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In The Women of Mexico City, 1796-1857,In The Women of Mexico City, 1796-1857, Sylvia Marina Arrom argues that the status of women in Mexico City improved during the nineteenth century. According to Arrom, households headed by females and instances of women working outside the home were much more common than scholars have estimated; efforts by the Mexican government to encourage female education resulted in increased female literacy; and influential male writers wrote pieces (5: a literary, journalistic, artistic, dramatic, or musical composition 9: OPINION, VIEW “spoke his piece”) advocating education, employment, and increased family responsibilities for women, while deploring women’s political and marital inequality. Mention of the fact that the civil codes of 1870 and 1884 significantly advanced women’s rights would have further strengthened Arrom’s argument. Arrom does not discuss whether women’s improved status counteracted the effects on women of instability in the Mexican economy during the nineteenth century. However, this is not so much a weakness in her work as it is the inevitable result of scholars’ neglect of this period. Indeed, such gaps in Mexican history are precisely what make Arrom’s pioneering study an important addition to Latin American women’s history. 24. The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following? (A) Reviewing a historical study of the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth century (B) Analyzing the effects of economic instability on the status of women in Mexico during the nineteenth century (C) Advancing a thesis explaining why women’s status in Mexico City improved during the nineteenth century (D) Rejecting the thesis that the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth century actually improved（A） (E) Praising an author for a pioneering attempt to bridge significant gaps in Mexico’s economic history prior to 1790 25. According to the author of the passage, Arrom’s study can be characterized as “an important addition to Latin American women’s history” (lines 21-22) because it (A) offers a radical thesis concerning the status of women’s civil rights in Mexican society during the nineteenth century (B) relies on a new method of historical analysis that has not previously been applied to Latin American history (C) focuses only on the status of women in Mexican society (D) addresses a period in Mexican history that scholars have to some extent (to some extent: 某种程度上, (多少)有一点) neglected（D） (E) is the first study to recognize the role of the Mexican government in encouraging women’s education 26. It can be inferred from the passage that Arrom would agree with which of the following assertions? (A) Efforts by the Mexican government to encourage education for women during the nineteenth century were hampered by the economic instability of that period. (B) The most significant advances in the rights of Mexican women during the nineteenth century occurred prior to 1857. (C) Improvements in the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth century were accompanied by similar improvements in the status of women in other large Latin American cities. (D) Scholars have in the past accorded the most significance to nineteenth-century Mexican literature that supported the status quo in women’s political and marital rights.（E） (E) Scholars have in the past underestimated the number of households headed by females in Mexico City. 27. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Arrom’s work? (A) Uncritical approval (B) Enthusiasm tempered by minor reservations (C) Praise for her thesis, despite skepticism regarding the sources of her evidence (D) Reluctant acceptance, despite lingering doubts regarding the accuracy of her thesis（B） (E) Rejection, despite admiration for her attempt to break new ground in a hitherto neglected field
In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy (constitutional monarchy: n.君主立宪政体) of Louis-Philippe. Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris—July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871—there exists at least a sketch of participants’ backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of (in the case of: adv.在...的情况) the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other “successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of (a mass of: adj.大量的) invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out (search out: v.寻找到) and punish the rebels. Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents. 17. According to the passage, “a useful description of participants” (lines 11-12) exists for which of the following insurrections of nineteenth-century France? I. The July Insurrection of 1830 II. The February Revolution of 1848 III. The June insurrection of 1848 IV. The May insurrection of 1871 (A) I and III only (B) II and IV only (C) I, II, and III only (D) I, III, and IV only（D） (E) II, III, and IV only 18. It can be inferred from the passage that support for the objectives of the February Revolution was (A) negligible (B) misguided (C) fanatical (D) spontaneous（E） (E) widespread 19. Which of the following, best describes the organization of the second paragraph?（A不对，因为至少不能说是The thesis of the passage，最多也只能算是The thesis of the PARAGRAPH） (A) The thesis of the passage is stated and supporting evidence systematically presented. (B) Two views regarding the thesis presented in the first paragraph are compared and contrasted. (C) Evidence refuting the thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically presented. (D) The thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically supported.（D） (E) The thesis presented in the first paragraph is further defined and a conclusion drawn. 20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for understanding a revolutionary mobilization? (A) A comprehensive theory of revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century (B) Awareness of the events necessary for a revolution to be successful (C) Access to narratives and memoirs written by eyewitnesses of a given revolution (D) The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time（E） (E) Knowledge of the socioeconomic backgrounds of a revolution’s participants 21. Which of the following can be inferred about the “detailed judicial dossiers” referred to in line 49? (A) Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolution’s participants. (B) The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the revolution’s leaders in their personal memoirs. (C) The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a revolution’s participants. (D) Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.（A） (E) The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection. 22. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in lines 38-39? (A) The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830. (B) The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily. (C) Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848. (D) Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.（B） (E) The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848. 23. With which of the following statements regarding revolution would the author most likely agree? (A) Revolutionary mobilization requires a great deal of planning by people representing disaffected groups. (B) The objectives of the February Revolution were more radical than those of the June insurrection. (C) The process of revolutionary mobilization varies greatly from one revolution to the next. (D) Revolutions vary greatly in the usefulness of the historical records that they produce.（D） (E) As knowledge of the February Revolution increases, chances are good that its importance will eventually eclipse that of the June insurrection.
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