Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options
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53618 v2 Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa Policies, incentives and options for the rural poor May 2008
Technical Annexes The World Bank Sustainable Development Department Environment and Natural Resources Management Unit Africa Region
These Technical Annexes were prepared by a team coordinated by Bruce Campbell (CIFOR) and Peter Dewees (ECSSD), comprised of staff from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and its partners and from Genesis Analytics (Johannesburg). The Technical Annexes were extensively discussed at a workshop held at Lilayi Lodge, Lusaka, Zambia on October 30 and 31, 2007 and were redrafted taking into account the discussion at the workshop as well as comments received following their posting on the CIFOR website in September 2007. The Technical Annexes were prepared by a team comprised of Charles Jumbe, Sam Bwalya, Madeleen Husselman, Manyewu Mutamba, Almeida Salomão, Frank Matose, Ravi Hegde, Gary Bull, Will Cavendish, Bruce Campbell, Charlie Shackleton, Jeanette Clarke, Paddy Abbot and Alan Ogle. Their institutional affiliations are noted in each Annexes. In addition to the feedback provided by extensive review and discussion at the Lilayi workshop, Technical Annexes are in the process of being independently peer reviewed. This work was funded primarily by the World Bank-administered Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (financed by the Governments of Finland and Norway) and by the Multi-donor Program on Forests (PROFOR). Additional staff time was contributed by CIFOR through the SIDA- funded dry forests project. Abbreviations and Acronyms PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy NFP National Forest Programme MDG Millennium Development Goal SWAp Sector Wide Approach DFID Department for International Development HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country GBS General Budget Support NGO Non-Governmental Organisation ODI Overseas Development Institute PBA Programme Based Approach DPL Development Policy Loan IMF International Monetary Fund SFM Sustainable Forest Management UNDP United Nations Development Programme PES Payments for Environmental Services FDI Foreign Direct Investment DFI Development Financing Institution MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework CAS Country Assistance Strategy PFM Participatory Forest Management CBNRM Community-based natural resource management Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa
for the rural poor Technical Annexes Contents Annex 1: Contribution of dry forests to rural livelihoods and the national economy in Zambia 1 1 Introduction 5 2 Methods 6 3 Forest resources in Zambia 7 4 Contributions to households 8 5 Contribution of forests to the national economy 17 6 Discussion and conclusions 21 7 Acknowledgements 22 8 References 22 Annex 2: Farming or Foraging? Rural livelihoods in Mafulira and Kabompo districts of Zambia 28 1 Introduction 32 2 Methods 34 3 Structure of local livelihoods: The assets 37 4 Composition of household Income 39 5 Discussion and conclusion 41 6 Acknowledgements 44 7 References 44 Annex 3: Towards community-based management of miombo woodlands in Mozambique 47 1 Introduction 50 2 Forest resources and community management and use of forests 52 3 Legal and Institutional Framework for CBNRM 56 4 Community-based management – Insights from case studies 63 5 Discussion and conclusions 74 6 References 77 Annex 4: Economic Shocks and Miombo Woodland Resource Use: A household level study in Mozambique 80 1 Introduction 84 2 Methods 85 3 Analysis and results 91 4 Discussion 100 5 Conclusions 102 6 Acknowledgements 103 7 References 103 Annex 5: Poverty, environmental income and rural inequality: A case study from Zimbabwe 106 1 Introduction 110 2 Research area, data collection, definitions 111 3 The basic income accounts 114 4 Inequality and environmental resources 115 5 The causes of poverty and inequality 118 6 Conclusions 122 7 Acknowledgements 124 8 References 124 Annex 6: Silviculture and management of miombo woodlands to improve livelihood outcomes 129 1 Introduction 133 2 Existing use and management of miombo 136 3 Emerging themes in the management of miombo woodland 145 4 Conclusions 151 5 References 154 Annex 7: Improving policy outcomes for the management of miombo woodlands 164 1 Introduction 168 2 The institutional landscape 171 3 Getting the mix right: policy options for the Southern African dry woodlands 179 4 Conclusions 201 5 References 202
Annex 1: Contribution of dry forests to rural livelihoods and the national economy in ZambiaC.B.L. Jumbe1, S. M. Bwalya2 and M. Husselman3 ABSTRACT This Annex analyses the extent to which dry forests contribute to rural livelihoods and the national economy in Zambia. We used case studies drawn from literature. data collected from a household survey conducted in eight sites in three of the nine provinces, and secondary data from the Central Statistical Office and the Forestry Department and. Forest products contribute on average 20.6 percent of total household income (subsistence and cash) in the eight sites, and are the second or first ranked source of income in five of the eight sites. There are large differences among poor and not so poor in total income and in forest income share. Several products contribute significantly to rural livelihood and the national economy. Most notably, charcoal and firewood provide 70 percent of the country’s energy needs. There are possibly a quarter of a million honey producers in the country deriving an income from forests. A wide range of wild foods are common in rural diets, providing essential vitamins and minerals; more than ten leafy vegetable species, twenty-five mushrooms and thirty-five edible caterpillars. Forests provide revenue for the government from taxes, fees, royalties and other charges levied on forest-based activities although the relative importance is small given that the majority of forest users extract low-value products from forests mainly for subsistence uses and only a small part of the trade is recorded. From our analysis, we find that forests are recognized to have an important poverty mitigation function but are not a means alone to get people out of poverty. Annex 1: Contribution of dry forests to rural livelihoods and the national economy in Zambia 1 1 Introduction 5 2 Methods 6 2.1 Review 6 2.2 Household survey 6 3 Forest resources in Zambia 7 4 Contributions to households 8 4.1 Some major forest products 8 4.2 Household use of forest resources – survey results 12 5 Contribution of forests to the national economy 17 5.1 Forest products contributing to the national economy 17 5.2 Contribution of forests to government revenue 20 6 Discussion and conclusions 21 7 Acknowledgements 22 8 References 22 Annex 2: Farming or Foraging? Rural livelihoods in Mafulira and Kabompo districts of Zambia 28 1 Introduction 32 2 Methods 34 2.1 The study sites 34 2.2 Sampling and data collection 36 3 Structure of local livelihoods: The assets 37 3.1 Human capital 37 3.2 Natural resource base 37 3.3 Physical assets 38 3.4 Financial resources 38 4 Composition of household Income 39 4.1 Structure of cash income 40 4.2 Income comparisons across sites 40 5 Discussion and conclusion 41 6 Acknowledgements 44 7 References 44 Annex 3: Towards community-based management of miombo woodlands in Mozambique 47 1 Introduction 50 2 Forest resources and community management and use of forests 52 2.1 Miombo woodland cover 52 2.2 Local use of woodland products and household livelihood strategies 53 2.3 Contribution of the forestry sector to poverty reduction 55 3 Legal and Institutional Framework for CBNRM 56 3.1 The constitutional recognition of community rights over natural resources 56 3.2 Legislation for the management of land (Land Law of 1997) 57 3.3 Legislation for wildlife and forest management (Wildlife and Forestry Law of 1999) 59 3.4 History counts when attitudes matter! 61 4 Community-based management – Insights from case studies 63 4.1 Project institutional arrangements and sustainability 64 4.2 Fine tuning the procedural and implementation aspects of CBNRM 67 4.3 The issue of institutional choice in CBNRM projects 68 4.4 Resource value and benefit sharing arrangements 70 4.5 The role of the private sector and private-community partnerships 73 4.6 The role of NGOs and donors 74 5 Discussion and conclusions 74 6 References 77 Annex 4: Economic Shocks and Miombo Woodland Resource Use: A household level study in Mozambique 80 1 Introduction 84 2 Methods 85 2.1 Study area 86 2.2 Research design 89 3 Analysis and results 91 3.1 Socio-economic summary of households 91 3.2 Type and extent of environmental resource use 91 3.3 Socio-economic differentiation and environmental resource use 92 3.4 Economic shocks and environmental resources use 95 4 Discussion 100 4.1 Household dependency on forest resources 101 4.2 Socio-economic factors and environmental resource use 101 5 Conclusions 102 6 Acknowledgements 103 7 References 103 Annex 5: Poverty, environmental income and rural inequality: A case study from Zimbabwe 106 1 Introduction 110 2 Research area, data collection, definitions 111 2.1 Research area 111 2.2 Data collection 111 2.3 Environmental resource use data set 111 2.4 Basic definitions: Consumption, income, poverty and inequality 112 3 The basic income accounts 114 4 Inequality and environmental resources 115 5 The causes of poverty and inequality 118 5.1 Environmental income and the causes of poverty 118 5.2 Environmental income and the origins of inequality 121 5.3 Discussion: environmental income and barriers to entry 121 6 Conclusions 122 7 Acknowledgements 124 8 References 124 Annex 6: Silviculture and management of miombo woodlands to improve livelihood outcomes 129 1 Introduction 133 What is miombo? 133 Land-use patterns in miombo 133 Local livelihoods and resource use 134 Purpose of this paper 135 Approach 136 2 Existing use and management of miombo 136 Woody resources 137 2.2 Non-wood products 140 2.3 Service functions of woodlands 144 3 Emerging themes in the management of miombo woodland 145 3.1 Support for indigenous practices and institutions 145 3.2 Management through fire and grazing 146 3.3 Promoting regeneration and increased productivity 147 3.4 Silvicultural systems 148 3.5 Systems and practices for multiple use 150 3.6 Domestication 151 3.7 Substitution 151 4 Conclusions 151 5 References 154 Annex 7: Improving policy outcomes for the management of miombo woodlands 164 1 Introduction 168 1.1 Approach 169 1.2 Understanding the barriers to the sustainable use and management of miombo 169 2 The institutional landscape 171 2.1 Developments in the international aid architecture 171 2.2 National policy developments 171 2.3 Revisiting the analytical framework 174 3 Getting the mix right: policy options for the Southern African dry woodlands 179 3.1 Forests are still a valuable resource at household level, but… 179 3.2 Resource rights are shifting to local people, but …. 185 3.3 New integrated conservation-development markets are expanding and emerging but … 190 3.4 Miombo woodlands have low inherent productivity 200 4 Conclusions 201 4.1 Access, use and management 201 4.2 Reducing livelihoods risk 201 4.3 Contributing to rural growth 202 4.4 Governance and institutions 202 5 References 202 |
