Bios 314 Some suggestions for learning assessment exercise #1 Lecture 02 Terminology, Evolution and Systematics

Terms:

Transverse, Frontal, Sagittal, Parasagittal, Constraints (in regards to evolution), Adaptation, Preadaptation, Homology (homologous), Analogy (analogous), Phylogeny, Cladistics or Phylogenetic Systematics, synapomorphy, plesiomorphy, Derived trait

How is a data matrix useful for creating cladograms?

Lecture 03 Phylogeny of chordates and craniates

Chordata, tunicates (identify incurrent siphon, endostyle, excurrent siphon. notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord), cephalochordates, amphioxus, Branchiostoma, craniates, Somitichordates

Urochordata Life Cycle

know what taxa make the following clades, some examples of animals within, and the synapomorphies that define them:

Craniata, Vertebrata Myxiniformes, Cephalaspidomorphi.(Petromyzontiformes), Gnathostomata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Actinopterygii, Chondrostei, Lepisosteiformes, Polypteriformes (Amiiformes), Actinistia, Dipnoi, Lissamphibia, Amniota, Testudines, Lepidosauria, Archosauria, Crocodylia, Aves, Mammalia, Monotremata, Theria, Metatheria, Eutheria


Lecture 06 Brief overview of chordate embryology

Define the following terms and explain their usefulness in comparative anatomy:

gametes, Gametogenesis, Fertilization, zygote, cleavage, blastula, blastomeres,

Discoidal, Gastrulation, germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm, neural crest ,mesoderm

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  How does surfacearea and volume change as an animal changes size?
  
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  What do think was meant by the quote from J.B.S. Haldane: "Comparative anatomy is the story of the struggle to increase surface area in proportion to volume".
  

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  Define allometry and isometry
  
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  How is vector analysis useful in understanding biological systems?
  
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  In a simple first order lever system, how do we maximize strength? speed?
  
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  How does the position of the limbs affect an animals ability to move?
  

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  Define: stresses, strain, compression, tension, shear, torsion, turbulence,
  
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  As an animal changes in size, how does the above affect it?
  
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  What is 'Wolfe's Law' and what does it tell us about bone growth
  
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  What are the functions of a skeletal system
  
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  How does a bone get longer?
  
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  Define the following and their role in structural design:
  

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  What is the function of the integument?
  

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  Define the following terms: Epidermis, Stratum germinativum, Stratum corneum, Dermis, stratum spongiosum, stratum compactum, Homeotherms, Heterotherms, Chromatophores (Melanophores), Iridophores, Lipophores (carotenoids), Enamel, Ganoine, Dentine, Dermal Bones, Osteoderms (of reptiles)
  

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  What are the primary driving forces affecting the phylogenetic basis for the structure of the integument
  

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  What is the difference in development between a Rhinoceros horn, Giraffe horn, Antlers, Pronghorns,True horns
  

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  How can we classify muscles by function? What are the advantages/disadvantages to the different categories?
  
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  Understand the basics of muscle contraction to the detail we discussed it in class
  
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  What is the function of the sarcomere?
  
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  What is a length/tension curve?
  
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  How do we increase strength in the short term? Long term? Phylogenetically?
  
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  What is muscle power?
  
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  what is the difference in anatomy and function of a parallel vs pinnate muscle?
  

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  Define the following terms: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction levators, depressors, supinators, pronators, constrictors (sphincters), dilators