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Global biodiversity outlook 31


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82 WWF (2010). Amazon Region Protected Areas. http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/amazon/arpa.html


83Personal communication, Environment Canada

84 Ministry of environment and forests of Madagascar (2009). Madagascar’s fourth National report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mg/mg-nr-04-fr.pdf

85 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2010).Overlays with biodiversity http://www.twentyten.net/paoverlays

86 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2010). Overlays with biodiversity http://www.twentyten.net/paoverlays

87 Ricketts, T. H., Dinerstein, E., Boucher, T., Brooks, T. M., Butchart, S. H. M., Hoffmann, M., et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(51), 18497-501. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.abstract

88 Fiona Leverington, Marc Hockings and Katia Lemos Costa (2008). Management effectiveness evaluation in protected areas: Report for the project ‘Global study into management effectiveness evaluation of protected areas’, The University of Queensland, Gatton, IUCN WCPA, TNC, WWF, Australia. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/maangementeffectiveness2008.pdf

89 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2010). Management effectiveness of protected areas. http://www.twentyten.net/pamanagement

90 Berkes, F. (2009). Community conserved areas: policy issues in historic and contemporary context. Conservation Letters, 2(1), 20-25. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/conl/2009/00000002/00000001/art00005

91 Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (2009). A Bold New Frontier for Conservation http://www.iccaforum.org/.

92 Molnar, A., S. Scherr, and A. Khare. 2003. Who conserves the world's forests? A new assessment of conservation and investment trends. Ecoagriculture Partners, Washington, D.C., USA. http://www.rainforestcoalition.org/documents/ForestTrends-WhoConserves2007-23.pdf

93 Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (2009). A Bold New Frontier for Conservation

http://www.iccaforum.org/

94 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological diversity (2008), Mainstreaming Biodiversity: Workshops on national biodiversity strategies and action plans. SCBD, Montreal, Canada. http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-brochure-nbsap-ws-en.pdf

95 Nepal, S. K. (2002). Involving Indigenous Peoples in Protected Area Management: Comparative Perspectives from Nepal, Thailand, and China. Environmental Management, 30(6), 0748-0763. http://www.springerlink.com/content/dl93ckcwj449hl8v/

96 Bhagwat, S. A., Kushalappam C.G., Williams, P.H., & Brown, N.D. (2005). The Role of Informal Protected Areas in Maintaining Biodiversity in the Western Ghats of India. Ecology and Society 10(1):8. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art8/

97 Bhagwat, S. A., & Rutte, C. (2006). Sacred Groves: Potential for Biodiversity Management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(10), 519-524. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4%5B519%3ASGPFBM%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=fron

98 Salick, J., Amend, A., Anderson, D., Hoffmeister, K., Gunn, B., & Zhendong, F. (2007). Tibetan sacred sites conserve old growth trees and cover in the eastern Himalayas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16(3), 693-706. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b210277k24813t1l/

99 Wild, R.G. and J. Mutebi. 1996. Conservation through community use: Establishing resource use and joint management at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. People and Plants working paper 5. UNESCO, Paris.

100 Cunningham, A.B. 1996. People, park and plant use. Recommendations for multiple-use zones and development alternatives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. People and Plants working paper 4. UNESCO, Paris. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001091/109173e.pdf

101 Kamatenesi, M.M., Hoft, M., Hoft, R., Cunningham A.B. & R. Bukenya Ziraba. (in press) Sustainable harvesting of medicinal barks (Rytigynia spp., Rubiaceae) in multiple-use zones around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Economic Botany

102 Cinner, J., Marnane, M. J., McClanahan, T. R.& Almany, G. R. (2005). Periodic closures as adaptive coral reef management in the Indo-Pacific. Ecology and Society 11(1): 31. http://www.ecologyand society.org/vol11/iss1/art31/

103 Webbe, J,. (2008). Mainstreaming Biodiversity within Climate Change Adaptation: Review by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Climate Change Adaptation. http://www.globalcollab.org/gci/adaptnet/policy/2008/mainstreaming-biodiversity/#sdfootnote12anc

104 Sukhdev, P. (2008) The Economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: an interim report. European Communities (http://www.teebweb.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5y_qRGJPOao%3d&tabid=1018&language=en-US)

105 Gallai, N., Salles, J., Settele, J., & Vaissière, B. E. (2009). Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics, 68(3), 810-821. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDY-4T4J0BG-1&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F15%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1303119812&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cdeafe2e3838b9830a867f0dc200fbd3

106 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers – Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature 2009. (http://www.teebweb.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=I4Y2nqqIiCg%3d&tabid=1278&language=en-US)

107 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). In-depth Review of the Programme of Work on the Biological Diversity of Inland Water Ecosystems. (UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/14/INF/3) https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-14/information/sbstta-14-inf-03-en.pdf

108 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). In-depth Review of the Programme of Work on the Biological Diversity of Inland Water Ecosystems. (UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/14/INF/3) https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-14/information/sbstta-14-inf-03-en.pdf

109 Personal Communication (2009). UNEP-WCMC

110 Gallego-Fernandez, J.B., García-Mora, M. R., and García -Novo, F. (1999). Small Wetlands Lost: A Biological Conservation Hazard in Mediterranean Landscapes. Environmental Conservation, 26(03), 190-199. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=38475

111 UNEP (2007) Global Environment Outlook 4 – Environment for Development (GEO-4). United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/GEO-4_Report_Full_en.pdf

112 UNEP (2010). Support for Environmental Management of the Iraqi Marshlands. http://marshlands.unep.or.jp/

113 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2010). Water Quality Index for Biodiversity. http://www.twentyten.net/wqib

114 World Water Assessment Programme. 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan. http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/

115 World Water Assessment Programme. 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan. http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/WWDR3_Water_in_a_Changing_World.pdf

116 Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M., & Revenga, C. (2005). Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems. Science, 308(5720), 405-408. http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5720/405

117 Vörösmarty, C. J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P., & Syvitski, J. P. M. (2003). Anthropogenic sediment retention: major global impact from registered river impoundments. Global and Planetary Change, 39(1-2), 169-190. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VF0-48NX81V-2&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1316701998&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=01733454c60e3f6292b3df30bf9d5d08

118 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends: findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group / edited by Rashid Hassan, Robert Scholes, Neville Ash. Island Press. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Condition.aspx

119 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). In-depth Review of the Programme of Work on the Biological Diversity of Inland Water Ecosystems. (UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/14/INF/3) https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-14/information/sbstta-14-inf-03-en.pdf

120 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers – Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature 2009. (http://www.teebweb.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=I4Y2nqqIiCg%3d&tabid=1278&language=en-US)

121 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009). Connecting Biodiversity and Climate

Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on



Biodiversity and Climate Change. Montreal, Technical Series No. 41. http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-41-en.pdf

122 FAO (2007). The World’s Mangroves 1980-2005: A Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1427e/a1427e00.htm

123 Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., et al. (2009). Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(30), 12377-12381. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/07/07/0905620106.

124 Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C. M., Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G. (Eds). 2009. Blue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/blue-carbon/.

125 Beck, M.B., R.D. Brumbaugh, L.Airoldi, A. Carranza, L.D. Coen, C. Crawford, O.Defeo, G.J. Edgar, B. Hancock, M. Kay, H. Lenihan, M.W. Luckenbach, C.L. Toropova, G. Zhang. 2009. Shellfish Reefs at Risk: A Global Analysis of Problems and Solutions. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington Virginia http://conserveonline.org/library/shellfish-reefs-at-risk-report/@@view.html

126 Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C. M., Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G. (Eds). 2009. Blue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/blue-carbon/.

127 Bruno, J. F., & Selig, E. R. (2007). Regional Decline of Coral Cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, Extent, and Subregional Comparisons. PLoS ONE, 2(8), e711. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000711

128 Biodiversity Indicators Partnerhip (2010). Extent of assorted ecosystems. http://www.twentyten.net/assortedhabitats

129 Biodiversity Indicators Partnerhip (2010). Extent of assorted ecosystems. http://www.twentyten.net/assortedhabitats

130 Paddack, M. J., Reynolds, J. D., Aguilar, C., Appeldoorn, R. S., Beets, J., Burkett, E. W., et al. (2009). Recent Region-wide Declines in Caribbean Reef Fish Abundance. Current Biology, 19(7), 590-595. http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(09)00751-9

131 Alvarez-Filip, L., Dulvy, N. K., Gill, J. A., Côté, I. M., & Watkinson, A. R. (2009). Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society, 276(1669), 3019-3025. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/06/05/rspb.2009.0339.abstract

132 Australian Government (2009). Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/41198/OutlookReportFull.pdf

133 Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) (in press). Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna

The Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Arctic Biodiversity Trends – 2010 selected indicators of trends.



134 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2008). Synthesis and Review of the Best Available Scientific Studies on Priority Areas for Biodiversity Conservation in Marine Areas beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction. Montreal, Technical Series No. 37, 63 pages. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-37-en.pdf

135 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009). Scientific Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidication on Marine Biodiversity. Montreal, Technical Series No. 46, 61 pages. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-46-en.pdf

136 Worm, B., Hilborn, R., Baum, J. K., Branch, T. A., Collie, J. S., Costello, C., et al. (2009). Rebuilding Global Fisheries. Science, 325(5940), 578-585. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/325/5940/578

137 Worm, B., Hilborn, R., Baum, J. K., Branch, T. A., Collie, J. S., Costello, C., et al. (2009). Rebuilding Global Fisheries. Science, 325(5940), 578-585. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/325/5940/578

138 Pauly, D., & Watson, R. (2005). Background and Interpretation of the 'Marine Trophic Index' as a Measure of Biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 360(1454), 415-423. (http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/415.full)

139 Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., et al. (2010). Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines. Science, science.1187512. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/science.1187512v1

 Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). Fourth National Reports.

140 Spalding, M. D., Fish, L., & Wood, L. J. (2008). Toward representative protection of the world's coasts and oceans - progress, gaps, and opportunities. Conservation Letters, 1, 217-226. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/conl/2008/00000001/00000005/art00004

141 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2010). Coverage of protected areas. http://www.twentyten.net/pacoverage

142Govan, H. et al. 2009. Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South

Pacific: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs. SPREP/WWF/WorldFish-Reefbase/CRISP. http://www.crisponline.net/Portals/1/PDF/0904_C3A_Govan_MMAs.pdf



143 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). Report on Implementation of the Programme of Work on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-14/information/sbstta-14-inf-02-en.pdf

144 Wilcox, C., and Donlan, C. J. (2007). Compensatory mitigation as a solution to fisheries bycatch-biodiversity conservation conflicts. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(6), 325-331. (http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5%5B325:CMAAST%5D2.0.CO%3B2)

145 TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers – Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature 2009. (http://www.teebweb.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=I4Y2nqqIiCg%3d&tabid=1278&language=en-US)

146 Aburto-Oropeza, O. E. A. (2008). Mangroves in the Gulf of California increase fishery yields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(30), 10456-10459. (http://www.pnas.org/content/105/30/10456.abstract)

147 Conabio. 2009. Capital natural de México, vol. II : Estado de conservación y tendencias de cambio.

Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, México. http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/pais/edoConservacion.html



148 Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (2008). China’s Fourth National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cn/cn-nr-04-en.pdf

149 Xu, H., Tang. X., Liu, J., Ding, H., Wu, J., Zhand, M. Yang, Q., Cai, L., Zhao, H., & Liu, Y. (2009). China’s Progress Toward the Significant Reduction of the Rate of Biodiversity Loss. Bioscience, 59(10), 843-852. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1525/bio.2009.59.10.6?journalCode=bisi.

150 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009) The Convention on Biological Diversity Plant Conservation Report: A Review of Progress in Implementing the Global Strategy of Plant Conservation (GSPC). http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/plant-conservation-report-en.pdf

151 FAO (1997). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/agps/PGRFA/pdf/SWRFULL2.PDF

152 FAO 2009. Draft second report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/ak528e.pdf

153 FAO. 2007. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Barbara Rischkowsky & Dafydd Pilling. Rome. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm)

154 FAO. 2007. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Barbara Rischkowsky & Dafydd Pilling. Rome. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm)

155 FAO. 2007. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Barbara Rischkowsky & Dafydd Pilling. Rome. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm)

156 FAO. 2007. The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Barbara Rischkowsky & Dafydd Pilling. Rome. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm)

157 Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M. D., Falcon, W. P., & Naylor, R. L. (2008). Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030. Science, 319(5863), 607-610. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5863/607

158 Burke, M.B., et al., (in Press). Shifts in African crop climates by 2050, and the implications for crop improvement and genetic resources conservation. Global Environ. Change

159 Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S. and Hawthorne, P. (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 319, 1235-1238. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1152747

160 Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R.A., Dong, F. X., Elobeid,A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D. and Yu, T. H. (2008) Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science, 319, 1238-1240. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1151861

161 Vié, J.-C., Hilton-Taylor, C. and Stuart, S.N. (eds.) (2009). Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 9 http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/RL-2009-001.pdf

162 WWF (2008). Living Planet Report 2008. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland. (http://assets.panda.org/downloads/living_planet_report_2008.pdf)

163 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (2010). Living Planet Index. http://www.twentyten.net/lpi

164 Koh, L. P., & David S. Wilcove. (2008). Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conservation Letters, 1(2), 60-64. (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120696728/abstract)

165 Aratrakorn, S., Thunhikorn, S., and Donald, P. F. (2006). Changes in Bird Communities Following Conversion of Lowland Forest to Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Southern Thailand. Bird Conservation International, 16(01), 71-82. (http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=433868)

166 UNFPA (2007). State of the World Population 2007 – Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. United Nations Population Fund, New York. (http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/presskit/pdf/sowp2007_eng.pdf)

167 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being : current state and trends: findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group/edited by Rashid Hassan, Robert Scholes, Neville Ash. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Condition.aspx

168 World Water Assessment Programme. 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan. (http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/WWDR3_Water_in_a_Changing_World.pdf)
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