CEDAW General Recommendation No.
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Subject of CEDAW General Recommendation
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Specific Guidance and Recommendations Relevant to Women’s Economic and Social Rights510
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General Recommendation no. 3
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Education and public information campaigns511
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Urges States to adopt education and public information programs to eliminate prejudices and current practices that hinder the full operation of the principle of the social equality of women.
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General Recommendation no. 5
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Temporary special measures512
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Recommends that States make more use of temporary special measures such as positive action, preferential treatment or quota systems to advance women’s integration into education, the economy, politics and employment.
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General Recommendation no. 6
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Effective national machinery and publicity513
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Urges States to establish and/or strengthen effective national machinery, institutions and procedures, at a high level of Government, and with adequate resources, commitment and authority to: (a) Advise on the impact on women of all government policies; (b) Monitor the situation of women comprehensively; and (c) Help formulate new policies and effectively carry out strategies and measures to eliminate discrimination.
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General Recommendation no. 9
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Statistical data concerning the situation of women514
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Recommends that States ensure that their national statistical services responsible for planning national censuses and other social and economic surveys formulate their questionnaires in such a way that data can be disaggregated according to gender.
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General Recommendation no. 13
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Equal remuneration for work of equal value515
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Encourages States to ratify the International Labour Organisation Convention No. 100 concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value.
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General Recommendation no. 14
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Female circumcision516
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Recommends that States take appropriate and effective measures with a view to eradicating the practice of female circumcision and that they include in their national health policies appropriate strategies aimed at eradicating female circumcision in public health care.
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General Recommendation no. 15
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Avoidance of discrimination against women in national strategies for the prevention and control of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)517
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Recommends (a) that that States intensify efforts in disseminating information to increase public awareness of the risk of HIV infection and AIDS, especially in women and children, and of its effects on them; (b) that programs to combat AIDS should give special attention to the rights and needs of women and children, and to the factors relating to the reproductive role of women and their subordinate position in some societies which make them especially vulnerable to HIV infection; (c) that States ensure the active participation of women in primary health care and take measures to enhance their role as care providers, health workers and educators in the prevention of infection with HIV; and (d) that States include in their reports under article 12 of the Convention information on the effects of AIDS on the situation of women and on the action taken to cater to the needs of those women who are infected and to prevent specific discrimination against women in response to AIDS.
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General Recommendation no. 16
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Unpaid women workers in rural and urban family enterprises518
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Affirms that unpaid work constitutes a form of women’s exploitation that is contrary to the Convention, and recommends that States: (a) include in their reports to the Committee information on the legal and social situation of unpaid women working in family enterprises; (b) collect statistical data on women who work without payment, social security and social benefits in enterprises owned by a family member, and include these data in their report to the Committee; and (c) take the necessary steps to guarantee payment, social security and social benefits for women who work without such benefits in enterprises owned by a family member.
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General Recommendation no. 17
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Measurement and quantification of the unremunerated domestic activities of women and their recognition in the gross national product519
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Recommends that States encourage and support research and experimental studies to measure and value the unremunerated domestic activities of women; for example, by conducting time-use surveys as part of their national household survey programs and by collecting statistics disaggregated by gender on time spent on activities both in the household and on the labor market; and that they take steps to quantify and include the unremunerated domestic activities of women in the gross national product.
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General Recommendation no. 18
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Disabled women520
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Recommends that States provide information on disabled women in their periodic reports, and on measures taken to deal with their particular situation, including special measures to ensure that they have equal access to education and employment, health services and social security, and to ensure that they can participate in all areas of social and cultural life.
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General Recommendation no. 19
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Violence against women521
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Provides various recommendations to States related to elimination of violence against women. Highlights that poverty and unemployment increase opportunities for trafficking in women, as well as force many women, including young girls, into prostitution. Notes that equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to gender-specific violence, such as sexual harassment in the workplace. Underscores that States should take appropriate and effective measures to overcome all forms of gender-based violence, whether by public or private act. It also recognizes that lack of economic independence forces many women to stay in violent relationships.
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General Recommendation no. 21
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Equality in marriage and family relations522
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Notes that the responsibilities that women have to bear and raise children affect their right of access to education, employment and other activities related to their personal development, and impose inequitable burdens of work on women. The General Recommendation also notes that women have the right to choose a profession or employment that is best suited to her abilities, qualifications and aspirations. It also reiterates a woman’s right to own, manage, enjoy and dispose of property, which “is central to a woman’s right to enjoy financial independence.” This General Recommendation also provides specific guidance on marital property and inheritance, and highlights that when girls marry and have children, their health can be adversely affected and their education is impeded. As a result their economic autonomy is restricted.
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General Recommendation no. 24
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Women and health523
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Requires States to eliminate discrimination against women in their access to health-care services throughout the life cycle, particularly in the areas of family planning, pregnancy and confinement and during the post-natal period. Notes that the full realization of women’s right to health can be achieved only when States parties fulfill their obligation to respect, protect and promote women’s fundamental human right to nutritional well-being throughout their lifespan by means of a food supply that is safe, nutritious and adapted to local conditions. Notes socio-economic factors that vary for women in general and some groups of women in particular. For example, unequal power relationships between women and men in the home and workplace may negatively affect women’s nutrition and health. They may also be exposed to different forms of violence which can affect their health. Girl children and adolescent girls are often vulnerable to sexual abuse by older men and family members, placing them at risk of physical and psychological harm and unwanted and early pregnancy. Some cultural or traditional practices such as female genital mutilation also carry a high risk of death and disability. The General Recommendation underscores the duty of States to take all appropriate measures to ensure adequate living conditions, particularly housing, sanitation, electricity and water supply, transport and communications, all of which are critical for the prevention of disease and the promotion of good health care. It further calls upon States to ensure, on a basis of equality of women and men, access to health-care services, information and education implies an obligation to respect, protect and fulfill women’s rights to health care.
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General Recommendation no. 25
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Temporary special measures524
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Provides guidance on the concept of substantive equality, highlighting that a formal legal or programmatic approach is not sufficient to achieve women’s de facto equality with men, which the Committee interprets as substantive equality. In addition, the Convention requires that women be given an equal start and that they be empowered by an enabling environment to achieve equality of results. It is not enough to guarantee women treatment that is identical to that of men. Rather, biological as well as socially and culturally constructed differences between women and men must be taken into account. Under certain circumstances, non-identical treatment of women and men will be required in order to address such differences. Pursuit of the goal of substantive equality also calls for an
effective strategy aimed at overcoming
under-representation of women and a redistribution of resources and power between women and men. The General Recommendation encourages States to adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the equal participation of women in, inter alia, economic, social, and cultural fields.
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General Recommendation no. 26
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Women migrant workers525
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Describes the common responsibilities of countries of origin and destination with respect to women migrant workers. The General recommendation highlights the obligation of States to ensure safe
migration procedures and the obligation to
respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of women throughout the migration cycle. Those obligations must be undertaken in recognition of the social and economic contributions of women migrant workers to their own countries and countries of destination, including through caregiving and domestic work.
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General Recommendation no. 27
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Older women and protection of their human rights526
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Notes that States have an obligation to eliminate discrimination in all its forms against older women in economic and social life. In relation to work and pension benefits, the General Recommendation provides that States have an obligation to ensure that pension policies are not discriminatory in any manner, even when women opt to retire early, and that all older women who have been active have access to adequate pensions. States parties should adopt all appropriate measures, including, where necessary, temporary special measures, to guarantee such pensions. The General Recommendation also provides that States should ensure that older women, including those who have the responsibility for the care of children, have access to appropriate social and economic benefits, such as childcare benefits, as well as access to all necessary support when caring for elderly parents or relatives. Similarly, States should provide adequate non-contributory pensions, on an equal basis with men, to all women who have no other pension or insufficient income security, and State-funded allowances should be made available and accessible to older women, particularly those living in remote or rural areas.
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General Recommendation no. 28
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Core obligations of States parties under Article 2527
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Notes that States must address all aspects of their legal obligations under the Convention to respect, protect and fulfill women’s right to non-discrimination and to the enjoyment of equality. Notes also that States have an obligation not to cause discrimination against women through acts or omissions; they are further obliged to react actively against discrimination against women, regardless of whether such acts or omissions are perpetrated by the State or by
private actors.
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General Recommendation no. 29
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Economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution528
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Notes that family structures, gendered labor division within the family and family laws affect women’s economic well-being no less than labor market structures and labor laws. Indeed, women often do not equally enjoy their family’s economic wealth and gains, and they usually bear greater cost than men upon the breakdown of the family and may be left destitute upon widowhood, especially if they have children and particularly where the State provides little or no economic safety net. The General Recommendation makes various recommendation with respect to Constitutional and legal frameworks, forms of family, economic aspects of family formation, economic aspects during relationship, and economic and financial consequences upon dissolution of relationships.
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