Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options
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6AcknowledgementsThe work was funded primarily by the World Bank-administered Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development. Additional field expenses were met by the Sida-funded dry forest project to CIFOR. 7ReferencesAngelsen, A., and Wunder, S. 2003. Exploring the Forest-Poverty link. Key concepts, issues, and research implications. Occassional Paper No. 40. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. 58p. Arnold, J.E.M. and Townson, I. 1998. Assessing the Potential of Forest Product Activities to Contribute to Rural Incomes in Africa. ODI Natural Resource Perspectives, No. 37, November. Byron, N. and Anolds, M., 1999. What futures for the people of tropical forests. Cifor Working Paper 19. Bogor, Indonesia. Campbell, B.M., Jeffrey, S., Kozanayi, W., Luckert, M., Mutamba, M., & Zindi, C. (2002). Household Livelihoods in Semi-arid Regions: Options and Constraints. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor. Cavendish, W. 1997. 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The World Bank, Washington D.C. Annex 3: Towards community-based management of miombo woodlands in MozambiqueA. Salomão12. and F. Matose13 ABSTRACT This case study analyses the devolution of forest management in Mozambique. The analyses are augmented by reviews of five CBNRM projects. The locus of power has historically lay with the centre, with local communities not being part of the governance system. Although the legal regime for CBNRM can be seen as progressive, a major outstanding problem relates to its implementation. It remains vague on pertinent aspects of community involvement, including the extent of community rights, powers and benefits in relation to those of other stakeholders. Time is also needed to change the attitude of state and other bureaucrats; those who were implementing top-down management now have to devolve power; the previous mindset remains. Communities are often sceptical of the state, so some of the implementation problems also come from their side, with an unwillingness to fully engage. At the same time, while forests form an important facet of the Mozambican economy it is clear that mechanisms put in place for communities to economically benefit from the commercialization of forest resources occurring in their areas are not adequately and effectively delivering on the envisioned benefits. In particular, the management requirements placed on communities to engage in business ventures are too stringent and thus limit involvement in such ventures. Annex 1: Contribution of dry forests to rural livelihoods and the national economy in Zambia 1 1 Introduction 5 2 Methods 6 2.1 Review 6 2.2 Household survey 6 3 Forest resources in Zambia 7 4 Contributions to households 8 4.1 Some major forest products 8 4.2 Household use of forest resources – survey results 12 5 Contribution of forests to the national economy 17 5.1 Forest products contributing to the national economy 17 5.2 Contribution of forests to government revenue 20 6 Discussion and conclusions 21 7 Acknowledgements 22 8 References 22 Annex 2: Farming or Foraging? Rural livelihoods in Mafulira and Kabompo districts of Zambia 28 1 Introduction 32 2 Methods 34 2.1 The study sites 34 2.2 Sampling and data collection 36 3 Structure of local livelihoods: The assets 37 3.1 Human capital 37 3.2 Natural resource base 37 3.3 Physical assets 38 3.4 Financial resources 38 4 Composition of household Income 39 4.1 Structure of cash income 40 4.2 Income comparisons across sites 40 5 Discussion and conclusion 41 6 Acknowledgements 44 7 References 44 Annex 3: Towards community-based management of miombo woodlands in Mozambique 47 1 Introduction 50 2 Forest resources and community management and use of forests 52 2.1 Miombo woodland cover 52 2.2 Local use of woodland products and household livelihood strategies 53 2.3 Contribution of the forestry sector to poverty reduction 55 3 Legal and Institutional Framework for CBNRM 56 3.1 The constitutional recognition of community rights over natural resources 56 3.2 Legislation for the management of land (Land Law of 1997) 57 3.3 Legislation for wildlife and forest management (Wildlife and Forestry Law of 1999) 59 3.4 History counts when attitudes matter! 61 4 Community-based management – Insights from case studies 63 4.1 Project institutional arrangements and sustainability 64 4.2 Fine tuning the procedural and implementation aspects of CBNRM 67 4.3 The issue of institutional choice in CBNRM projects 68 4.4 Resource value and benefit sharing arrangements 70 4.5 The role of the private sector and private-community partnerships 73 4.6 The role of NGOs and donors 74 5 Discussion and conclusions 74 6 References 77 Annex 4: Economic Shocks and Miombo Woodland Resource Use: A household level study in Mozambique 80 1 Introduction 84 2 Methods 85 2.1 Study area 86 2.2 Research design 89 3 Analysis and results 91 3.1 Socio-economic summary of households 91 3.2 Type and extent of environmental resource use 91 3.3 Socio-economic differentiation and environmental resource use 92 3.4 Economic shocks and environmental resources use 95 4 Discussion 100 4.1 Household dependency on forest resources 101 4.2 Socio-economic factors and environmental resource use 101 5 Conclusions 102 6 Acknowledgements 103 7 References 103 Annex 5: Poverty, environmental income and rural inequality: A case study from Zimbabwe 106 1 Introduction 110 2 Research area, data collection, definitions 111 2.1 Research area 111 2.2 Data collection 111 2.3 Environmental resource use data set 111 2.4 Basic definitions: Consumption, income, poverty and inequality 112 3 The basic income accounts 114 4 Inequality and environmental resources 115 5 The causes of poverty and inequality 118 5.1 Environmental income and the causes of poverty 118 5.2 Environmental income and the origins of inequality 121 5.3 Discussion: environmental income and barriers to entry 121 6 Conclusions 122 7 Acknowledgements 124 8 References 124 Annex 6: Silviculture and management of miombo woodlands to improve livelihood outcomes 129 1 Introduction 133 What is miombo? 133 Land-use patterns in miombo 133 Local livelihoods and resource use 134 Purpose of this paper 135 Approach 136 2 Existing use and management of miombo 136 Woody resources 137 2.2 Non-wood products 140 2.3 Service functions of woodlands 144 3 Emerging themes in the management of miombo woodland 145 3.1 Support for indigenous practices and institutions 145 3.2 Management through fire and grazing 146 3.3 Promoting regeneration and increased productivity 147 3.4 Silvicultural systems 148 3.5 Systems and practices for multiple use 150 3.6 Domestication 151 3.7 Substitution 151 4 Conclusions 151 5 References 154 Annex 7: Improving policy outcomes for the management of miombo woodlands 164 1 Introduction 168 1.1 Approach 169 1.2 Understanding the barriers to the sustainable use and management of miombo 169 2 The institutional landscape 171 2.1 Developments in the international aid architecture 171 2.2 National policy developments 171 2.3 Revisiting the analytical framework 174 3 Getting the mix right: policy options for the Southern African dry woodlands 179 3.1 Forests are still a valuable resource at household level, but… 179 3.2 Resource rights are shifting to local people, but …. 185 3.3 New integrated conservation-development markets are expanding and emerging but … 190 3.4 Miombo woodlands have low inherent productivity 200 4 Conclusions 201 4.1 Access, use and management 201 4.2 Reducing livelihoods risk 201 4.3 Contributing to rural growth 202 4.4 Governance and institutions 202 5 References 202 |