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The republic of serbia ministry of environment and spatial planning table of contents


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Main sectors pressures on biodiversity

Although Serbia is rich in biodiversity, the country has suffered a progressive loss of biodiversity as a result of human activity. In particular, agriculture, industrial development, urbanization, forest extraction, hunting, fishing, energy and mining, transport and tourism are the sectors that have impacts on the biological diversity. Also, uncontrolled pollution, alteration of river courses and hydro technical works, mineral resource extraction and overexploitation of biological resources, are significant endangering factors.


Table 1.6: Main sectors pressures on biodiversity


Sector

Impacts

Consequences

Agriculture





Intensifying of agricultural production, conversion of large areas to monocultures, and the use of chemical agents

Conversion of native habitats to agricultural ones


Conversion of native habitats to commercial uses


Forestry

Logging activities, forest-clearing activity, establishment of monoculture

Conversion of native habitats


Water Resources Management


Industrial and agricultural pollution, water flow channeling, swamp draining for agricultural use, construction of dams

Alteration to flow regimes of natural waterways, draining of wetlands

eutrophication


Transportation

Construction, use, and maintenance of transportation infrastructures

Fragmentation of natural habitats, pollution


Energy

Surface mines (coal mines), construction of damps and of wind turbines

Fragmentation of rivers, natural habitats, interception of migratory routes, pollution

Mining

Surface mines, mines and their infrastructure

Destruction of natural habitats, overexploitation

Natural Resources Management Sector (fishing, gathering, hunting…)

Overexploitation, introduction of alien species

Population declines in wild species




1.6.1 Agriculture

The most important regulations concerning the issue of fertilizers usage are Nitrate Directive EU Council Directive 1991/676/EEC, that protects water from nitrate pollution deriving from agriculture and Water Framework Directive 2000/60EC. The study of impact of agriculture on environment is performed by indicators showing the use of mineral fertilisers, plant protection substances, irrigation, the total livestock and organic agriculture surfaces.


There is no reliable data on the use of fertilizers in the Republic of Serbia, which is the reason for presenting fertilizer production in the period 2004-2009. In comparison with year 2007, the decrease of nitrate and phosphorous fertilisers production is evident, as well as the increase in mixed fertilizers production. Compared to year 2008, less amounts of complex fertilizers have been produced.

Figure 1.11: Production of fertilisers in Serbia

Although there is no absolute relation between the use of plant protection substances and potential risk to environment and human health, the indicator which shows the use of plant protection substances can be the first step towards the risk assessment. There is no reliable data on plant protection substances consumption in the Republic of Serbia. However, data on pesticide and other agricultural chemicals production in the period 2004-2009, show the amounts of 5000-8000 t annually.

1.6.2. Forestry
Forestry sector have a strong impact on forest ecosystem and also on biodiversity components.
Total energy potential of heating wood used in Serbia is about 20 000 TJ per year. Unfortunately energy potential of biomass is not included in total energy count of country. Heating wood is included in energy consumption only with 4%. In forested European countries wood energy consumption is about 10-20%. Firewood in Serbia is usually used by families. Because of that it is not included in state energy balance. Total energy consumption in houses (electricity, heating and coal) is about 85000 TJ per year. With energy potential of firewood use for energy in the houses it could be about 20%. And with modern technology of bio-fuel production, energy efficiency will be much better.
According to data, the main damage in forests is of human factor (illegal cutting and other damage by man) and it has been increasing in the past 3 or 4 years. Also the damage from weather increased during the same period.

Figure 1.12: Damages in forest. (Blue- illegal cutting, Red- damage from insects, Yellow- weather damages)


But the most important damage in forest ecosystem is fire. 23 000 ha of forest were fire stricken in Serbia in 2007. Fortunately the damage in cubic meters wasn’t so high. In 2008 fire stricken forest area was about 600 ha, but the damage was higher than in 2007. About 7 000 cubic meters of wood were destroyed.
Alien or allochtonous tree species are for various reasons introduced in forests due to intensive forestry or horticulture. By its ecological parameters (the production of timber, competitiveness etc.), these species have the ability to change even the dynamics of natural forest ecosystems and the functional traits of biodiversity. Out of 68 tree species in Serbian forests, 15 allochthonous species have been registered so far, together with 27 cloned species. The number of introduced species is certainly far more greater, taking into consideration park and other non-forest surfaces used for cultivating these species for the purpose of decoration or else. Allochtone species are the most represented in forests and at the same time invasive too, such as acacia, Amorpha fruticosa (desert false indigo), Ailanthus and others.

1.6.3. Fishery
In Serbian freshwaters the total amount of 110 lamprey and Actinopterygii species is registered, 23 species (23.5%) of which being allochthonous and 12 species that can be characterised as invasive. Out of total number of species, 53 fish species (54.1%) including ten more allochthonous species, are the subject of industrial and recreational fishing. Taking into consideration the industrial fishing aspect,
29 fish species are more or less economically important, 12 species out of them represent target group at which catching, fishing activities are mostly aimed.
Recreational fishing affects approximately 45 species, however, in this case, about 50% of these species represents the target group.
Monitoring of freshwater fishing includes 22 most important fish species. Trend of freshwater fishing is in permanent increase and it is 4 times higher than in 2000. Precise monitoring has been established since 2006 and this increase is partially due to stronger control.

Figure 1.13: Freshwater fishing (*New methodology by SEPA and Statistic Institute)
It is not realistic that the increase of fishery is so high. Freshwater fishing was about 10 000 t per year in eighties and nineties. With stronger control and efficacy monitoring it is registered smaller illegal fishery. But there is evident increase in the period 2006-2009 and this is the increase registered by same methodology. Economic crisis could be one of the reasons for that.
Trend of most important fish species catch, shows increase in Ciprinus carpio, Silurus glanis and Scizostedon lucioperca species. In 1997 it was the most important catch in category of rest fish. But for 2009, we have precise data for species, due to precise questionnaire made by Serbian Environmental Protection Agency and Statistical institute of Serbia.

In 2009 it was evident increase in fish catch of Acipenser ruthenus for 63%, Ciprinus carpio for 72 %, Scizostedon lucioperca for 77 % and Silurus glanis for 79 %.Total catch for selected species increased by about 80 % in 2009. There is no precise explanation of this increase. Economic crisis and much higher level of water in rivers could be some of the reasons for explanation.


1.6.4. Hunting
There are 296 hunting grounds in Serbia, which is a considerable decrease compared to 457, in year 1999. The total hunting area in Serbia is approximately 7 million hectares, out of which 87% is hunting ground with over 26% of it being forest land.
90000 registered hunters in Serbia in 2008 are about 9% more than in 1999.
The hunting of most important game animal species is decreased compared to the previous period. According to Serbian Hunters Association data, the hunting of small game animals has decreased during year 2006 by approximately 10% in comparison to year 2005, whereas the hunting of large game animals has increased by 2% concerning wild boars and approximately 10% concerning roe deer.
These data indicate the incorrect balance sum of species numbers, not only for the faulty gauge of species numbers, but also for the unrecorded poaching or deliberate diminishing of revenues issued from the use of natural resource. Due exactly to such system, according to which, the hunting ground users gauge the species numbers and control hunting by themselves, an expert monitoring needs to be applied and thus make the hunting biologically and economically sustainable.

2. Current Status of National Biodiversity Strategy and

Action Plan

Since ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2001, Serbia has made a significant progress in protecting biodiversity through legislative and institutional framework, as well as by making some concrete steps in this respect.


Since the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is a new document there is no overview available of the progress made in the implementation of priority activities so far. The specific actions have already been taken and several operational objectives of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan are therefore already being implemented.
It is important to underline that most of the policy results included in the previous policy planning document also covered the biodiversity issues.

Challenges to the protection of biodiversity
One of the key challenges for Serbia is how to reconcile conservation and environmental considerations with economic development and economic interests and to achieve the real implementation of biodiversity principles in sectoral policies.
Serbia has a relatively low degree of preserved biological and landscape diversity on the European level. The trend of loss of biological and landscape diversity in Serbia is caused by general and recognizable factors and, as such, it represents a challenge for the future.

Principles for biodiversity protection
The basic principles for biodiversity protection are:


  • Awareness raising campaigns to promote the legislation related to protection of nature/biodiversity, organized as activities on ongoing basis by both government and non-government sectors;

  • Identification of wild flora and fauna species for which urgent action plans/protection programs are needed;

  • Integration of necessary measures and requirements for protection of nature and biodiversity into the relevant legislation in all fields of economy relaying on use of biological/nature resources;

  • Integration of necessary protection measures into the sectors of tourism, spatial planning and construction of major infrastructure facilities;

  • Identification of potential eco-tourism sites. Drafting of relevant standards and criteria for development of eco-tourism in protected nature areas.



Summary of the Progress
The following information provides a summary of the progress.


  • Convention on Biological Diversity has entered into force;

  • A number of environmental conventions on global, European and regional levels have been signed;

  • Several key laws in the area of environmental protection and sustainable development have been promulgated, which have all been harmonized with the appropriate EU directives;

  • A number of bylaws have been drafted;

  • The National Strategy and Action Plans have been drafted and are currently pending adoption;

  • Preparation for the mapping out of the National Strategy of Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources and Goods has started;

  • The Law on Environmental Protection for the first time in our country predicted wider use of economic instruments in the area of environmental policy and sustainable development. One of the instruments is the establishment of the Fund for Environmental Protection;

  • Preparation of new Law on GMO is in progress and introduction of the procedure of Biosafety Clearing-House mechanism has started;

  • Institutional and organizational adjustments have been done, such as foundation of the Environmental Protection Agency;

  • Setting-up of an environmental protection Information System (within the Environmental Protection Agency) for the purpose of establishing a data base for classification, presentation and distribution of numeric, descriptive, and spatial databases;

  • CORINE Land Cover 2000 has been developed in Serbia;

  • Important Plant Areas (IPA) in Serbia;

  • Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Serbia;

  • Protection of biodiversity of the Sava River Floodplains;

  • Creating the terms for accessing to Natura 2000/Emerald Network, etc.;

  • “Development of Strategy for Biodiversity Protection”, “Development of EMERALD Network in Serbia and Montenegro” financed by the Council of Europe;

  • “Inventory of wetlands and other wet habitats in Serbia”, financed by MSEP-DEP;

  • Ex situ protection of biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems in Serbia”, financed by MSEP-DEP;

  • “Harmonization of national nomenclature of classification of habitats with international standards (EUNIS system of classification)”, financed by MSEP-DEP;

  • “Centres of flora biodiversity in Serbia, guidelines for evaluation and implementation of protection strategy” (IPA), financed by MSEP-DEP;

  • Important areas of bird species diversity have been identified for the purpose of implementing the Council Directive 79/409/ЕЕC, the Convention on Wetlands, the Bern and Bonn Conventions;

  • “Establishment of Green Belt in Serbia” as a part of the European Green Belt Project, financed by MSEPDEP.



2.1. Overview of Programmes, National Biodiversity-related Strategies and Action

Plans
Biodiversity considerations have been integrated into several sectoral development plans. Also, several strategic documents aiming at biodiversity conservation have been developed, with regard to forestry, hunting, eco-tourism, etc. The National Strategy of Sustainable Development in Serbia, the National Strategy of Agriculture, the National Forestry Policy with ecosystem approach. Serbia has outlined its nature conservation policy objectives in a range of documents.
Some of these plans are explained in further detail below.

National Program for Environmental Protection (NES)
According to the Law on Environmental Protection, the National Program for Environmental Protection (National Environmental Strategy -NES) shall be adopted for a minimum period of ten years. The National Program for Environmental Protection (NES) represents a strategic framework for tackling ecological and environmental concerns. The NES is implemented through a National Environmental Action Plan which represents an institutional framework for access to projects and budget funds, as well as EU pre-accession funds. This is the most important and the most comprehensive, cross-sectoral strategic planning and management tool in the field of environmental protection.

The National Program for Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 12/2010) was promulgated by the Government of the Republic of Serbia on the basis of the Law on Environmental Protection. The Programme will be implemented through the Action Plan, which will be developed by the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with other ministries.


National Strategy for Protection of Nature and Natural Values
According to the Law on Environmental Protection, the National Strategy for Protection of Nature and Natural Values as well as nature protection programs shall be adopted for a period of ten years. The Strategy shall stipulate the long-term objectives and guidelines for conservation of nature and natural values, implementation of such objectives in compliance with overall economic, social and cultural development of the Republic of Serbia. It is developed in line with the reports on the status of nature and implementation of protection of nature and natural values. The Guidelines set out by the National Strategy shall be incorporated in development of the design documents for spatial planning and management plans for natural recourses.
According to the National Strategy, the Autonomous Province and local self-government units shall adopt their own environmental protection programs.
National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan for Its Implementation
The Republic of Serbia Sustainable Development Strategy for the period of 2009-2017 was adopted in May 2008 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 57/08). The Strategy is based on globally accepted principles defined in the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, the UN Millennium Development Goals, and the EU Sustainable Development Strategy. Protecting and improving the environment and a rational utilization of natural resources are some of the basic national priorities of the Republic of Serbia. A group of outcome indicators in accordance with the internationally recognizable sustainable development indicators has been selected to monitor the Strategy implementation. These monitors have been set by the Strategy (outcome indicators) and ensure monitoring of Strategy implementation progress by following their values. The selected the indicators have been harmonized with the new, revised list of the UN sustainable indicators, also comprising indicators of the Millennium Development Goals’ implementation.
The Strategy provides for annual reporting on the progress of its realization.
Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia
One of the main goals of the Spatial Plan is to accomplish a protected and improved environment. In addition to other factors, improved environment should be based on a rational utilization of natural resources, use of renewable energy resources, afforestation and landscaping and other measures granting a healthier and more comfortable life in Serbia.
The Spatial Plan is adopted for the period of not less than 10, and not more than 25 years and its provisions are binding for all parties.
The Draft Law on Spatial Planning of the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2010-2020 stipulates the basis for long-term organization, spatial planning and utilization of area and regional plans of the Republic of Serbia for the purpose of bringing into line its economic and social development with natural, environmental and cultural potentials and limitations in its own territory. Monitoring of implementation of the Spatial Plan, respectively promotion of spatial development of the Republic of Serbia is provided through a set of spatial development indicators for the Republic of Serbia.
Millennium Development Goals
These goals and targets are based on the UN Millennium Declaration adopted by the General Assembly as a part of the guidelines for the UN Secretary-General to implement the Declaration.

The Report entitled “National Millennium Development Goals in Serbia” was adopted in 2007, and the defined National Millennium Goals should be taken into consideration during development of strategy papers and action plans.

The main targets of Goal 7 (Millennium Goals for Serbia until 2015) i.e. the Goal referring to the environment are to ensure environmental sustainability. This Goal comprises the following Specific Targets, namely:
Target 1: Integrate sustainable development principles in national documents, halt the loss of natural resources and encourage their revitalization.
Specific Target 1: Adopt and implement national programs, strategies and laws governing the area of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Republic of Serbia by 2015.
Specific Target 2: Increase land area covered by forest to 32% of the total territory of the Republic of Serbia by 2015.
Specific Target 3: Increase the land area protected to maintain biodiversity to 10% of the total territory of the Republic of Serbia by 2015.

2.2. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans
The National Biodiversity Strategy of the Republic of Serbia is pending adoption.
The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was developed with the involvement of relevant sectors, governmental and non-governmental organizations. After a long preparation phase the NBSAP was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning.
The basic principles of biodiversity protection in NBSAP are:
1) Principle of preservation in situ – Biological diversity is most effectively conserved in situ;
2) Integration principle - State authorities, those of the Autonomous Province, and local self-governance units shall promote and facilitate the integration of biodiversity protection and enhancement into all sector policies by implementing mutually harmonized plans and programs and by implementing regulations through permit system, technical, and other standards and norms, and by financing biodiversity protection through incentives and other measures;
3) Principle of prevention and precaution – Every activity must be planned and implemented in the way that: causes minimal possible change in the environment; represents the smallest risk towards biodiversity and native ecosystems; reduces spatial burden and consumption of raw materials and energy in construction, production, distribution, and utilization; includes the possibility for recycling; and prevents or limits impact to the environment at the source of pollution;.
4) Principle of natural value preservation - Natural values shall be used under the conditions and in the manner to ensure the preservation of the values of geodiversity, biodiversity, protected natural goods, and native ecosystems.

Renewable natural resources shall be used under the conditions that ensure their permanent and efficient renewal and permanent quality enhancement.



Non-renewable natural resources shall be used under the conditions that ensure their long-term, economical, and reasonable utilization, including limited utilization of strategic or rare natural resources and substitution by other available resources, composite or artificial materials.
5) International cooperation principle – The conservation of Serbia’s biological diversity is affected by international activities and requires cooperation and actions extending beyond Serbia’s national borders;
6) Protected areas system principle – The designation of protected areas is one of the most important tools to protect biological diversity. Central to the conservation of Serbia’s biological diversity is the establishment of a comprehensive, representative, and adequate system of ecological viable protected areas integrated with environmentally sound management of all other areas, including agricultural and other resource production systems;
7) Principle of sustainable development - Sustainable development is a harmonized system of technical/technological, economic and social activities in the overall development, where the natural and acquired values of the Republic are used in a cost efficient and reasonable manner, in order to preserve and enhance the quality of the environment, including native habitats and biodiversity, for the present and future generations.
8) Principle of polluters' and legal successors' liability - Any legal or natural entity who shall be involved in environmental degradation by its illegal or improper activities shall be liable in compliance with the law.
9) Principle of "polluter pays" - the polluter (or “operator”) shall pay charges for damage or threat of damage to protected species, protected and natural habitats, and sites of special scientific interest (biodiversity), as well as water and land it causes or may cause, by its operations or activities.
10) Principle of "user pays" – any person who utilizes natural values shall pay real cost for their utilization and recultivation of the area.
11) Principle of subsidiary liability - State authorities, within their financial abilities, shall eliminate the consequences of habitat degradation and biodiversity loss and reduce damages when the operator is unknown, and when damage originates from the sources outside the territory of the Republic.
12) Principle of incentives - State authorities, i.e. those of the autonomous province, units of local self- governance shall take the measures for the preservation and sustainable management of environmental capacities, particularly by reduced utilization of raw materials and energy and prevention or reduction of habitat degradation and biodiversity loss via economic instruments and other measures, by the best available techniques, facilities, and equipment which shall not require excessive cost and through selection of products and services.
13) Principle of public information and participation - in the exercise of the right to healthy and biologically diverse environment everyone shall be entitled to be informed of the environmental status and to participate in the process of decision making whose implementation may have an effect towards the environment.
14) Principle of protection of right to healthy environment and access to justice - a citizen or groups of citizens, their associations, professional and other organizations shall be entitled to exercise their right to healthy environment before the competent authority or the court in accordance with the law.

2.2.1. Action Plans
The following strategic documents as Action Plans have been prepared on behalf of the Republic of Serbia:


  • Action Plan for Import Control, Monitoring and Combating Invasive Allochtone Species for implementing European Strategy on combating and controlling invasive allochtone species;

  • Action Plan for Wetlands Preservation of International Importance;

  • Action Plan for Conservation of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos);

  • Action Plan for Conservation of the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus);

  • Action Plan for Conservation of the Lynx (Lynx lynx) species in the Republic of Serbia aimed at implementing the Bern Convention;

  • Action Plan for management of Acipenseridae Species in Fishing Waters of the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2005-2010;

  • Action Plan for management of huchen in Fishing Waters of the Republic of Serbia ;

2.3. Progress in Legislation and Policy
A foothold for legislative and institutional framework of environmental protection is established in the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia which states that the citizens are entitled to healthy environment and obliged to protect and promote the environment in compliance with the Law. The Republic of Serbia defines and provides the system of protection and promotion of the environment, protection and promotion of flora and fauna by promulgating the Law granting sustainable management of natural resources and healthy environment.
Prior to adoption of the Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No.36/09), the legal ground for defining the public interest to designate protected areas was based on the Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 66/91 and 135/04), and other laws dealing with the protection of nature prior to adoption of the Law on National Parks (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No.39/93).
The main characteristic of the institutional framework today is a much better situation compared to 2004 when the first set of four EU Environmental Laws was adopted. Diversification and overlapping of duties and responsibilities within government institutions is still evident, although to a lesser degree. Notwithstanding visible results in certain sectors, such an approach upholds a piece-meal control of environmental protection issues at the level of the Republic causing coordination problems both horizontally (cross-sectoral issues) and top-down (from the level of the Republic to the local self-government level). Decentralization of duties and responsibilities continued in May 2009 when the second set of environmental protection laws was adopted.
After ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity, within a rather short period Serbia ratified most of the significant global and regional environmental conventions, adopting a new set of laws in the field of environmental and nature protection. Significant positive changes have happened over the past several years in the area of harmonization of development policy and biodiversity protection.
Biodiversity-related Programmes


  • National Strategy of Sustainable Development in Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 57/2008);

  • Action Plan for implementation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development;

  • National Program for Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 12/2010);

  • National Strategy for Development of Forestry in the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 59/2006);

  • National Strategy for Integration of Serbia into the Clean Development Mechanism – Waste Management, Agriculture and Forestry;

  • National Strategy for Development of Agriculture in Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 78/2005).


2.3.1 International Treaties and Activities
The Republic of Serbia has been implementing several international and regional conventions and agreements relevant to environmental protection field and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, sub-regional and bilateral cooperation exists with several countries with the aim to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

  • The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Official Gazette of the SRY, No. 9/1977);

  • Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD Convention (Official Gazette of the SRY - International Treaties, No. 11/2001);

  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - CITES Convention (Official Gazette of the SRY - International Treaties, No. 11/2001);

  • Convention on Cooperation for the Sustainable Use of the Danube River - Danube River Protection Convention (Official Gazette of Serbia and Montenegro - International Treaties, No. . 4/2003);

  • Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia - International Treaties No. 88/2007 and 38/2009);

  • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, particularly in Africa - UNCCD (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia - International Treaties, No. 102/2007);

  • Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals - Bonn Convention (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia - International Treaties, No. 102/2007);

  • The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats - Bern Convention (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia - International Treaties, No. 102/2007);

  • The Convention on the protection and sustainable development of the Carpathians - Carpathian Convention (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia - International Treaties, No. 102/2007)


2.3.2. National Legislation in the Field of Nature Conservation
The nature protection system in the Republic of Serbia is regulated according to the following laws:


  • The Law on National Parks (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, Nos. 39/93, 44/93, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 48/94 and 101/05);

  • The Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, Nos. 135/04 and 36/2009);

  • The Law on Strategic Environmental Assessment (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 135/04);

  • The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 135/04);

  • The Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 36/2009).

The following by-laws define in more detail the relevant nature protection laws:




  • The Decree on Control of Utilization and Trade of Wild Flora and Fauna (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, Nos. 31/2005, 45/2005, 22/2007, 38/2008 and 9/2010);

  • The Rulebook on Designation and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Flora, Fauna and Fungi (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 5/2010);

  • The Rulebook on Criteria for Mapping of Priority Habitats and Habitat Types, Sensitive, Endangered, Rare and High-Priority Protection Habitats and Measures for Their Conservation (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2010);

  • Rulebook on Cross-Border Transport and Trade of Protected Species (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 99/2009);

  • Ordinance on Measures for Conservation and Protection of Fisheries Resources (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 1046/2009);

  • Ordinance on Closed Season for Game Species (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 19/2002).



2.3.3. Biodiversity-related Legislation and Programmes
Among numerous important laws and strategic papers with significant impact on conservation of biodiversity, the most prominent ones are the following:


  • National Strategy of Sustainable Development in Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 57/2008);

  • The National Program for Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 12/2010);

  • The National Strategy for Integration of Serbia into the Clean Development Mechanism – Waste Management, Agriculture and Forestry;

  • The National Strategy for Development of Forestry in the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 78/2005);

  • The Game and Hunting Law (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 18/2010);

  • The Law on Forests (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 30/2010) ;

  • The Law on Protection and Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 36/2009);

  • The Rulebook on Cross-Border Transport and Trade of Protected Species (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 99/2009);

  • The Ordinance on Measures for Conservation and Protection of Fisheries Resources (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 1046/2009);

  • The Ordinance on Closed Season for Game Species (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 19/2002);

  • The Law on Animal Welfare (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/2009);

  • The Law on Genetically Modified Organisms (Official Gazette of the SRY No. 41/2009);

  • The Law on Livestock Breeding (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/2009)



2.4. Conservation of Habitat and Ecosystem Diversity

Protection of nature within Serbia, as well as basic categorization of protected resources, has been defined in the Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 36/2009).


In addition to protected areas as stipulated under this Law, there are also designated bird, flora and butterfly areas of international significance and Ramsar sites. Based on the Convention on Conservation of European Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna, potential Emerald Sites have also been identified.

2.4.1. Protected areas
The total number of protected areas is 463, with square area of 518204 hectares. This is 5.86 % of the area of Serbia. In 2008, 6.6% of the areas were protected but revisions and loss of protection status for some areas resulted in the decrease of the total protected area.



Figure 2.1: Cumulative area of protected areas in Serbia.

Figure 2.2: Structure of protected areas in Serbia according IUCN.


Within the UNESCO “Man and Biosphere-MAB” Programme, Nature Park “Golija” became a part of the biosphere reserves network in 2001, when it was named “Golija-Studenica”. Another nine natural areas have also been nominated for biosphere reserves.
2.4.2. Ecological Networks and Areas of International Significance
According to the Spatial Plan of Serbia from 1996, it was envisaged that the special nature values should reach 10% of the total land area of the Republic by 2010. However, until present some 5.86% of the territory enjoys the status of protected area.
The National Ecological Network is currently being developed in Serbia. The purpose of the Network is to conserve biological and landscape diversity, priority-type habitats, revitalization and/or promotion of deteriorated habitats of special interest for protection and conservation of endangered species.

A Reference Map with identified boundaries is due to be completed shortly, based on defined regional entities and according to the following protected areas of ecological significance:


1) Protected areas designated by law as such or under the procedure for being designated as protected areas, as well as protected areas identified as protected areas in the relevant strategic documents;

2) Areas of special significance for conservation, identified as such in line with the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats – the Bern Convention (Emerald Network);

3) Important Bird Areas (IBA) in line with the European Union priorities;

4) Important Plant Areas (IPA);

5) Selected Prime Butterfly Areas (PBA), in line with international regulations;

6) Areas listed in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites);

7) Speleological objects;

8) Transboundary areas in line with international regulations;

9) Types of priority habitats in the territory of Serbia as listed in the Rulebook on Criteria for Mapping of Priority Habitats and Habitat Types, Sensitive, Endangered, Rare and High-Priority Protection Habitats and Measures for Their Conservation (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2010);

10) Rare and endangered wild species habitats at national, European or global level as well as habitats with endemic species in the Republic of Serbia as stipulated in the Rulebook on Designated Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Flora, Fauna and Fungi (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 5/010);

11) Any other areas of ecological significance not listed hereinabove, but designated as such in the Spatial Planning documents.

EMERALD SITES
Based on the criteria from the Bern Convention Recommendations (Recommendation No. 16, 1989), a List of Potential Emerald Sites in Serbia including 61 sites has been prepared. The total land area of these sites covers 1.019.269 ha which is equivalent to 11.54% of the territory of Serbia.
NATURA 2000
The Twinning Project Strengthening Administrative Capacities for Protected Areas in Serbia (NATURA 2000)” was developed in a partnership between the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning of Serbia, on the one hand, and the Environment Agency form Austria together with the European Public Law Organization from Greece, on the other hand. The Project started on January 1st 2010 and will be finalized on December 31st 2011. The Project will contribute to (a) the harmonization of the Serbian legislation with the EU nature directives (Birds and Habitats Directive); (b) the establishment of the Natura 2000 Network in accordance with the EU criteria; (c) the development of two pilot management plans for NATURA 2000 areas, and (d) the elaboration and implementation of a training programme, which will systematically deal with capacity building in development of the NATURA 2000 Network in Serbia.

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