3.5.9 Traffic
Considering the future inevitable increase of all types of vehicles, planned by the Strategy for Traffic Development, it is necessary to seek solutions for coordination of their use with ever more strict requirements for environmental conservation.
According to the analyses done for the Strategy for Development of Railway, Road, Water, Air, and Intermodal Transport in the Republic of Serbia from 2008 to 2015, Serbia significantly lags behind the infrastructure reforms in comparison to the neighbouring regions and the EU. The aspect of environment was introduced into the Strategy and it is presented in the first principle of the traffic development – Transport strategy must be focused on life quality, environmental conservation, welfare, and mobility.
It is necessary to incorporate requirements for protection of biodiversity/nature into the plans for the development of traffic infrastructure, both through ecological optimisation of traffic corridors and through practical protection measures (securing the passages for wild animals on routes of their usual daily or seasonal migrations, construction of fish paths, securing the afforestation/planting in the zone of traffic impact, securing the functioning of drainage and sewage channels, and positioning of noise barriers in places of direct traffic impact).
The level of traffic development represents an indicator of commercial activities and competitiveness of industry and services, and it is a relevant factor of the European integration. Its role is multifunctional: it influences the development of territorial division of labour, encourages fast development of various economy branches, promotes regional development, and initiates development of underdeveloped countries.
In the previous period, from 2002 to 2009, the scale of transport was increased in all traffic sectors, and the basic promoter has been the cargo transportation. Considering the passenger transport structure, the road passenger transport dominates, and considering the cargo transport structure, the railway cargo transport dominates.
4. Progress towards the 2010 Targets and Implementation
of the Strategic Plan
4.1. Two successful stories as the best examples of the implementation
of the CBD Targets
Griffon Vulture
The colloquial Serbian name of the Euroasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus Hablizl 1883) is “beloglavi sup”, the “White-headed Griffon”. The species is unable to cut the skin of dead herbivorous animals with its bill. It therefore normally starts feeding after a Black Vulture has finished its meal. If a Black Vulture is not around, Griffon Vulture will start feeding through the mouth or anal hole of an animal carcass. The head and long neck are covered with white fluffs. Griffon Vulture weighs up to 8.5 kg. The range of its rectangle-shaped wings is 2.8 metres. Griffon Vultures nest on rocks, where they build smaller or larger groups of nests (colonies). Griffon Vulture was a frequent species in Serbia until the 1950s. It nested in gorges, on the fringes of the Pannonian depression and in mountainous region. In recent times, the species has been observed only in three Western Serbian gorges. However, population of Griffon Vulture has suddenly declined in Balkan Peninsula. A stable population counting a few hundred pairs persisted only on the island of Crete (Greece).
The Institute for Biological research “Sinisa Stankovic” in Belgrade initiated in 1985 a monitoring programme and demographic research of Griffon Vulture in Serbia and in Hercegovina. However, despite a well-elaborated legal basis for protecting birds and their habitats, the abundance of Griffon Vulture suddenly declined in the period of 1990s.
Figure 4.1: Trend of nesting paires at Uvac. (Institute for Biological Researches “Sinisa Stankovic“, Belgrade)
Nine years of permanent education inspired some locals with a wish to help protect this species and get widespread support in there local communities. In order to stop further and sudden decline of this species and to launch a local initiative, a group of nature lovers and local citizens, together with ornithologists, founded the Birds of Prey Protection Fund in 1994. Widespread support to the idea promoted by the Fund has enabled undisturbed running of the programme of protection of Griffon Vulture in the Uvac River gorge. Today, over 500 birds fly above the “restaurant for Griffons”.
Figure 4.2: Colony of Griffon Vulture at Uvac. (Photo S. Marinkovic)
Uvac is the last resort and a hope for successful return of this species to the Balkan. Simultaneouse programmes of Griffon Vulture reintroduction are currently running in Hercegovina and at two spots on Mt. Stara planina: one is near Pirot (Serbia), and the other at Kotel (Bulgaria).
Protection of Wild Species
Protection of wild species is regulated by a group of by-laws. All endangered taxa are protected by the Ordinance on Proclamation of Wild Taxa as Protected and Strictly Protected.
Until 2010, i.e. until the Rules of proclamation and protection of the strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi have been adopted, the Decree on protection of rarities of nature (1993) had been effective, according to which 215 plant and 429 animal species were protected. New Rules (2010) provides protection of 1760 strictly protected and 868 protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi. Strictly protected wild species are totally protected, except for science and education. Protected species are under controlled exploitation.
Figure 4.3: Total number of species by classis, strictly protected and protected species in Serbia. (Invertebrate c.10000, algae c. 1000, spermatophyte c. 3000).
It is evident increase of protected species for about 300 %. This is result of biodiversity monitoring development, more scientific biodiversity projects and stronger “response” of State. Government also has prepared many Action plans for endangered and protected species, especially for large carnivores.
Almost all mammals, birds, amphibians and reptilians are protected. Large number of insects (especially daily butterflies) and plants are also protected.
4.2. Progress towards the 2010 target of the CBD
Protect the components of biodiversity
Goal 1. Promote the conservation of the biological diversity of ecosystems,
habitats and biomes
Target 1.1: At least 10% of each of the world’s ecological regions effectively conserved
Target 1.2: Areas of particular importance to biodiversity protected
ASSESMENT
Still, Serbia does not have 10% of the protected territories although it has increased the surface area and the number of the protected areas. A noticeable improvement has been made in specifying the areas of international importance; a significant increasing trend is also observed regarding wood land. Biodiversity indicators do not indicate existence negative trends.
Relevant CBD Indicators
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State of implementation and measures taken in Serbia
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Coverage of protected areas
Trends in extent of selected biomes, ecosystems and habitats
Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species
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5.85% of the territory covered by the nationally designated protected areas, 518204.6263ha
1760 strictly protected species and 868 protected species, in accordance with the Rules of proclamation and protection of the strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and mashrooms (Official Gazette of Republic of Serba, 5/2010)
112 wild species under the use control, in accordance with the Ordinance on control of use and trade in wild flora and fauna (Official Gazette of Republic of Serba, 31/2005, 45/2005, 22/2007, 38/2008 and 9/2010.
61 Potential Emerald area, total surface area 1019269.31 ha, or 11.54% of the Srbian territory
42 Important Bird Areas (IBA), with total area of 1.259.624 ha or 14.25% of the Srbian territory
40 Prime Buttererfly areas (PBA), total area of 903.643 ha, or 10.23% of the Srbian territory.
9 Ramsar areas, with total area of 55.627 ha, or 0.63% of the Srbian territory
62 Important Plant Areas (IPA) , the mapping is still in preparation
Forest area increase for 75 % from 1953-2006
Worked out Indicative map of the Pan-European Ecological Network for Southeastern Europe (PEN), which specifies the main natural areas of European importance, existing corridors between these areas, as well as new corridors that have to be established.
Selected 8 areas of importance within the ecological network along the Sava river, for the purpose of regional and national implementation of the Bern Convention, Bonn Convention and the Convention on biological diversity.
Green Belt has been established in Serbia, with 12 protected areas
Developed Potential Ecological Network of AP Vojvodina, with the status survey, analysis and determination of guidelines and actions for biodiversity conservation
Defined Ecological Network of the Republic of Serbia with the reference and layout map.
Creation of the data base of priority habitat types in Serbia (vulnerable, endangered, rare and priorities for protection)
Creation of data base of rare, endangered and endemic species in the Republic of Serbia
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Goal 2. Promote the conservation of species diversity
Target 2.1: Restore, maintain, or reduce the decline of populations of species of selected taxonomic groups
Target 2.2: Status of threatened species improved
ASSESMENT
Between 2000 and 2010 Serbia has made large improvement in protection of species diversity. This improvement is embodied in adoption of legislation by witch the number of protected species is increased and better records keeping of the endangered species status. The main status of species diversity shows on the basis of selected bird and butterfly species that there has been increase of many selected species, while many others had more stable population.
Relevant CBD Indicators
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State of implementation and measures taken in Serbia
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Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species
Change in status of endangered species
Percentage area of protected areas
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1760 strictly protected species and 868 protected species, in accordance with the Rules of proclamation and protection of the strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and mashrooms (Official Gazette of Republic of Serba, 5/2010)
112 wild species under the control of use in accordance with the Decree on Control of Utilization and Trade of Wild Flora and Fauna (Official Gazette of Republic of Serba 31/2005, 45/2005, 22/2007, 38/2008 and 9/2010).
Ex situ conservation in botanical gardens, gardens, arboretums, zoo, and in rehabilitation center for animals
Large number of rare, endemic and relict species is introduced in in vitro culture
Creation of data base of rare, endemic and relict species in the Republic of Serbia.
Trends in abundance and distribution of indicator species of birds and butterflies in accordance with EEE Core Set Indicators (CSI)
Reintroduction Programmes are realized for some species.
Action Plans for Conservation of Lynx (Lynx lynx), Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), Action Plan for Recovery and Conservation of the Vultures on the Balkan Peninsula, Action plan for management of the sturgeon varieties in fishing waters of the Republic of Serbia from 2005 till 2010; Action plan of fry management in the fishing waters of the Republic of Serbia .
Forest area increase for 75% from 1953.-2006.
5.85% of the territory covered by the nationally designated protected areas (518204.6263ha), 61 Potentially, the Emerald area, 1019269.31 ha, or 11.54% Serbain territory , 42 Important Bird Areas (IBA) total area 1.259.624 ha or 14.25% Serbian territory; 40 Prime Buttterfly Areas (PBA), total area 903.643 ha, i.e. 10.23%.
Developed Indicative map of the Pan-European Ecological Network for Southeastern Europe (PEN), which shows main natural areas of the European importance, existing corridors between these areas and new corridors to be established.
Selected 8 areas of importance within the ecological network along the Sava river for the purpose of regional and national implementation of the Bern Convention, Bonn Convention and the Convention on biodiversity.
Green Belt established in Serbia, with 12 protected areas.
Developed Potential Ecological Network of AP Vojvodina, with the status survey, analysis and determination of guidelines and actions for biodiversity conservation.
Ecological Network of the Republic of Serbia with reference and layout map.
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Goal 3. Promote the conservation of genetic diversity
Target 3.1: Genetic diversity of crops, livestock, and of harvested species of trees, fish and wildlife and other valuable species conserved, and associate indigenous and local knowledge maintained
ASSESMENT
It is not possible to detect a significant trend. As regards the autochthonic species and domestic animal breed, the public sector has lately made efforts to conserve them. In the last few years efforts have been made to reduce pressure on the natural population of the medicinal and aromatic herbs, as well as of wild fauna, by specifying the quotas for picking in the landscape. Organized farm growing of medicinal and aromatic herbs in some Serbian areas is a source of income for local population; however, this activity has not yet been adequately promoted, disregarding the potentials or quality of the medicinal and aromatic herbs in Serbia.
Relevant CBD Indicators
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State of implementation and measures taken in Serbia
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Trends in genetic diversity of domesticated animals, cultivated plants, and fish species of major socioeconomic importance
Biodiversity used in food and medicine (indicator under development)
Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species
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Growing of the population of the autochthonic domestic animal breeds included in the Program of allocation and use of incentives for conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources
Rural Development Draft Program proposes measures for rural development in 2008 - 2013. It also includes the measures for agro biodiversity conservation. The program includes a list of races for which a right to the financial support under the Rural Development Program can be acquired on the grounds of vulnerability, i.e. in accordance with FAO World List of domestic animals diversity monitoring. The Program specifies the conditions to be satisfied by the holders of these races to qualify for use of the funds from the Program.
The Serbian Agricultural Development Strategy, adopted in 2005, is important for conservation of biodiversity, especially in connection with woods conservation and management, as well as for conservation of agro biodiversity and plant and animal genetic resources; support for production based on autochthonous animal races and plant species
Law on Genetically Modified Organisms (Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, 41/2009)
Some protected areas implement their own programmes for conservation of certain native animal breeds
Large number of rare, endemic and relict species is introduced in in vitro culture
Ex situ conservation in botanical gardens, gardens, arboretums, Zoo’s, and in rehabilitation center for animals
As regards conservation of genetic plant resources Serbia has established regional, European and global cooperation. Regional Project SEDNet “South East Development Net” for genetic resources of plants (2004-2010), aimed at intensifying and improving regional cooperation in the Balkans in the field of conservation and sustainable use of the genetic resources through a coordinated network of the National Programs.
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Promote sustainable use
Goal 4. Promote sustainable use and consumption
Target 4.1: Biodiversity-based products derived from sources that are sustainably managed, and production areas managed consistent with the conservation of biodiversity
Target 4.2: Unsustainable consumption, of biological resources, or that impacts upon biodiversity, reduced
Target 4.3: No species of wild flora or fauna endangered by international trade
ASSESMENT
Serbia adopted the Sustainable Development Strategy in 2008 and integrated the sustainable development concept in the sectoral and cross-sectoral strategies and policies. A significant contribution to better sustainable use and consumption will be made by the National strategy of sustainable use of natural resources. Almost a half of forestry entities holds a certificate for sustainable managing of forests (FSC), and the other half is in the certification process. The way and control of use and trade in wild flora and fauna are regulated by special Ordinance. CITES provisions are implemented in the area of international trade. The organic agriculture land is still insignificant in relation to the total arable land.
Relevant CBD Indicators
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State of implementation and measures taken in Serbia
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Area of forest, agricultural and aquaculture ecosystems under sustainable management
Proportion of products derived from sustainable sources (indicator under development)
Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species
Marine trophic index
Nitrogen deposition
Water quality in aquatic ecosystems
Ecological footprint and related concepts
Change in status of threatened species
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Sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices are being promoted
The Republic of Serbia Sustainable Development Strategy for the period 2009-2017. A group of outcome indicators in accordance with the internationally recognizable sustainable development indicators have been harmonized with the new, revised list of UN sustainable indicators, also comprising indicators of Millennium Development Goals’ implementation. Concept of Sustainable Development to some extent is integrated in sectoral and cross-sectoral policies such as fisheries, agriculture, land development and tourism.
The Serbian Agricultural Development Strategy focuses on the biodiversity conservation, especially forest conservation and management, as well as on the conservation of agro biodiversity and plant and animal genetic resources, and on the support to production based on the autochthonous domestic animal breeds and plant species. The Action Plan of the Strategy provides adoption of the National program for conservation and sustainable use of the genetic resources in agriculture.
Certificate for Sustainable Forest Management (Forest Stewardship Council) is held by 10 Forestry Enterprises, and 11 are in the certification process. After certification, all state owned forests will have FSC certificates on sustainable management.
Total share in organic agricultural land in relation to the arable land is still very small, despite large potentials of Serbia for this production, 0.07 % of the total agricultural land, while only 0.011 % of the arable land is used for certified organic production. The Law on organic production was adopted in 2010 (Official Gazette of RS, 30/10).
Measures and conditions for biodiversity and nature protection are embodied in the legislation and documents in all economy branches oriented to using the biological/natural resources.
The Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment from 2004 (Official Gazette of RS, 135/04) is adjusted to the Directive 2001/42/EC on Environmental Impact Assessment of certain plans and programs. The Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment from 2004 (Official Gazette of RS, 135/04)
Some protected areas implement their own programmes for conservation of certain native animal breeds
In accordance with the Decree on Control of Utilization and Trade of Wild Flora and Fauna (Official Gazette of Republic of Serba, 31/2005, 45/2005, 22/2007, 38/2008 and 9/2010, 112 wild species under the controlled use
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - CITES Convention (Official Gazette of the SRY - International Treaties No. 11/2001), Rules of on Cross-Border Traffic and Trade in Protected Species (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia , 99/2009)
Conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources and sustainable use of genetic resources through the coordinated network of the Serbia has established regional, European and global cooperation. Regional Project SEDNet “South East Development Net” for genetic resources of plants (2004-2010), aimed at intensifying and improving regional cooperation in the Balkans in the field of conservation and sustainable use of the genetic resources through a coordinated network of the National Programs
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Address threats to biodiversity
Goal 5. Pressures from habitat loss, land use change and degradation, and unsustainable water use, reduced
Target 5.1: Rate of loss and degradation of natural habitats decreased
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