Supplementary Tables
Table S1. Local parameters, soil physicochemical properties and vegetation of sampled soil sites along the salt marsh chronosequence at the island of Schiermonnikoog, The Netherlands. The referred months of sampling were performed in 2012. The mycorrhiza formation by dominant plant taxa is indicated: AM – forming arbuscular mycorrhiza, NM – typically non-mycorrhizal.
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Stage 0
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Stage 5
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Stage 35
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Stage 65
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Stage 105
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Sites location
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Latitude
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Plots A
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53°30’18’’N
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53°30’7’’N
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53°29’59’’N
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53°29’35’’N
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53°28’56’’N
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Plots B
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53°30’18’’N
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53°30’7’’N
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53°29’59’’N
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53°29’37’’N
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53°28’56’’N
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Plots C
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53°30’18’’N
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53°30’7’’N
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53°29’59’’N
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53°29’37’’N
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53°28’57’’N
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Longitude
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Plots A
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6°19’51’’E
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6°19’54’’E
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6°18’57’’E
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6°16’20’’E
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6°14’3’’E
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Plots B
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6°19’52’’E
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6°19’55’’E
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6°18’59’’E
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6°16’21’’E
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6°14’2’’E
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Plots C
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6°19’54’’E
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6°19’56’’E
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6°18’60’’E
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6°16’19’’E
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6°14’1’’E
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Physical structure
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Silt (%)
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2.7±0.5
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2.9±0.1
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22.3±0.4
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44.5±2.2
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49.0±0.7
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Clay (%)
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5.0±0.0
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5.0±0.0
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23.4±1.5
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36.2±1.3
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37.7±0
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Sand (%)
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92.3±0.5
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92.1±0.1
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54.3±1.5
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19.3±1.0
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13.3±0.7
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Dominant plant cover
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na*
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Spergularia media (NM)
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Limonium vulgare (AM)
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Festuca rubra (AM)
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Elytrigia atherica (NM)
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Aster tripolium (AM)
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Juncus gerardi (NM)
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Artemisia maritima (AM)
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Elytrigia atherica (NM)
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Limonium vulgare (AM)
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Measured parameters
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Sampling Months
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May
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July
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Sept
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Nov
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May
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July
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Sept
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Nov
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May
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July
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Sept
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Nov
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May
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July
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Sept
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Nov
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May
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July
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Sept
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Nov
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Soil water content (%)
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11±1
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11±1
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12±1
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13±1
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7±1
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7±1
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10±1
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13±0
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36±2
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38±2
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36±3
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38±1
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48±1
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46±2
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45±3
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56±4
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38±2
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35±1
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35±1
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44±3
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pH
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8.7±0.1
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8.7±0.1
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8.6±0.1
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8.6±0.1
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8.3±0.1
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8.3±0.1
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8.3±0.1
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8.3±0.1
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7.7±0.1
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7.8±0.1
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7.8±0.1
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7.8±0.0
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7.4±0.0
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7.4±0.1
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7.4±0.1
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7.4±0.1
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7.6±0.0
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7.4±0.1
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7.4±0.1
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7.5±0.1
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Total organic matter (g dm-3)
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1±0
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1±0
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1±0
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1±0
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2±1
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2±1
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2±0
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3±1
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17±1
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15±1
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14±1
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15±1
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47±1
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38±2
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33±1
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33±2
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32±2
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31±1
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34±2
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28±1
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Sulphate (mg dm-3)
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16±3
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13±1
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95±4
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75±4
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32±4
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43±5
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180±4
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203±9
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670±13
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130±12
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113±10
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53±4
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704±5
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550±26
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452±23
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67±11
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539±13
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423±12
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498±5
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416±26
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Sodium (mg dm-3)
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155±13
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178±19
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752±88
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647±182
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170±15
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187±9
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1248±38
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1587±89
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6836±240
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3782±340
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4799±457
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3755±94
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4533±384
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6447±204
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5888±346
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5200±438
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5188±624
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3541±170
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4654±731
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5039±687
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Total nitrogen (mg kg-1)
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462±50
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329±44
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371±116
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378±105
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490±76
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530±74
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467±172
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478±78
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3232±150
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3253±389
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2606±539
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2679±209
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9604±1187
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8132±1955
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8580±1785
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8276±1212
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6300±1646
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5833±3003
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5693±2660
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5087±2151
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Ammonium (mg kg-1)
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5±1
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4±1
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4±1
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4±1
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6±1
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6±1
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5±2
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6±1
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38±3
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38±4
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30±6
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33±4
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115±16
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94±18
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102±21
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99±15
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75±20
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70±37
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67±32
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60±30
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Nitrate (mg kg-1)
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3±0
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2±0
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2±0
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2±0
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3±1
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3±1
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3±1
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3±1
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21±2
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21±3
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17±4
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18±2
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63±7
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51±8
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57±12
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55±8
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42±11
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39±20
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38±18
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34±17
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*na, not applicable
Table S2. Overall and pairwise comparison of salt marsh fungal communities turnover at regional (across stages) and local (within stages) scales analyzed with PerMANOVA using the Bray-Curtis distance.
Source
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d.f.
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SS
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MS
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Pseudo-F
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P
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Regional scale
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Overall
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Successional stages
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4
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13.789
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3.450
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21.268
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0.001
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Residuals
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55
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8.921
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0.162
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Total
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59
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22.719
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Pairwise
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Stage 0 to 5
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1
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2.551
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2.551
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11.803
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0.001
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Residuals
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22
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4.755
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0.216
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Total
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23
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7.306
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Stage 5 to 35
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1
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4.275
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4.275
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38.447
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0.001
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Residuals
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22
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2.446
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Total
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23
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6.721
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Stage 35 to 65
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1
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4.227
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4.227
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35.748
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0.001
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Residuals
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22
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2.601
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0.118
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Total
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23
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6.829
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Stage 65 to 105
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1
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1.714
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1.714
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10.379
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0.001
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Residuals
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22
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3.635
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0.165
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Total
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23
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5.350
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Local scale
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Overall
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Stage 0
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Month
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3
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1.230
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0.410
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2.037
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0.001
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Residuals
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8
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1.609
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0.201
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Total
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11
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2.839
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Stage 5
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Month
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3
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0.908
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0.302
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2.405
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0.001
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Residuals
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8
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1.007
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0.125
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Total
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11
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1.915
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Stage 35
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Month
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3
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0.199
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0.066
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1.600
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0.101
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Residuals
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8
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0.331
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0.041
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Total
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11
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0.531
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Stage 65
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Month
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3
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0.611
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0.203
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1.118
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0.234
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Residuals
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8
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1.458
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0.182
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Total
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11
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2.070
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Stage 105
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Month
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3
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0.437
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0.145
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1.035
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0.416
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Residuals
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8
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1.126
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0.140
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Total
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11
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1.564
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Abbreviations: MS, mean sum of squares; SS, sum of squares.
Table S3. Results from ‘best’ model selection procedure presented for progressive increasing number of predictor variables.
Number of variables
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Predictor variable
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R2
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Adjusted R2
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1
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SOM
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0.19
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0.17
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2
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SOM
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0.34
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0.32
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Sand
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3
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SOM
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0.44
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0.41
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Sand
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Clay
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4
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SOM
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0.46
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0.42
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Sand
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Clay
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Nitrogen
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5
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SOM
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0.48
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0.43
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Sand
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Clay
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Nitrogen
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Sodium
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6
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SOM
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0.49
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0.44
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Sand
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Clay
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Nitrogen
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Sodium
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Sulfate
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Table S4. Rho (ρ) values of Spearman correlations between soil physicochemical properties and fungal taxonomic information across sites along the salt marsh chronosequence. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; ns – non-significant correlation (P>0.05).
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Sand
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Silt
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Clay
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SO42-
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Sodium
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SOM
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Total N
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NH4+
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NO3-
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pH
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Tremellomycetes
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0.299*
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-0.287*
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-0.371**
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ns
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-0.236*
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-0.226*
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ns
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ns
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-0.231*
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ns
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Agaricomycetes
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0.390**
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-0.394**
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-0.383**
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-0.314**
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-0.272*
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-0.319**
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-0.276*
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-0.281*
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-0.300**
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0.247*
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Rozellomycota
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0.413**
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-0.411**
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-0.386**
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-0.368**
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-0.354**
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-0.327**
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-0.322**
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-0.314**
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-0.295*
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0.359**
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Sordariomycetes
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-0.623**
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0.623**
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0.628**
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0.432**
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0.681**
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0.572**
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0.578**
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0.582**
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0.582**
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-0.581**
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Glomeromycota
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-0.545**
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0.541**
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0.575**
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0.440**
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0.412**
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0.679**
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0.595**
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0.594**
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0.587**
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-0.648**
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Eurotiomycetes
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-0.521**
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0.523**
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0.614**
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0.361**
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0.315**
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0.581**
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0.484**
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0.486**
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0.515**
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-0.539**
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Zygomycota
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-0.536**
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0.534**
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0.573**
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0.394**
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0.281*
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0.578**
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0.471**
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0.472**
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0.486**
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-0.561**
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Dothideomycetes
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ns
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ns
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ns
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ns
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ns
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0.233*
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ns
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ns
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ns
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-0.222*
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Leotiomycetes
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ns
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ns
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ns
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ns
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ns
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0.238*
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0.260*
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0.255*
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0.230*
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-0.258*
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Table S5. Rho (ρ) values of Spearman correlations between fungal taxonomic information across sites along the salt marsh chronosequence. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; ns – non-significant correlation (P>0.05).
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Dothideomycetes
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Eurotiomycetes
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Leotiomycetes
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Sordariomycetes
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Agaricomycetes
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Tremellomycetes
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Glomeromycota
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Rozellomycota
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Zygomycota
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Dothideomycetes
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Eurotiomycetes
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ns
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Leotiomycetes
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ns
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0.416**
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Sordariomycetes
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ns
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ns
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-0.231*
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Agaricomycetes
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0.260*
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ns
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ns
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-0.391**
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Tremellomycetes
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0.380**
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ns
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ns
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-0.400**
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0.247*
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Glomeromycota
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0.501**
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0.663**
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0.483**
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ns
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ns
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ns
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Rozellomycota
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-0.215*
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ns
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ns
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-0.691**
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0.332**
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ns
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ns
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Zygomycota
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0.257*
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0.784**
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0.479**
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ns
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ns
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ns
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0.753**
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0.235*
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