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PROJECT DOCUMENT

Republic of Kenya

United Nations Development Programme

Global Environment Facility

Strengthening the Protected Area Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya

PIMS No: 4178 Proposal ID: 00051074, Project ID: 00063423

Brief Description: Kenya has a wide range of ecosystems, ranging from coral reefs and mangroves, through semi-desert and dry savannah, saline and freshwater lakes, to moist forests (including Montane forests in Montane areas and Afromontane forests in interior mountain areas), which give way at high altitudes to Afromontane vegetation. The country is rich in species, many of these which have restricted distributions- particularly montane species, which are often restricted to single ranges or volcanic outcrops. The country has established an extensive network of protected areas to conserve biodiversity, covering over 11% of the land area of 586,600 km2. However, despite its size, the PA estate is not entirely representative of the country’s biodiversity endowment. The savannah and desert ecosystems are relatively well represented in the PA network, in part because they harbour large wildlife assemblages that are a draw-card for the economically important tourism industry.

In contrast, the forest ecosystems remain under-represented; this is particularly the case if only those protected areas created specifically for biodiversity conservation are factored into the equation. Although numerous Forest Reserves have been established, many of these were created to provide timber and non timber forest products and unlike National Parks and National Reserves do not necessarily serve an overarching biodiversity conservation purpose. Two of the country’s three Biodiversity Hotspots are forest ecosystems, namely the Eastern Afromontane and the Eastern African Montane Forests. The Hotspot status of these areas underscores their conservation value, amplified by the ecological services that they provide (such as carbon sequestration in above and below-ground biomass).

This project addresses the need to improve PA representation in the Eastern Afromontane Hotspot, complementing efforts to strengthen the management of Montane Forests as part of a national strategy to improve the coverage of the PA system. The project will directly bring an additional 95,000 ha of land into PA categories designed to conserve biodiversity, including unprotected forest lands and reserve forests being managed for production. The systemic interventions planned will indirectly improve the status of the entire western forest estate. This will be achieved by improving accountability for decision making, monitoring and adaptive management. The project takes a comprehensive approach towards strengthening the management effectiveness of PAs in conserving biodiversity. This will lead to the constitution of new PAs and reclassification of Forest Reserves established for productive purposes under higher PA management categories, managed expressly for biodiversity conservation. In order to ensure that existing management capacities and finances are not stretched unduly in the process, the project addresses capacity needs at the systemic level, particularly the need to improve institutional coordination of PA management, and integrate PAs into local area development frameworks.

1.Table of Contents


1. Table of Contents 2

1.1 Tables 4

1.2 Figures 4

1.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms 5



2. PART IA: Situational Analysis 8

2.1 Biophysical Context 8

2.1.1 Country Location and Overview 8

2.1.2 Climate and Water 8

2.1.3 Biodiversity of Kenya 9

2.1.4 Protected Areas in Kenya 11

2.1.5 Amount of Forest Cover in Kenya 14

2.1.6 Significance of Biodiversity of the Montane Forest habitat 15

2.1.7 The Cherangani Hills Landscape 16

2.1.8 The Kakamega Forest Landscape 18

2.1.9 The North and South Nandi Landscape 20

2.2 Socio-Economic Context 22

2.2.1 Kenyan National Context 22

2.2.2 Cherangani Hills Context 23

2.2.3 Kakamega Forest Context 23

2.2.4 North and South Nandi Context 24

2.3 Policy and Legal Context 24

2.3.1 Environmental Policy and Coordination 25

2.3.2 Water Policy 27

2.3.3 Wildlife Policy 27

2.4 Institutional and Governance Context 28

2.4.1 Cross-sectoral Planning and Coordination 28

2.4.2 Ministerial Level Governance 28

2.4.3 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) 29

2.4.4 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) 30

2.4.5 Kenya Forest Service (KFS) 30

2.4.6 Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) 30

2.4.7 Civil Society (NGOs and CBOs) 30

2.4.8 Land Tenure and Management 32

2.4.9 Tourism Development 32

2.5 Community Based Natural Resource Management 33

2.5.1 Community Conservation and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) 34



3. PART IB: Baseline Course of Action 35

3.1 Threats to Kenya Biodiversity, especially Montane Forests 35

3.1.1 Threats to Kenya’s Biodiversity 35

3.1.2 Threats to the Cherangani Hills Landscape 36

3.1.3 Threats to the Kakamega Forest landscape 36

3.1.4 Threats to the North and South Nandi Landscape 37

3.2 Root Cause Analysis 37

3.2.1 Local level Causes: 38

3.2.2 National level Causes: 38

3.3 Solutions to Threats and Root Causes 38

3.3.1 Expanded and Rationalized PA Estate Management 39

3.3.2 Community Engagement and Management in Forest Conservation: 39

3.3.3 Operational Capacity for PA Management: 40

3.4 Barriers to the Conservation of Biodiversity 40

3.4.1 Expanded and Rationalized PA Estate Management 40

3.4.2 Community Engagement and Management in Forest Conservation 41

3.4.3 Operational Capacity for PA Management 42

4. PART II: Project Strategy 42

4.1 Project Rationale and Policy Conformity 42

4.2 Project Goal, Objective, Outcome, Components and Outputs 43

4.2.1 Component 1. Systemic and Institutional Capacities for Managing an Expanded and Rationalized PA Estate 45

4.2.2 Component 2: Community management of PAs (JFM/CBNRM). 46

4.2.3 Component 3: Operational Capacities for PA Site Management 46

4.3 Project Risks and Assumptions 47

4.4 Alternative Strategies Considered 47

4.5 Country Ownership and Eligibility 48

4.6 Program Designation and Conformity 49

4.6.1 The Fit with GEF Focal Area Strategy 49

4.6.2 Linkages to UNDP Country Programme 50

4.6.3 Linkages with GEF Financed Projects 51

4.7 Sustainability 51

4.8 Climate Change Adaptation 52

4.9 Replication Strategy 53



5. PART III: Implementation Arrangements 54

5.1 Project Management & Implementation 54

5.1.1 Execution Modality. 54

5.1.2 Oversight 55

5.1.3 Project Steering Committee 55

5.1.4 Project Coordination Unit 56

5.1.5 Site Level Project Management 56

5.1.6 Coordination between MEMR, Nature Kenya and other Stakeholders. 57

5.1.7 Project components. 57

5.1.8 Inception workshop 57

5.1.9 Technical Assistance 58

5.1.10 Funds flow 58

5.1.11 Secretariat 59

5.1.12 Site Level Project Management 59

5.1.13 Public involvement Plan 59

5.1.14 Reporting 59

5.1.15 Legal Context 60

5.1.16 Audit Requirement 60



6. PART IV: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 61

6.1 Project Reporting 62

6.2 Independent evaluations 63

7. PART V: Incremental Logic 64

7.1 Baseline Course of Action 64

7.1.1 Summary of Baseline Situation 64

7.1.2 Baseline Situation – Rationalized PA Estate Management 64

7.1.3 Baseline Situation – Community Management in Forest Conservation 65

7.1.4 Baseline Situation – Operational Capacity for PA Management 66

7.2 GEF Alternative: Expected Global and National Benefits 66

7.3 Co-Financing 68

7.3.1 Total NGO co-financing is USD 1,500,000 68

7.3.2 Total Government of Kenya co-financing is USD 10,470,000 (of which USD 8,376,000 is in cash) 69

7.3.3 Total United Nations Development Programme co-financing is USD 500,000 69

7.4 Cost Effectiveness 69



8. PART VII: Project Results Framework 71

9. PART VIII: Project Total Budget 80

9.1 Co-Financing summary 83

9.2 Budget Notes 84

10. ANNEX I: Additional Information 91

11. ANNEX 2: Stakeholder Analysis 92

11.1 Local communities 92

11.2 Government 92

11.2.1 Local Government 92

11.2.2 Provincial Government 92

11.2.3 Government Sector Ministries 92

11.3 Private Sector 93

11.3.1 Commercial Forest Product Dealers (Private Sector) 93

11.3.2 Commercial Agribusiness (Private Sector) 93

11.4 Civil Society Organisations 94

11.4.1 Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 94

11.5 Stakeholder Involvement Plan 96

11.5.1 Introduction 96

11.5.2 Goal and Objectives for Stakeholder Involvement 96

11.5.3 Principles of Stakeholder Participation 97

11.5.4 Long-term stakeholder participation 97



12. SIGNATURE PAGE 99


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