ESM S2. Plant origin, quantitative and semi-quantitative floral variables of 49 hummingbird-pollinated plant species in the West Indies arranged alphabetically by family name. Plant origin code: 0=native, 1=introduced. Corolla depth: measured with a digital caliper to nearest mm as the internal distance from the opening to the base of the flower. In cases where the nectar was not protected by a corolla tube, we measured the distance from the start of the floral restriction to the base of the flower. Corolla width: measured with a digital caliper to nearest mm in the opening of the flower. Nectar volume code: measured with 1, 5 and 10 µl micropipettes within the first hour after sunrise on un-bagged flowers (Dominica) and 3-5 hours after sunrise on bagged flowers (Grenada and Puerto Rico). Due to the different sampling method between islands, we coded flowers within each island into three equally sized groups based on nectar amount: 1) little; 2) moderate; 3) abundant. Nectar concentration: (% sucrose equivalents) measured with a refractometer. Colour code: coded as 1-4, with 1 representing short-wave length Hymenoptera syndrome colours (i.e. blue-violet), and 4 long-wave length Ornithophilous syndrome colours (i.e. orange-red), with 2 (purple/yellow/white/green) and 3 (pink/salmon or bi-coloured red/yellow) representing intermediate syndrome colours as perceived by the human eye. In cases where the bracts (Bromeliaceae, Costaceae and Heliconiaceae) or stem (some Rubiaceae species) were the entire or a major part of the colour display, we included these in the assignment of the colour category. Odour code: coded as 1-4, with 1 representing no odour; 2: little; 3: moderate; and 4: strong odour. All floral variables are means of, in general, more than 10 flowers. For the quantitative variables, figures in brackets indicate the standard deviation (SD) and the number of flowers (n) measured. For instance, for Justicia secunda (Acanthaceae) the average corolla depth = 21.05 mm ± 2.01 SD, n = 32 flowers.
Plant family
|
Plant species
|
Study sitea
|
Plant origin
Code
|
Corolla depth
(mm)
|
Corolla width
(mm)
|
Nectar volume
Code
|
Nectar concentration
(%)
|
Colour code
|
Odour
Code
|
Acanthaceae
|
Justicia
secunda
|
Gre-high 1
|
0
|
21.05
(2.01; 32)
|
2.30
(0.61; 32)
|
2
|
24.6
(2.2; 12)
|
4
|
1
|
Apocynaceae
|
Pentalinon
luteum
|
PtR-low
|
0
|
20.99
(1.91; 21)
|
7.91
(0.55; 21)
|
1
|
56.1
(4.9; 17)
|
2
|
2
|
Balsaminaceae
|
Impatiens
wallerana
|
PtR-high
|
1
|
30.32
(3.59; 23)
|
1.45
(0.43; 23)
|
1
|
26.0
(4.3; 21)
|
3
|
1
|
Bignoniaceae
|
Tabebuia
heterophylla
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
37.39
(2.11; 17)
|
6.79
(1.45; 17)
|
2
|
37.2
(2.4; 17)
|
2
|
3
|
|
Tabebuia
heterophylla
|
PtR-low
|
0
|
37.78
(4.34; 26)
|
6.19
(1.24; 26)
|
2
|
36.0
(5.7; 23)
|
2
|
3
|
|
Tecoma
stans
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
27.00
(1.67; 17)
|
8.65
(0.64; 17)
|
2
|
23.8
(2.6; 17)
|
2
|
3
|
Boraginaceae
|
Bourreria
succulenta
|
Gre-low
|
0
|
7.03
(0.55; 9)
|
2.53
(0.85; 9)
|
1
|
29.6
(4.5; 3)
|
2
|
3
|
|
Cordia
globosa
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
8.36
(0.43; 13)
|
3.71
(1.02; 13)
|
1
|
37.5
(12.9; 13)
|
2
|
3
|
Bromeliaceae
|
Guzmania
berteroniana
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
48.72
(3.41; 20)
|
4.12
(0.56; 20)
|
3
|
20.7
(1.8; 20)
|
4
|
2
|
Cactaceae
|
Melocactus
intortus
|
PtR-low
|
0
|
18.57
(3.64; 23)
|
2.78
(0.51; 23)
|
1
|
28.4
(2.2; 19)
|
3
|
1
|
|
Opuntia
rubescens
|
PtR-low
|
0
|
14.57
(1.00; 22)
|
4.00
(0.76; 22)
|
2
|
33.0
(4.2; 22)
|
4
|
1
|
|
Pilosocereus
royenii
|
PtR-low
|
0
|
48.80
(2.43; 8)
|
19.63
(2.60; 8)
|
3
|
15.9
(2.9; 8)
|
2
|
3
|
Campanulaceae
|
Centropogon
cornutus
|
Gre-high 1
|
0
|
32.36
(3.16; 33)
|
3.71
(0.60; 33)
|
3
|
27.8
(1.5; 12)
|
4
|
1
|
|
Lobelia
cirsiifolia
|
Gre-high 2
|
0
|
13.42
(3.89; 31)
|
3.12
(0.81; 31)
|
3
|
11.6
(2.3; 16)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Lobelia
stricta
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
12.94
(2.46; 14)
|
2.40
(0.29; 14)
|
3
|
12.2
(2.3; 14)
|
2
|
1
|
Clusiaceae
|
Clusia
mangle
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
0.00
(0.00; 1)
|
21.51
(0.00; 1)
|
3
|
31.0
(0.0; 1)
|
2
|
4
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Ipomoea
batatas
|
Gre-low
|
1
|
27.04
(3.29; 20)
|
10.68
(1.54; 20)
|
2
|
44.3
(4.8; 3)
|
2
|
2
|
Costaceae
|
Costus
scaber
|
Gre-high 1
|
0
|
29.26
(3.64; 29)
|
4.00
(1.08; 29)
|
2
|
25.6
(3.7; 10)
|
4
|
2
|
Ericaceae
|
Symphysia
racemosa
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
8.53
(0.73; 11)
|
5.95
(0.38; 11)
|
3
|
22.6
(5.5; 11)
|
2
|
2
|
Fabaceae
|
Bauhinia
aculeata
|
Gre-low
|
0
|
5.39
(0.96; 22)
|
1.09
(0.54; 22)
|
2
|
43.1
(4.3; 11)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Lonchocarpus benthamianus
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
5.96
(0.39; 12)
|
3.71
(1.19; 12)
|
1
|
43.0
(4.0; 12)
|
2
|
3
|
|
Neorudolphia
volubilis
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
44.08
(1.85; 10)
|
1.84
(0.37; 10)
|
3
|
24.5
(1.8; 13)
|
4
|
1
|
|
Tephrosia
noctiflora
|
Dom-low
|
1
|
5.38
(0.63; 21)
|
0.99
(0.27; 21)
|
1
|
50.2
(2.2; 21)
|
2
|
2
|
Gesneriaceae
|
Besleria
petiolaris
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
11.08
(1.30; 11)
|
3.00
(0.25; 11)
|
2
|
15.0
(5.3; 11)
|
2
|
1
|
Heliconiaceae
|
Heliconia
bihai
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
47.50
(1.51; 11)
|
2.71
(0.39; 11)
|
3
|
29.1
(3.0; 11)
|
4
|
1
|
|
Heliconia
bihai
|
Gre-high 1
|
0
|
36.93
(3.80; 38)
|
2.62
(0.72; 38)
|
3
|
28.2
(3.2; 15)
|
4
|
1
|
Lamiaceae
|
Hyptis
atrorubens
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
5.55
(0.24; 18)
|
1.11
(0.10; 18)
|
1
|
26.5
(4.7; 18)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Leonotis
nepetifolia
|
Dom-low
|
1
|
11.09
(1.07; 18)
|
1.67
(0.23; 18)
|
2
|
17.7
(1.6; 18)
|
3
|
1
|
Malvaceae
|
Urena
lobata
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
2.94
(0.51; 14)
|
0.80
(0.25; 14)
|
1
|
25.1
(4.0; 7)
|
3
|
1
|
Melastomataceae
|
Charianthus grenadensis
|
Gre-high 2
|
0
|
10.29
(1.86; 46)
|
6.96
(1.29; 46)
|
3
|
12.0
(3.1; 18)
|
4
|
1
|
|
Charianthus
purpureus x corosus
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
8.50
(0.61; 12)
|
7.65
(0.78; 12)
|
3
|
13.3
(3.2; 12)
|
4
|
2
|
|
Miconia
sintenissi
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
0.00
(0.00; 1)
|
1.14
(0.00; 1)
|
3
|
18.1
(3.6; 3)
|
2
|
1
|
Myrtaceae
|
Syzygium
jambos
|
Gre-high 1
|
1
|
2.69
(0.56; 22)
|
6.60
(0.73; 22)
|
3
|
9.8
(1.8; 10)
|
2
|
2
|
Rubiaceae
|
Erithalis
fruticosa
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
3.28
(0.98; 12)
|
1.74
(0.39; 12)
|
1
|
41.5
(6.3; 12)
|
2
|
4
|
|
Gonzalagunia
hirsuta
|
Gre-high 1
|
0
|
9.89
(0.87; 24)
|
2.11
(0.51; 24)
|
1
|
23.0
(0.4; 2)
|
2
|
1
|
|
Gonzalagunia
hirsuta
|
Gre-high 2
|
0
|
9.77
(0.75; 21)
|
2.03
(0.50; 21)
|
1
|
24.1
(3.2; 4)
|
2
|
1
|
|
Manettia dominicensis
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
9.62
(0.89; 5)
|
3.00
(0.23; 5)
|
2
|
28.8
(5.0; 5)
|
2
|
1
|
|
Morinda
citrifolia
|
Dom-low
|
1
|
9.29
(1.02; 15)
|
2.68
(0.23; 15)
|
2
|
33.8
(2.2; 15)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Palicoureae
crocea
|
Gre-high 1
|
0
|
8.58
(1.71; 12)
|
2.31
(0.61; 12)
|
2
|
22.0
(2.8; 5)
|
3
|
2
|
|
Palicoureae
crocea
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
17.92
(1.13; 23)
|
3.11
(0.45; 23)
|
3
|
20.3
(1.9; 22)
|
3
|
2
|
|
Psychotria
berteroana
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
4.28
(0.39; 21)
|
2.11
(0.40; 21)
|
2
|
19.2
(3.8; 20)
|
2
|
1
|
|
Psychotria
capitata
|
Gre-high 2
|
0
|
5.52
(0.58; 20)
|
1.48
(0.36; 20)
|
1
|
31.8
(4.4; 11)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Psychotria
urbaniana
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
12.14
(0.66; 12)
|
2.66
(0.49; 12)
|
2
|
30.0
(1.3; 12)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Schradera
exotica
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
12.37
(0.60; 11)
|
4.08
(0.49; 11)
|
3
|
28.6
(2.9; 11)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Schradera
exotica
|
Gre-high 2
|
0
|
10.72
(0.75; 26)
|
3.80
(0.54; 26)
|
2
|
23.5
(3.0; 14)
|
2
|
2
|
|
Schradera
exotica
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
17.68
(0.76; 8)
|
4.24
(0.33; 8)
|
2
|
23.6
(4.0; 8)
|
2
|
4
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
Schlegelia
brachyantha
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
12.27
(1.90; 13)
|
3.62
(0.52; 13)
|
2
|
19.0
(3.4; 13)
|
2
|
1
|
|
Scrophulariaceae
sp.
|
Gre-high 2
|
0
|
22.89
(2.49; 34)
|
14.63
(2.23; 34)
|
2
|
12.9
(2.1; 16)
|
2
|
2
|
Solanaceae
|
Cestrum
macrophyllum
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
10.82
(0.82; 14)
|
2.61
(0.25; 14)
|
1
|
13.6
(1.8; 12)
|
2
|
2
|
Turneraceae
|
Turnera
ulmifolia
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
7.89
(0.67; 15)
|
0.80
(0.00; 15)
|
2
|
29.3
(2.7; 15)
|
2
|
2
|
Verbenaceae
|
Citharexylum
spinosum
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
4.01
(0.30; 13)
|
1.70
(0.18; 13)
|
1
|
44.7
(7.7; 13)
|
2
|
4
|
|
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
|
Dom-low
|
0
|
9.47
(0.65; 12)
|
1.48
(0.35; 12)
|
1
|
30.6
(4.7; 12)
|
1
|
2
|
|
Stachytarpheta
urticifolia
|
Dom-high
|
1
|
9.71
(0.61; 11)
|
1.49
(0.18; 11)
|
2
|
26.6
(1.1; 11)
|
1
|
2
|
|
Stachytarpheta
urticifolia
|
Gre-high 2
|
1
|
8.88
(1.30; 38)
|
1.30
(0.34; 38)
|
1
|
26.5
(2.3; 15)
|
1
|
1
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Renealmia
alpina
|
PtR-high
|
0
|
18.76
(1.53; 9)
|
2.36
(0.25; 9)
|
2
|
27.8
(3.5; 8)
|
3
|
1
|
|
Renealmia
pyramidalis
|
Dom-high
|
0
|
14.03
(3.10; 12)
|
2.20
(0.30; 12)
|
3
|
32.0
(3.1; 12)
|
2
|
2
|
aStudy site abbreviations: Dom-high: Dominica highland; Dom-low: Dominica lowland; Gre-low: Grenada lowland; Gre-high 1: Grenada highland 1; Gre-high 2: Grenada highland 2; PtR-low: Puerto Rico lowland; PtR-high: Puerto Rico highland. See Table 1 for description of study sites. |