ESM S1. Hummingbird and insect visitation to 49 hummingbird-pollinated plant species in the West Indies arranged alphabetically by family name. For each plant species in each study plot, we calculated the average biometry (body mass and bill length) of visiting hummingbird species (using morphological data from Brown and Bowers (1985) and Kodric-Brown et al. (1984)), hummingbird and insect pollinator species richness. All visiting insects were included in Insect orders and Insect species, but only the three main insect orders in our study - Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera - were analyzed separately. Since insect species richness varied greatly among plant species, we also calculated the proportion of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera of the total number of insect species visiting each plant, enabling us to detect insect composition trends unrelated to absolute insect species richness. Insect sampling effort (min) is indicated in brackets in the Insect orders column.
Plant family
|
Plant species
|
Study sitea
|
Hummingbird
|
Insect
|
Hymenoptera
|
Lepidoptera
|
Diptera
|
|
|
|
body mass
(g)
|
bill length
(mm)
|
species
(#)
|
orders
(#)
|
species
(#)
|
(#)
|
(%)
|
(#)
|
(%)
|
(#)
|
(%)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Justicia
secunda
|
Gre-high 1
|
4.77
|
21.49
|
2
|
0
(280)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Apocynaceae
|
Pentalinon
luteum
|
PtR-low
|
5.66
|
24.13
|
1
|
1
(70)
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Balsaminaceae
|
Impatiens
wallerana
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
1
(120)
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
Bignoniaceae
|
Tabebuia
heterophylla
|
Dom-low
|
5.60
|
22.74
|
1
|
3
(100)
|
5
|
3
|
0.60
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Tabebuia
heterophylla
|
PtR-low
|
5.66
|
24.13
|
1
|
3
(120)
|
8
|
4
|
0.50
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Tecoma
stans
|
Dom-low
|
5.60
|
22.74
|
1
|
2
(70)
|
2
|
1
|
0.50
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0.50
|
Boraginaceae
|
Bourreria
succulenta
|
Gre-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
2
(70)
|
4
|
1
|
0.25
|
3
|
0.75
|
0
|
0
|
|
Cordia
globosa
|
Dom-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
3
(80)
|
23
|
6
|
0.26
|
14
|
0.61
|
3
|
0.13
|
Bromeliaceae
|
Guzmania
berteroniana
|
PtR-high
|
4.77
|
19.01
|
2
|
1
(80)
|
2
|
2
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Cactaceae
|
Melocactus
intortus
|
PtR-low
|
5.66
|
24.13
|
1
|
0
(120)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Opuntia
rubescens
|
PtR-low
|
4.30
|
18.88
|
2
|
0
(100)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Pilosocereus
royenii
|
PtR-low
|
5.66
|
24.13
|
1
|
3
(110)
|
4
|
2
|
0.50
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0.25
|
Campanulaceae
|
Centropogon
cornutus
|
Gre-high 1
|
6.82
|
32.25
|
1
|
0
(280)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Lobelia
cirsiifolia
|
Gre-high 2
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
1
(240)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Lobelia
stricta
|
Dom-high
|
6.61
|
20.00
|
2
|
1
(70)
|
2
|
2
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Clusiaceae
|
Clusia
mangle
|
Dom-high
|
6.61
|
20.00
|
2
|
1
(70)
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1.00
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Ipomoea
batatas
|
Gre-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
2
(230)
|
5
|
4
|
0.80
|
1
|
0.20
|
0
|
0
|
Costaceae
|
Costus
scaber
|
Gre-high 1
|
5.04
|
21.90
|
3
|
1
(280)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Ericaceae
|
Symphysia
racemosa
|
Dom-high
|
3.63
|
13.57
|
2
|
1
(60)
|
3
|
1
|
0.33
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
0.67
|
Fabaceae
|
Bauhinia
aculeata
|
Gre-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
2
(80)
|
5
|
2
|
0.40
|
3
|
0.60
|
0
|
0
|
|
Lonchocarpus benthamianus
|
Dom-low
|
4.16
|
16.73
|
2
|
2
(60)
|
6
|
5
|
0.83
|
1
|
0.17
|
0
|
0
|
|
Neorudolphia
volubilis
|
PtR-high
|
6.60
|
24.40
|
1
|
1
(40)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Tephrosia
noctiflora
|
Dom-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
5
(60)
|
8
|
2
|
0.25
|
2
|
0.25
|
2
|
0.25
|
Gesneriaceae
|
Besleria
petiolaris
|
Dom-high
|
4.55
|
16.41
|
1
|
1
(70)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Heliconiaceae
|
Heliconia
bihai
|
Dom-high
|
8.67
|
23.59
|
1
|
0
(70)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Heliconia
bihai
|
Gre-high 1
|
5.04
|
21.90
|
3
|
0
(260)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Lamiaceae
|
Hyptis
atrorubens
|
Dom-high
|
2.71
|
10.71
|
1
|
4
(110)
|
5
|
2
|
0.40
|
1
|
0.20
|
1
|
0.20
|
|
Leonotis
nepetifolia
|
Dom-low
|
4.16
|
16.73
|
2
|
0
(70)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Malvaceae
|
Urena
lobata
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
2
(120)
|
2
|
1
|
0.50
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Melastomataceae
|
Charianthus
grenadensis
|
Gre-high 2
|
4.16
|
16.73
|
2
|
0
(160)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Charianthus
purpureus x corosus
|
Dom-high
|
3.63
|
13.57
|
2
|
0
(60)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Miconia
sintenissi
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
1
(40)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Myrtaceae
|
Syzygium
jambos
|
Gre-high 1
|
4.16
|
16.73
|
2
|
1
(190)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Rubiaceae
|
Erithalis
fruticosa
|
Dom-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
3
(60)
|
8
|
3
|
0.38
|
2
|
0.25
|
3
|
0.38
|
|
Gonzalagunia
hirsuta
|
Gre-high 1
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
2
(300)
|
5
|
1
|
0.20
|
4
|
0.80
|
0
|
0
|
|
Gonzalagunia
hirsuta
|
Gre-high 2
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
3
(160)
|
4
|
2
|
0.50
|
1
|
0.25
|
1
|
0.25
|
|
Manettia
dominicensis
|
Dom-high
|
4.55
|
16.41
|
1
|
0
(70)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Morinda
citrifolia
|
Dom-low
|
4.16
|
16.73
|
2
|
2
(100)
|
11
|
5
|
0.45
|
6
|
0.55
|
0
|
0
|
|
Palicourea
crocea
|
Gre-high 1
|
4.77
|
21.49
|
2
|
1
(100)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Palicourea
crocea
|
PtR-high
|
4.77
|
19.01
|
2
|
3
(120)
|
4
|
1
|
0.25
|
2
|
0.50
|
1
|
0.25
|
|
Psychotria
berteroana
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
3
(120)
|
4
|
1
|
0.25
|
2
|
0.50
|
1
|
0.25
|
|
Psychotria
capitata
|
Gre-high 2
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
3
(110)
|
4
|
1
|
0.25
|
2
|
0.50
|
1
|
0.25
|
|
Psychotria
urbaniana
|
Dom-high
|
3.63
|
13.57
|
2
|
1
(70)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Schradera
exotica
|
Dom-high
|
3.63
|
13.57
|
2
|
1
(70)
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
1.00
|
|
Schradera
exotica
|
Gre-high 2
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
1
(190)
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
|
Schradera
exotica
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
1
(70)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
Schlegelia
brachyantha
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
0
(60)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Scrophulariaceae
sp.
|
Gre-high 2
|
4.16
|
16.73
|
2
|
2
(260)
|
4
|
3
|
0.75
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0.25
|
Solanaceae
|
Cestrum
macrophyllum
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
0
(30)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Turneraceae
|
Turnera
ulmifolia
|
Dom-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
4
(80)
|
12
|
4
|
0.33
|
5
|
0.42
|
2
|
0.17
|
Verbenaceae
|
Citharexylum
spinosum
|
Dom-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
2
(70)
|
6
|
2
|
0.33
|
4
|
0.67
|
0
|
0
|
|
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
|
Dom-low
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
3
(40)
|
5
|
1
|
0.20
|
3
|
0.60
|
1
|
0.20
|
|
Stachytarpheta
urticifolia
|
Dom-high
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
1
(80)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Stachytarpheta
urticifolia
|
Gre-high 2
|
2.71
|
10.72
|
1
|
2
(350)
|
9
|
3
|
0.33
|
6
|
0.67
|
0
|
0
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Renealmia
alpina
|
PtR-high
|
2.93
|
13.62
|
1
|
0
(70)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Renealmia
pyramidalis
|
Dom-high
|
3.63
|
13.57
|
2
|
1
(80)
|
1
|
1
|
1.00
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
aStudy site abbreviations: Dom-high: Dominica highland; Dom-low: Dominica lowland; Gre-low: Grenada lowland; Gre-high 1: Grenada highland 1; Gre-high 2: Grenada highland 2; PtR-low: Puerto Rico lowland; PtR-high: Puerto Rico highland. See Table 1 for description of study sites. |
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