Of the republic of kazakhstan state university

In response to their environment, most plants and animals have evolved some means of detecting light. This detection is generally the consequence of a chemical change in the organism resulting from the absorption of light energy. Plants display a general sensitivity to light; that is, they have no specific light-sensitive organs, yet they are able to detect light and grow or bend toward it. In animals, there is a tendency toward concentration of light-sensitive cells into specific areas or organs (e.g., the eyespots in planaria). The development of the eye represents perhaps the greatest concentration of light-sensitive cells in an organism. Increasing complexity of association with the nervous system allows the organism to perceive not only changes in light intensity, but also movement and form.

In today’s lab, examine the eye spots of Dugesia (a planarian worm) as you test whether Dugesia move towards or away from light. Which other species of worms have eyes? Why don’t the other species of worms have eyes?

Dorsal

Ventral

In response to their environment, most plants and animals have evolved some means of detecting light. This detection is generally the consequence of a chemical change in the organism resulting from the absorption of light energy. Plants display a general sensitivity to light; that is, they have no specific light-sensitive organs, yet they are able to detect light and grow or bend toward it. In animals, there is a tendency toward concentration of light-sensitive cells into specific areas or organs (e.g., the eyespots in planaria). The development of the eye represents perhaps the greatest concentration of light-sensitive cells in an organism. Increasing complexity of association with the nervous system allows the organism to perceive not only changes in light intensity, but also movement and form.

1. What are the three major processes that occur in the digestive system?

2. How does an earthworm process its food? What structure manually breaks down food particles?

3. What is the function of the intestine in all animals? What are the implications of increasing the length (and/or surface area) of the small intestine? How is the surface area of the earthworm intestine increased?

Of course, without a means of distributing both the food (glucose) and the gases (O2 and CO2) throughout the body, e.g., without a circulatory system, having gone to the trouble of finding a meal is useless. A circulatory system is essential in the transport of gases, nutrients, and hormones, as well as critical to aintaining homeostasis and protection of the body from infection. In lab, we will focus on the importance of the circulatory system for transport.

Now that you know the functions of the circulatory system, what are the major

components of the system? A true circulatory system consists of one (or more) pump(s), blood vessels and fluids. Circulatory systems are of two types: open or closed (you should understand the meaning of those terms). Simpler organisms such as planaria have a gastrovascular cavity to distribute materials to different body parts. Earthworms and squid have closed circulatory systems, whereas crayfish have open systems. Thus, you should think about the puzzle of why

certain organisms may have lost a closed circulatory system over evolutionary time.

You will not have the opportunity to look at the cellular components of blood in lab, but be sure to look at the invertebrate hearts and vessels, and think about the issues raised above.

ventral vessel and capillary beds in the gut, viscera, and skin; arrows indicate direction of

blood flow (from Withers, 1992, Comparative Animal Physiology)

Laboratory #15 The structure of sense organs in different groups of worms.

1. Olfactory and chemical senses.

2. Tactile organs.

3. The organs of taste.

4.Organs of vision.
Laboratory #16 Evolution and structure of the reproductive system of flat, round and annelids.

1. 
   Features of the structure of the reproductive system of worms.
   
2. 
   Sexual and asexual reproduction of worms.
   
3. 
   Hermaphroditism.
   

1. Basic and intermediate host.

2. Structure of larval worms.

3.Life cycles of worms.

1. 
   General characteristics of the type.
   
2. 
   Comparative characteristics of other types.
   

1. Avilable crustaceans due to water lifestyle.

1. 
   2. Function and limb dismemberment of the body of crustaceans
   

1. 
   Overview of the internal structure of crustaceans.
   
2. 
   Features of development and types of larvae.
   

1. Determination of the lower crustaceans.

2.Definition of higher crustaceans.
Laboratory #22 External and internal structure of Chelicerata.

1. 
   Avilable arachnid body parts.
   
2. 
   Features of the internal structure of arachnids.
   

1. 
   Features of the external structure myriapods.
   
2. 
   Internal structure of myriapods.
   

1. 
   Features of the external structure of insects. Dismemberment of the body.
   
2. 
   Types of specialized mouthparts.
   

1. Types of insect antennae.

2. Types of feet.

3. Types wings.

1. 
   Features of the internal structure of insects.
   
2. 
   Adaptation of terrestrial animals.
   

1. Features of the structure of the reproductive organs of insects.

2.Insect development. Complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
Laboratory #28 Clams external morphology.

1. Features of the external structure of shellfish.

2.Sink.
Laboratory #29 Internal structure of mollusks.

1. Features of the internal structure of mollusks.

2.Comparison of the internal structure of the various classes of molluscs.
Laboratory #30 Deuterostomates. Type Echinoderms.

1. Classes of animals are grouped in type echinoderms: crinoids, starfish, brittle stars, or zmeehvostki, sea urchins and sea cucumbers and sea cucumbers.

2. Features of the organization, peculiar representatives of all these classes and characterize the type of echinoderms. . Reproduction and development of echinoderms: crushing, gastrulation, principal types of larvae and their metamorphosis, particularly the process of formation of the mesoderm, formation of secondary cavity.

3.Distribution and lifestyle echinoderms.

7.1.1. R.Burns Invertebrate zoology. 1987 by CBS College Publishing.

2. 
   Догель В.А. Зоология беспозвоночных. -М., 1981.
   
3. 
   Курс зоологии. Зоология беспозво­ночных. В 2-х томах. -М., 1961,1966.
   
4. 
   Иванов А.В. и'др. Большой практикум по зоологии беспозвоночных. Т. 1. -М., 1981.
   

6. 
   Фролова Е.Н. и др. Практикум по зоологии беспозвоночных. -М, 1985
   
7. 
   Натали В.Ф. Зоология беспозвоночных. - М., 1981.
   
8. 
   Зеликман В.А. Практикум по зоологии беспозвоночных. М., 1982.
   

7.2. Additional literature

1. 
   Акимушкин И. Причуды природы. Смоленск. Русич, 1999.
   
2. 
   Андрианова Н.С. Экология насекомых. – М., 1970.
   
3. 
   Жизнь животных. Т. 1-3, М., 1969.
   
4. 
   Яхонтов В.В. Экология насекомых. – М., 1969.