A aac Arctic Athabaskan Council (aac). Aasiaat
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Arctic Human Health Initiative (AHHI) – a research initiative forwarded to the Arctic Council in the areas of infectious disease, the effects of anthropogenic pollution, UV radiation, and climate variability on human health, and tele-health innovations. Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) – a short time American project in 1975-76 with the purpose to make a wide range of climatic data available to the researchers. In the summer of 1975 AIDJEX had four manned camps on ice floes in the Arctic Ocean, where they recorded surface ocean currents. In the spring of 1976 two submarines sailed along the track lines in the Beaufort Sea measuring ice thickness. The results of the project were made available in the AIDJEX databank upon termination. Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) – an institute founded in 1945 jointly by Canada and the U.S.A. Until 1976 the institute was situated at McGill University in Montreal, hereafter it has been a department of the University of Calgary as a university research institute. AINA has a department located at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. The mandate of AINA is to advance the study of the North American and circumpolar Arctic through the natural and social sciences, the arts and humanities and to acquire, preserve and disseminate information on physical, environmental and social conditions in the North. Arctic jet – the jet stream that is situated high in the stratosphere in and around the Arctic or Antarctic Circles. It marks the boundary of polar and arctic air masses. Arctic Leaders’ Summit (ALS) – a forum where the Indigenous leaders of the Arctic meet. The first ALS was held in 1991 in Hørsholm, Denmark hosted by the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC). The Second ALS was held in 1995 in Tromsø, Norway hosted by the Saami Council (SC), and the third ALS took place in Moscow in 1999 and was hosted by the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON). The process of cooperation between the Arctic indigenous peoples was somehow formalized at the First Arctic Leaders' Summit. Since 1991, ICC, SC and RAIPON have participated on the international arena on many occasions and now they more or less meet on a regular basis, like the meetings within the Arctic Council framework and the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP). But the process is different to the other meetings, because the Indigenous peoples solely set the agenda themselves. At the first ALS common problems, such as pollution, exploitation of living and non-living resources were tabled and discussed. At the second Summit, the Russian issues were mostly related to the new Russian Constitution and the lack of laws dealing with the indigenous peoples. The theme of the third Summit was The Health of Arctic Indigenous Peoples - with special focus on the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. In 1999, also the Aleut International Association (AIA) participated. Organising the Summits was a costly affair, and this may be one of the reasons that the process somehow ended in 1999. On the other hand the Athabaskan Council called for an ALS IV in December 2005, but without an international organising committee, the Summit was not recognised by the other parties. Inuit Circumpolar Conference changed its name to Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) at the 2006 General Assembly. Arctic Medical Research – the official journal published by the Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research and the International Union for Circumpolar Health. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) – was established as a part of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS). Since the establishment of the Arctic Council (AC), AMAP is one of the six working groups. The objective of AMAP is “providing reliable and sufficient information on the status of, and threats to, the Arctic environment, and providing scientific advice on actions to be taken in order to support Arctic governments in their efforts to take remedial and preventive actions relating to contaminants”. AMAP has completed two assessments of the State of the Arctic Environment with respect to pollution issues. The first of these was published in 1997, and the second in 2002. The secretariat is situated in Oslo, Norway. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) – a 76,891/29,688 sq. km/miles refuge in the northeast part Alaska at the Beaufort Sea and to the border of Yukon, Canada. ANWR represents one of the largest examples of intact wilderness left on Earth. Within the Reserve, the Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation and Arctic Slope Regional Corporation are owners of 380/147 sq. km/miles land on the coast surrounding the village of Kaktovik. Arctic Ocean – the ocean surrounding the North Pole, north of the Arctic Circle (about 14/8,7 million sq. km/miles). A major part (about 8/3 million sq, km/miles) of the ocean is permanently covered with an ice pack. At its peak the pack ice can reach about 15/5,8 million sq. km/miles. The average thickness of the pack ice is 3/10 meters/feet. The ocean has a relatively low concentration of salt. Besides water inflow from the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, major freshwater inflow comes from the Russian rivers of Kolyma, Lena, Yenisey, Ob, Pechora and Severnaya Dvina, and the North American Mackenzie River. The Arctic Ocean consists of several marginal seas: Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Lincoln Sea, White Sea and Wandels Sea. Arctic Ocean Sciences Board (AOSB) – is a NGO established in 1984 to coordinate the priorities and programmes of countries and institutions engaged in research in the Arctic Ocean and the seas nearby. Besides the Arctic countries, several other countries participating in Arctic Ocean research are members. The mission of the AOSB is to facilitate Arctic Ocean research by the support of multinational and multidisciplinary natural science and engineering programs. Arctic peoples – in brief – when and how Siberia and the Arctic were populated is still not really known. However, there is a great possibility that the earliest immigrants came from both Europe and Mongolia. Archaeological discoveries that can be dated back to around 35,000 years ago show that the beginning of the Siberian and Arctic culture may be found in the regions near the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal. DNA tests have shown that the indigenous peoples east of the Yenisey River are related to the Mongolian people and the indigenous peoples west of Yenisey are related to the Europeans. Furthermore, it has been proven that several northern people have genetic material from both Mongolians and Europeans. At the end of the big ice age, around 10,000 years ago, people moved towards the north-east and north-west, following their preferred hunting animals: reindeer, antelopes, horses, buffalo and mammoths. The different cultures’ special characteristics were created during the migration and adaptation to those regions where the ethnic groups decided to settle. Some of the ethnic groups decided to stay in one place; other groups went further away. The Eskimo are the people who wandered the furthest away from the primordial home as they came as far as to the Atlantic Ocean’s coast of Greenland. During later migrations, some of the ethnic groups started to travel again. This resulted in new ethnic groups, either through isolation or through contact with different groups. Of these, some disappeared and some were taken over by the newly arrived groups. To day there are eight Arctic nations: Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States (Alaska). In all of the Arctic countries, except Iceland, live indigenous peoples and European immigrants. Only in a few cases the Indigenous peoples make up the majority of the total population. This is the case in Greenland and in the new home rule areas in Canada. In the Nordic countries, Russia and Alaska, the indigenous peoples are in minority – even in a very small minority. At the same time, several ethnic groups represent the indigenous peoples of Alaska, Canada and Russia. In Russia for example, there are around 40 indigenous groups. According to the Canadian Constitution the Inuit, the Métis, the Dene and the 14 Yukon First Nations are the indigenous inhabitants of Arctic Canada. In official Danish terminology, the indigenous peoples of Greenland are the Greenlanders, which in fact are three Inuit groups, the West Greenlanders (Kitaamiut), the East Greenlanders (Tunumiut) and the Polar Eskimos (Inughuit). In the Nordic Countries, Finland, Norway and Sweden, the indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic are the Saami, who are related to the Saami of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. In Russia, there are around 40 indigenous peoples living in the North, Siberia and the Far East. In the Russian context, there is a special category of indigenous people, the so-called small indigenous peoples. These ethnic groups are small in numbers and are a maximum of 50,000 individuals. The small indigenous peoples are, all together around 300,000. The three main language groups are the Uralic Language Group, the Altai Language Group and the Paleo-Siberian Language Group. The indigenous peoples of Arctic Alaska are the Inuit, Aleut, Athabaskans, and Eyak. The Inuit and Aleut languages are belonging to the same language family. The Inuit include Alutiiq, Central Yupik, Inupiat, and Siberian Yupik. The Athabaskans are related to the Gwich’in and Dene in Canada, and they also include many sub-groups. Arctic Peoples Conference – first time Indigenous peoples of the Arctic (Inuit, Indians, Métis, Non-status Indians, Greenlanders and Saami) met at an international conference organised for – and by them. The conference was held in Copenhagen in 1973. Arctic Pilot Project (APP) – a Canadian pilot project that would involve the production and liquefaction of 6.4 million cubic metres of natural gas per day from the Drake Point field on Melville Island and its shipment to eastern Canadian markets in icebreaking tankers and later in tanker submarines. At the public hearings held in 1982 by The National Energy Board of Canada, the Greenland Home Rule Government, the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) and others were in strong opposition to the project due to environmental concerns. APP was put in mothballs in 1983. Inuit Circumpolar Conference changed its name to Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) at the 2006 General Assembly. Arctic Policy, Principles and Elements for a Comprehensive – an Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) document from 1992, which forms the basis for Inuit planning towards a sustainable and equitable development of the Inuit homelands. Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). Arctic Region – the same as the Arctic. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) – was formed in 1988 to bring together the human and facility resources of the Arctic research community. ARCUS has several advisory roles of other institutions dealing with the Arctic. ARCUS is situated at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS) – is a database with around 60,000 records describing publications and projects on Arctic Canadian issues. The Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) is maintaining ASTIS. Arctic sea smoke Arctic haze. Arctic Slope Native Association (ANSA) – formed in January 1966, representing all indigenous villages north of Brooks Range in Alaska. Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC) – one of the 13 indigenous corporations created in 1972 under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) with the purpose to settle of indigenous land claims. ARCS has around 9,000 indigenous shareholders primarily Inupiat. Arctic System Science (ARCSS) – is the permanent data archive for all components of the ARCSS Program. The goal of the ARCSS Program is to understand the physical, chemical, biological and social processes of the Arctic system that interact with the total Earth system and thus contribute to or are influenced by global change; and to advance the scientific bases for predicting environmental change on a decade-to-centuries time scale and for formulating policy options in response to the anticipated impacts of changing climate on humans and societal support systems. ARCSS is situated at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic Village – a village (68.08N, 145.32W) on the eastern fork of the Chandalar River around 290 miles north of Fairbanks, Alaska. Until the 1950’s, the Neets’aii Gwich’in, “residents of the north side”, lived a nomadic life. Traditionally they used seasonal camps and semi-permanent settlements, such as Arctic Village, Christian, Venetie and Sheenjak fishing and hunting. They traded with Inupiat on the Arctic coast. Archaeological evidence shows that the area at Arctic Village was populated as early as 4,500 BC. The first permanent residents came in 1909. The estimated population is 150. Arctic Window Northern Dimension of the European Union. Arctic-alpine species – plant species found both in the Arctic and in Alpine zones. ARCUS Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS). Arnaq – the Greenlandic word for woman. The plural form is arnat. Arnat Ilinniarfiat – the Women’s Folk High School in Sisimiut, Greenland, was established in 1967 by Arnat Peqatigiit Kattuffiat in connection with the Knud Rasmussenip Højskolia (Folk High School), established in 1962. Both schools are focused on the cultural life of Greenland, but Arnat Ilinniarfiat also have courses in traditional skin treatment and sewing traditions. The primary aim of the school is to encourage the exploitation possibilities of the seals, the sheep, and musk oxen. Arnat Peqatigiit Kattuffiat – the Union of Women’s Associations in Greenland was founded in 1960. It has 63 local associations all over Greenland with a total of approximately 5,000 members. The goal of Arnat Peqatigiit Kattuffiat is to unite and strengthen women in their interest in politics, utilising natural resources, and urging them to a better education. Further the union works to preserve traditional Greenlandic needlecraft and help as well as improve family conditions Aron – an artist from Kangeq in West Greenland (1822-69). Aron was a famous artist that illustrated books and newspapers. Arthropoda – there are more than 2,000,000 different species of arthropoda, including crustaceans (shrimps, barnacles, woodlice, crabs), scorpions, mites, ticks, spiders, insects, centipedes and millipedes. Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animals. Arthropoda’s are segmented animals with paired, jointed appendages on some or all of their body segments. Most important arthropoda specie of the Arctic is: Pandalus borealis – Northern pink shrimp or prawn. ASCH American Society for Circumpolar Health (ASCH). Asimi Inuaqerpalaaq – a 2006 initiative to re-establish the summer camps in Greenland. Aasivik. ASNA Arctic Slope Native Association (ASNA). Assembly of First Nations (AFN) – an organisation representing the 633 First Nations of Canada, each chief of a Nation is participating in the AFN. AFN was founded in 1968 as the National Indian Brotherhood, and adopted its present name in 1982. The First Nations are viewing their treaties with Canada, not as treaties with the government, but as treaties with the Crown. In the Royal Proclamation from 1763, it was made clear that the First Nations were autonomous political units and affirmed their title to lands. AFN is promoting the restoration of a “nation to nation” relationship with Canada. Assessment – the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assimilation – the cultural absorption of a minority group into the main cultural body. An early 19th century concept that indigenous peoples should have their situation improved by being civilised, becoming Christians, giving up their cultures and languages, and taught to live the European way of life. In the 1930’s assimilation more or less became official government policies throughout the Arctic often with fatal results. “One of the most dangerous threats to our cultures has been, and still is, the colonial influence on cultural identity, also called mental colonisation. And yet, much effort into decolonization focuses on other things. As a child in Greenland, in the public school, it was expected that we should look down to the children who looked most Inuit, to the ones who could not speak the colonial language and the ones coming from the small villages. Said in other words, as indigenous peoples, we would only be worth something if we were good at adapting the colonial standards. Today, we try to empower our youths to understand that they are valuable as anyone else, even if they only speak their own language, or are having social problems.” (Aviaja E. Lynge to the Permanent Forum in 2003). Indigenous rights. Integration. Association – an organisation of persons having common interests or purposes etc. Association Inuksiutiit Katimajiit – an association founded in 1974. The prime purpose of the association was to return research data to the Inuit. In 1977 the Association started publishing the periodical publication Etudes/Inuit/Studies. The association was also the initiating body of the Inuit Studies Conferences. Based at Université Laval in Quebec, Canada. Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS) – an association founded in 1978. ACUNS represents Canada’s northern and polar researchers at its 40 member universities and colleges across Canada. The association is situated in Ottawa, Canada. Association universitaire canadienne d’études nordiques (AUCEN) Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS). ASTIS Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS). Atassut – a liberal party in Greenland. The party has since the election to the parliament in 2005 been represented by six members. Atassut means connection or contact, which also illustrates the ideology of the party “to keep the connection to Denmark”. Atmosphere – the gaseous mass of air surrounding the Earth. From ground level up, the atmosphere is subdivided into the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the thermosphere. Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten – a Greenlandic newspaper known as AG. The newspaper was established as Atuagagdliutit in 1861 in order to prevent the loss of the cultural identity of the Greenlanders. The idea was to strengthen the culture by printing their folklore and to inform about the outside world. In the 1930s the newspaper started to bring articles and debates on the contemporary society. During the Second World War another newspaper was established, it was Grønlandsposten in the Danish language. In 1952 Atuagagdliutit and Grønlandsposten became one bilingual newspaper. Atuagagdliutit was the world’s first newspaper to print coloured illustrations. AUCEN – Association universitaire canadienne d’études nordiques (AUCEN) Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS). Aurora – the Goddess of Dawn (sunrise colours) in Roman mythology. The French astronomer Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) who was the first to observe a transit of Venus, applied the name “aurora” to the Polar Lights, naming them after the Goddess Aurora, Aurora borealis – or northern lights are the luminous streamers or bands of light appearing in the night sky of the Northern Hemisphere. It is created by the radiant energy emission from the sun and its interaction with the earth’s upper atmosphere over the middle and high latitudes. Aurora Polaris – the northern and southern lights. Auroral Oval – two rings called the Auroral Ovals encircle the two polar regions of the earth. The Auroral zones represent the places on earth where auroras occur most often and with greatest intensity. Herman Fritz (1829-1902), a Swiss physicist was the first to show that the northern lights have a maximum zone close to 67 North. In his book “Das Polarlicht” from 1881 he called this belt the Auroral Zone Autocracy – rule by one person. Historically, many monarchies were ruled autocratically but eventually their power was diminished and dissolved with the introduction of constitutions giving the people the power to make decisions for themselves through elected bodies of government. Autonomy – self-government or independence. Avanersuaq – was formerly the northernmost municipality of Greenland. To day it has changed its name to Qaanaaq. Qaanaaq. Avanersuarmioq – the Greenlandic word for a resident of Avanersuaq, to day the Municipality of Qaanaaq. Sometimes referred to as Thule Inuit and Polar Eskimos. Inughuit. Avannaa – Northwest Greenland. Avannaamioq – a person living in Northwest Greenland. Avataasiutinik Piginneqatigiiffiit Katuffiat (APK) – the Greenland Sea-fishery and Export Association was established in 1989 by two organisations representing trawler owners. The purpose was to encourage active fishermen to become co-owners of the fishing fleet. Further the organisation developed the marketing of Greenland seafood products on the international market. In 2006 APK decided to close as an individual association to be incorporated in Sulisitsisut, the Employers’ Association of Greenland. B B-52 Stratofortress – is an US Air Force aircraft designed for nuclear warfare. The first B-52 entered service in 1955. A total of 744 B-52s were built with the last delivered in 1962. A B-52 carrying 4 nuclear bombs crashed on the sea ice immediate outside the American Thule Air Base in Greenland in January1968. Thule Air Base (TAB). Bacteria – a unicellular microorganism. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. Baffin Bay – a northern extension of the North Atlantic Ocean with an area of 689,000 square kilometres / 266,000 square miles. Baffin Bay is extending southward from the Arctic for 1,450 kilometres / 900 miles between the west coast of Greenland and the Canadian Baffin Island. The bay has a width varying between 110 and 650 kilometres / 70 and 400 miles. Davis Strait in the south connects Baffin Bay with the Atlantic Ocean, whereas Nares Strait in the north leads to the Arctic Ocean. Baffin Island – a large island in Nunavut in North East Canada. Baffin Island is the fifth-largest island in the world, with an area of 507,450 / 195,930 square kilometres / miles. The island is named after the British explorer William Baffin (1584-1622), who headed two expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage. Baleen – or whalebone is a sheet of keratin, an elastic horny substance growing instead of teeth, which hang transversely from the upper jaw of Baleen whales. Used to filter plankton. During the period of commercial whaling, baleen was a valuable product for making articles such as corsets and umbrellas. |