但這兩隻鴕鳥最後還是因為沒有臨床上的顯著改善而被安樂死。解剖後發現胰臟的外分泌腺退化、壞死和萎縮，肉眼可見其中一隻鴕鳥胰臟組織明顯變少，顯微鏡下觀察這隻發現許多胰臟的外分泌腺體萎縮、間質顯著纖維化和管狀物形成；而另一隻鴕鳥也是胰臟腺體壞死。這兩隻鴕鳥的中毒試驗，呈現肝臟中鋅明顯含量上升，相較於活著的第三隻鴕鳥血清中的鋅含量正常，而且持續觀察無發生明顯疾病。這種鋅中毒的病例，再加上之前有報告過的其他種禽類病例，卻是很少發生在走禽類。 關鍵字：非洲鴕鳥、胰臟萎縮、管狀物、鴕鳥學名、鋅中毒 Pages 309-312 Penicilliosis in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) Giovanni Lanteri, D.V.M., Alessandra Sfacteria, D.V.M., Ph.D., Daniele Macrì, D.V.M., Ph.D., Stefano Reale, D.V.M., and Fabio Marino, D.V.M., Ph.D. Abstract: Penicillium mycosis, or penicilliosis, is rare in animals. This report describes the clinical signs and pathological, immunohistochemical, and biomolecular findings in a case of avian penicilliosis in a Congo African grey parrot. On gross necropsy, pyogranulomatous changes were identified in the lung, liver, and kidney. Histopathology demonstrated periodic acid Schiff– (PAS) and Grocott-positive hyphae in these tissues. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the genus of the fungus and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed a high homology with Penicillium chrysogenum. Key words: Penicilliosis, Penicillium chrysogenum, African grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus, systemic mycosis, PCR 非洲灰鸚鵡的青黴菌病 翻譯：洪端漪
Giovanni Lanteri, D.V.M., Alessandra Sfacteria, D.V.M., Ph.D., Daniele Macrì, D.V.M., Ph.D., Stefano Reale, D.V.M., and Fabio Marino, D.V.M., Ph.D. 摘要：青黴菌屬黴菌病，或稱青黴菌病，是一種少見的動物疾病。這份報告描述剛果的非洲灰鸚鵡的禽類青黴素病的臨床症狀和病理學、免疫組織化學和分子生物學上的發現。肉眼剖檢發現肺、肝、腎有顯著的化膿性肉芽腫性的轉變；組織病理學檢查可見periodic acid Schiff– (PAS)和Grocott-陽性的菌絲存在於這些組織中。免疫組織化學法證明了這種黴菌的種類；而聚合酶鏈結反應更證實是與青黴菌高度相似的黴菌。 關鍵字：青黴菌病、青黴菌學名、非洲灰鸚鵡、灰鸚鵡學名、全身性黴菌病、聚合酶鏈結反應 Pages 313-316 Prevalence of Salmonella and Yersinia in Free-Living Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in Central Spain Rafael Ruiz-de-Castañeda, M.Sc., Ana I. Vela, M.Sc., Ph.D., Elisa Lobato, M.Sc., Ph.D., Víctor Briones, M.Sc., Ph.D., and Juan Moreno, M.Sc., Ph.D. Abstract: Salmonella and Yersinia are important enteropathogens in poultry and can affect birds of all ages, including embryos. These food-borne zoonotic enteropathogens are of great economic and medical concern worldwide and are intensely studied in poultry. Information regarding the prevalence of these bacteria in wild birds is scarce and biased toward avian species ecologically linked to humans, which have often been incriminated as both reservoirs and disseminators of these enteropathogens. The prevalence of Salmonella and Yersinia recovered from both the feces and eggs in a population of female pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) breeding in nest-boxes in central Spain was evaluated. Salmonella arizonae was recovered from the feces of one female but was not recovered from eggs. Yersinia was not detected in either the feces or eggs. These results may suggest that Salmonella and Yersinia may be uncommon in this population studied and may indicate that these birds are unlikely reservoirs of Salmonella and Yersinia. Key words: Feces, Ficedula hypoleuca, eggshells, egg, pied flycatchers, Salmonella, Yersinia 西班牙中部的野生斑姬鶲的沙門氏菌和耶爾森氏菌的盛行率 翻譯：洪端漪
Rafael Ruiz-de-Castañeda, M.Sc., Ana I. Vela, M.Sc., Ph.D., Elisa Lobato, M.Sc., Ph.D., Víctor Briones, M.Sc., Ph.D., and Juan Moreno, M.Sc., Ph.D. 摘要：沙門氏菌和耶爾森氏菌在家禽是很重要的腸內病原，並且可以感染所有年齡的鳥類，包括胚胎。這些藉由食物進入動物體內的人畜共通腸內病原，是世界上很重要的經濟和醫學的議題，在鳥禽有充分的研究。野生的鳥類有關這些細菌的資訊很少，並且還和那些與人類經濟有關的禽類的資訊有所出入；這些禽類常被視為是這些腸內病原菌的保菌宿主和傳播者。評估從西班牙中部一群母斑姬鶲巢箱中的糞便和蛋，沙門氏菌與耶爾森氏菌的盛行率。亞利桑那沙門氏菌由一隻母鳥的糞便中發現但牠所產的蛋中卻沒有；並未在蛋和糞便中測得耶爾森氏菌。這些結果也許可證明沙門氏菌和耶爾森氏菌，在這個被研究的族群中可能是不常見的，抑或許指這些鳥類並不是沙門氏菌和耶爾森氏菌的保菌宿主。 關鍵字：糞便、斑姬鶲學名、蛋殼、蛋、斑姬鶲、沙門氏菌、耶爾森氏菌 Pages 317-321 Surgical Amputation of a Digit and Vacuum-Assisted-Closure (V.A.C.) Management in a Case of Osteomyelitis and Wound Care in an Eastern Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Bryden J. Stanley, B.V.M.S., M.Vet.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.V.S., James G. Sikarskie, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., George Bohart, D.V.M., N. Kent Ames, D.V.M., M.S., Janice Tomlian, Mark Marquardt, B.S., M.A., Annabel Marcum, B.S., Matti Kiupel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Dodd Sledge, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Dalen Agnew, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P. Abstract: A 14-yr-old female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) presented with progressive suppurative osteomyelitis in her left hind lateral toe. β-Hemolytic Streptococcus sp. was isolated. The animal was treated with multiple systemic antibiotics, and topical wound cleansing. Repeated debridements and nail trimmings were performed for 5 mo prior to electing amputation. The toe was surgically amputated under general anesthesia between the first and second phalanges. Analgesia was diffused into the wound topically via a catheter and elastomeric pump. The open amputation site was covered with adherent drapes and a negative-pressure wound therapy device provided vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C.®) for 72 hr. Three months later this animal developed a deep dermal ulcer on the lateral aspect of the right hind limb, at the level of the stifle. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. The wound was managed by initial daily lavage, followed by 1 mo of V.A.C. therapy, with 72 hr between dressing changes. Clinically, this therapy expedited the formation of healthy granulation tissue and overall healing was accelerated. The animal tolerated the machine and bandage changes well via operant conditioning. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy appeared to shorten time to resolution of slow-healing wounds in black rhinoceros. Key words: Amputation, black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis michaeli, MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, osteomyelitis, vacuum-assisted closure, V.A.C 東部黑犀牛的趾骨骨膜炎截肢手術及以真空輔助傷口照護癒合療法 翻譯：劉上楓
Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Bryden J. Stanley, B.V.M.S., M.Vet.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.V.S., James G. Sikarskie, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., George Bohart, D.V.M., N. Kent Ames, D.V.M., M.S., Janice Tomlian, Mark Marquardt, B.S., M.A., Annabel Marcum, B.S., Matti Kiupel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Dodd Sledge, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Dalen Agnew, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P. 摘要: 一隻14歲的雌性東部黑犀牛，左後肢外側的腳趾，有嚴重的化膿性骨膜炎。分離到β溶血的鏈球菌，以全身性的抗生素治療及局部的傷口清潔進行治療。經五個月的重複進行清創和指甲修剪後選擇截肢。動物在全身麻醉的情況下,在第一指骨及第二指骨之間進行了截肢手術。止痛劑經由導管及彈性幫浦擴散至傷口表面處。截肢位置以外科敷料將傷口覆蓋，且持續72小時使用負壓傷口治療設備，提供真空來輔助癒合。三個月後在右側後肢外側面與膝關節同高處，發現深層皮膚潰瘍，分離到對Methicillin有抗藥性的金黃色葡萄球菌。傷口持續 1個月每天灌洗後，每3天換一次敷料，期間以負壓傷口治療設備輔助。臨床上來看，此種治療方式增加了健康肉芽組織的生長速度，復原的速度也增快。此動物對於機器及更換繃帶的忍受性很好。在黑犀牛使用負壓傷口治療設備可使癒合緩慢的傷口復原的時間縮短, 關鍵字：截肢、黑犀牛、黑犀牛學名、對Methicillin有抗性的葡萄球菌縮寫、對Methicillin有抗性的葡萄球菌、骨膜炎、真空輔助傷口癒合療法、真空輔助傷口癒合療法縮寫 Pages 322-325 Chemotherapeutic Treatment for Leukemia in a Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) Gwen Jankowski, D.V.M., Jeffrey Sirninger, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Jessica Borne, D.V.M., and Javier G. Nevarez, D.V.M., Ph.D. Abstract: A 4.5-yr-old, captive-bred, male bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented for lethargy, anorexia, and increased mucoid salivation with upper respiratory clicks. Diagnostics were declined and the bearded dragon was prescribed ceftazidime 20 mg/kg i.m. q 72 hr. The patient presented again 1 wk later with a marked monocytosis, heterophilia, and lymphocytosis, and a clinical diagnosis of chronic monocytic leukemia was made. Chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside (100 mg/m2 over 48 hr i.v.) was initiated. Forty-four hours into the treatment the dragon became acutely unresponsive and died within 1 hr. Adverse effects as a result of i.v. cytosine arabinoside therapy were not identified despite previous reports suggestive that the drug induces renal failure. Key words: Bearded dragon, chemotherapy, cytosine arabinoside, leukemia, neoplasia, Pogona vitticeps 在鬃獅蜥蜴的白血病化療 翻譯：劉上楓
Gwen Jankowski, D.V.M., Jeffrey Sirninger, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Jessica Borne, D.V.M., and Javier G. Nevarez, D.V.M., Ph.D. 摘要: 一隻4-5歲大的圈養繁殖的雄性鬃獅蜥，出現昏睡、厭食、黏稠唾液增加，且呼吸時會發出雜音。無法診斷出真正原因，於是採用每隔三天肌肉注射20 mg/kg 的ceftazidime來治療。一週後，病患複診時出現顯著的單核球、異嗜球、淋巴球增多，自此才診斷其為慢性單核球性白血病。並以胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷（100 mg/m2，經48小時靜脈注射）開始進行化療。開始治療44小時後,病患出現急性反應遲鈍的情況，且在1小時內死亡。儘管先前有報導表示靜脈注射胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷治療，會誘發腎衰竭，但其副作用並沒有被確定。 關鍵字：鬃獅蜥蜴、化學療法、胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷、白血病、腫瘤、鬃獅蜥學名 Pages 326-329 Occurrence and Molecular Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium serpentis in Captive Snakes in São Paulo, Brazil Anaiá da Paixão Sevá, M.Sc., Michele K. Sercundes, M.Sc., Juliana Martins, M.Sc., Sheila Oliveira de Souza, B.Sc. (Biol), João Batista da Cruz, Ph.D., Cybele Sabino Lisboa, B.Sc. (Biol), Sandra Helena Ramiro Correa, Ph.D., and Rodrigo Martins Soares, Ph.D. Abstract: The present study aimed to determine whether Cryptosporidium oocysts were present in stools from captive snakes at Fundação Parque Zoológico (Zoological Park Foundation) in São Paulo, Brazil. Two collections were performed; the first in July 2008 and the second in February 2009. Fecal samples were collected from 74 enclosures that housed 101 individuals of 23 snake species. The stool specimens collected from 16 out of the 74 enclosures (21.6%) contained Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts; all of them were confirmed as Cryptosporidium serpentis, using molecular techniques. Only in three (18.7%) out of the 16 enclosures with positive samples were there animals with clinical signs compatible with infection by C. serpentis, such as regurgitation and significant progressive weight loss. From the results, it was concluded that diagnostic examinations need to be performed periodically, even on clinically healthy animals, as a preventive measure. Key words: Cryptosporidium serpentis, snakes, molecular diagnosis, zoological 巴西聖保羅圈養蛇的蛇型隱孢子蟲發生及分子診斷 翻譯：劉上楓
Anaiá da Paixão Sevá, M.Sc., Michele K. Sercundes, M.Sc., Juliana Martins, M.Sc., Sheila Oliveira de Souza, B.Sc. (Biol), João Batista da Cruz, Ph.D., Cybele Sabino Lisboa, B.Sc. (Biol), Sandra Helena Ramiro Correa, Ph.D., and Rodrigo Martins Soares, Ph.D. 摘要:本研究的目地在確定隱孢子蟲卵囊，是否存在於巴西聖保羅動物園的圈養蛇糞便中。本研究共進行了兩次的樣本採集，第一次在2008年七月，第二次在2009年二月。糞便的樣本採自74個籠舍，其中包括了101隻蛇，共23種不同的品種。74個籠舍中的16個籠舍(21.6%)的糞便，含有隱孢子蟲卵囊。運用了分子技術，確定皆為蛇型隱孢子蟲。這16個籠舍中，只有三個籠舍(18.7%)的動物有出現與感染蛇型隱孢子蟲相符的臨床症狀，像是嘔吐或是體重減輕。從以上結果，得出的結論是需定期的進行診斷檢查；即使是臨床上看起來健康的動物，也要需要預防的操作。 關鍵字：蛇型隱孢子蟲學名、蛇、分子診斷、動物學的
Pages 330-334 NASAL OSTEOSARCOMA AND INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOR IN A VANCOUVER ISLAND MARMOT (MARMOTA VANCOUVERENSIS) Liza I. Dadone, V.M.D., Douglas P. Whiteside, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Sandra R. Black, D.V.M., Path. Dip., Audrey Remedios, D.V.M., M.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.V.S., and Stephen Raverty, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P. Abstract: A 6-yr-old male Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) presented for poor hibernation, weight loss, and symmetric trunk alopecia. An abdominal interstitial cell tumor was identified and surgically removed. Serum levels of estrogen were markedly elevated before surgery and decreased after tumor removal, indicating that the tumor had been functionally secretory. Nine months later, the marmot presented with respiratory stridor. A large boney nasal mass was identified radiographically and evaluated by computed tomography (CT) prior to surgical debulking. The marmot did not recover from anesthesia. Pathologic findings included a nasal osteosarcoma with lysis of the cribriform plate, and endocardial fibrosis with degenerative changes within the adjoining myocardium. This is the first known report of nasal osteosarcoma and interstitial tumor in a Vancouver Island marmot. Key words: Vancouver Island marmot, Marmota vancouverensis, neoplasia, nasal osteosarcoma, interstitial cell tumor. |