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International Symposium on Biodiversity and Climate Change Links with Poverty and Sustainable Development


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International Symposium on Biodiversity and Climate Change – Links with Poverty and Sustainable Development

Hanoi, 22-23 May 2007



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Current status of biodiversity conservation in Vietnam – links with Sustainable development and climate change
Mr. Nguyen Huy Dung, Mr. Vu Van Dung, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI)

Foreword

Located in the South East Asia in the area of about 330,541 km2, Vietnam is one of 16 countries that have rich biodiversity in the world (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2002 – Vietnam’s national projected area management strategy in the period 2002-2010). The country’s geographical and climate features and so on have contributed to its abundance and diversity of ecosystems and species. In terms of geo-biology, Vietnam is an intersection point of fauna and flora in India - Myanmar, South of China and Indo-Malaysia region. These features endow the country with one of regions with rich biodiversity in the world. The country is home of 10% of total species while its area accounts for only 1% mainland area of the world (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2002 – National report on conservation and economic development areas).

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Biodiversity plays a very important role in maintaining natural cycle and ecological balance. These are the basis of existence and wealth of human and sustainment of nature in the earth. It is estimated that every year biodiversity resources provide USD33,000 billion to human in the global (Constan Za et al-1997). As for Vietnam, biodiversity resources in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Industries supply about USD 2 billion in a year to the country (Vietnam’s Biodiversity Action Plan – 1995).



At the moment, due to many different reasons, biodiversity resources in Vietnam have been decreased. Many ecosystems and living environment have been narrowed down and many Taxons of species and sub-species are in danger of extinction in the near future.

To overcome the above issues, Vietnamese Government has set up many measures in accompanied with many policies in order to better protect the country’s biodiversity. However, it is the fact that there are many issues related to biodiversity conservation that need to be settled such as the link between conservation and sustainable development or effects of climate change on biodiversity conservation, etc…


1. Biodiversity in Vietnam

1.1. Diversity of ecosystems

The natural biodiversity resources in Vietnam concentrate in 03 ecosystems: on-land ecosystem (forest ecosystem), wetland ecosystem and marine ecosystem.



i) Wetland ecosystems

Wetland ecosystems are much diversified. According to assessment of the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (1999), there are 39 types of wetland including:



  • Natural wetland: 30 types

  • Coastal wetland: 11 types

  • Inland wetland: 19 types

  • Man made wetland: 9 types

There are many biodiversity resources in some wetland types such as peat marsh, mangrove forest, coral reefs, lagoon, sea swamp and wetland sites in the mouth of Red River and Mekong River, etc…

ii) Marine ecosystems

Terrorial waters of Vietnam spread over the coast in the area of about 226,000 km2. As a result, marine ecosystems are much diversified too. There are 20 typical ecosystems with rich biodiversity and high biological productivity. In our marine territory, there have been 11,000 species found living in different marine biodiversity. Components in ecosystems are very rich, complex in structure and abundant in species. These are convenient and wide environments that link closely with life of millions of people living along coast in Vietnam.



iii) Forest ecosystems

Vietnam’s forest ecosystems are much diversified. Each forest ecosystem is truly a very complicated one that is operated and controlled by in-sity and ex-situ rules. Some typical forest ecosystems are: forests in Limestone Mountains, defoliating forests and semi-defoliating forests, ever green forests in low, medium and high mountains, etc… with rich biodiversity that play important roles in biodiversity conservation in Vietnam.

Vietnam’s forest area has experienced many changes. According to statistic of Paul Maurand (1943), in 1943, forest area in Vietnam was 14.3 million ha that contribute to coverage rate in the whole country at 43%. From 1943-1975, forest area narrowed down to 11.2 million ha with the coverage rate at 34% (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, 1976).

In the period 1976 – 1990, forest resources were exploited in a large scale in order to serve socio-economic development of the country after the war. Forest area in this period increasingly decreased to less than 9.2 million ha in 1990 with coverage rate at just 27.8%.



In the period from 1990 up to date, the Government has delivered many measures in the form of policies and investment. As a result, forests, both natural forests and man made forests, have been recovered gradually. In 2005, forests area was 12.6 million ha with coverage rate at 37%.
Table 1: Forest areas and coverage rates by periods

Year


Forest area (1000 ha)

Coverage rate

(%)

Ha/capita


Total

Natural forest

Plantation forest

1943

14.300,0

14.300,0

0

43,2

0,57

1976

11.169,3

11.169,7

92,6

33,7

0,31

1980

10.683,0

10.180,0

422,3

32,1

0,19

1985

9.891,9

9.308,3

583,6

30,0

0,14

1990

9.175,6

8.430,7

744,9

27,8

0,12

1995

9.302,2

8.252,5

1.049,7

28,2

0,12

2000

10.915,6

9.444,2

1.491,4

33,2

0,14

2002

11.784,6

9.865,0

1.919,6

35,8

0,14

2003

12.095,0

10.005,0

2.090,0

36,1

0,14

2004

12.306,9

10.088,3

2.218,6

36,7

0,15

2005

12.616,7

10.283,2

2.333,5

37,0

0,15

Source: Forest Inventory and Planning Institute and Forest Management Department
There are many reasons that led to the decrease in natural forest area in the previous period that in turn resulted in the decline in biodiversity in forest ecosystems in general.
Ecosystems in Vietnam are very abundant and diversified. However, these ecosystems are facing many challenges that mainly derive from people’s socio-economic activities and climate change in the world. Natural forest area is likely to be decreased in term of quality and quantity. Marine environment has been impacted by resource exploitation activities such as exploitation of oil and sea products and pollution, etc….
1.2. Diversity of species

In recent years, along with biodiversity conservation efforts, may biodiversity inventories and researches have been carried out by domestic and international organizations? Studies mainly focus on components of animal and plant species and typical ecosystems. Research results consolidated from scientists and research agencies show that:



Table 2- Components of species that have been recognized so far


Order

Species group

Number of species recognized

1

Floating plants

1.939




- Fresh water

1.402




- Sea water

537

2

Marine algae

697




Fresh water

About 20




Sea water

682




Seaweed

15

3

On land plant

13.766




Low class plant

2.393




High class plant

11.373

4

Aquatic invertebrate animals

8.203




Fresh water

782




Sea water

7.421

5

On land invertebrate animals

About 1.000

6

Insects

7.750

7

Fish

2.738




Fresh water

700




Sea water

2.038

8

Reptile

296




Sea snake

50




Sea tortoise

4

9

Amphibian

162

10

Bird

840

11

Mammal

310




Sea mammal

16

Source: Institute of Ecology and Bio-resources, 2005
In a short time from 1992-2004, Vietnamese scientists and some international organizations recognized 7 additional mammal species and 2 new bird species to contribute to science.

- Pseudoryx nghetinhensis

- Megamuntiacus vuquangensis

- Pseudonovibos spiralis

- Canimuntiacus truongsonensis

- Muntiacus puhoatensis

- Viverra taynguyenensis

- Pygathrix cinereus

- Isolagus timminsis

- Garrulax ngoclinhensis

- Actinodora sodangonum

In terms of vegetation, in the period 1993 – 2003, there were 13 branches, 222 species and 30 taxons under species recognized and newly described for science, etc….


1.3. Diversity of genetic resources

According to Jucovski (1970), Vietnam is one of 12 centers of seed sources and a center of taming famous animals in the world.



Table 3- Main domestic animal species

Order

Specoes




Species

Total

Domestic species

Imported species

1

Pigs

20

14

6

2

Cows/Oxes

21

5

16

3

Goats

5

2

3

4

Buffalos

3

2

1

5

Sheep

1




1

6

Rabbits

4

2

2

7

Horses

3

2

1

8

Chicken

27

16

11

9

Ducks

10

5

5

10

Wild gooses

7

3

4

11

Gooses

5

2

3

Source: Agriculture and Rural development Science and Technology in 20 renovation years – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, 2005.

There are about 50 bred fish species imported from foreign countries and domesticated in Vietnam, in which 35 species are ornamental fish and the remaining are bred fish for food.

Crop plant species in Vietnam are very diversified and abundant. According to statistics, there have been 802 popular crop plant species belonged to 79 branches so far. Human is consuming 40% primary capacity of the earth (sun energy transferred through photosynthesis process). Many economic industries such as agriculture, husbandry, aquaculture, wood processing industry, wild animal trading, power production, fresh water uses, etc… have effected directly on reserves.



Species by using purposes are as follows:
Table 4- Number of popular crop plant species in Vietnam

Order

Plant group

Number of species

1

Essential plants for food

41

2

Additional plants for food

95

3

Fruits

105

4

Vegetables

55

5

Spice

46

6

Plants for drinking water

14

7

Plants for fibre

16

8

Plants for foodstuff

14

9

Plants for fat oil

45

10

Plants for attar

20

11

Plants for improving soil

28

12

Plants for medicine

181

13

Ornament plants

62

14

Plants for shade

7

15

Industrial plants

24

16

Timbers

49




Total

802

Source: Agriculture and Rural development Science and Technology in 20 renovation years – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, 2005.
2. Current status of biodiversity in Vietnam

In order to prevent biodiversity degradation, Vietnam has implemented biodiversity conservation activities rather soon. There are two popular biodiversity conservation methods that are applied in Vietnam: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation.


2.1. In- situ conservation


In-situ conservation includes measures and tools with the purposes of protection species, races, habitats and ecosystems in natural conditions. Depends on conserved subjective, appropriate managing methods shall be applied accordingly. In general, status quo conservation is carried out by establishment of reserves and proposals of appropriate managing methods.

In-situ conservation has been the main conservation method in Vietnam in recent years. Outcomes of this conservation method are most clearly seen in the establishment and operation of special forest systems.

Ě Systems of nature reserves in Vietnam

Vietnam is one of countries that pay early attention to biodiversity conservation.

On 07 July, 1962, Cuc Phuong National Park was the first conservation area in the South of Vietnam. In its early presence, it was called as Cuc Phuong “forbidden forest”. This is a conservation area with flora and fauna in Limestone Mountains contiguous to ecosystems in the North delta and the North West area.

In the South, in 1965, Pham Hoang Ho and Phung Trung Ngan suggested to establish 10 protected areas in lowland region: Con Dao, Chau Doc, Bao Loc, Duc Xuyen hunting forbidden forest (Buon Ma Thuot), Hoang Loan island and Mui Dinh and they were accepted by Sai Gon authority. There are 3 protected areas in high mountainous region: Chu Yang Sin (2405m), Lang Bian Peak (2183m) and Bach Ma - Hai Van (1450m). According to IUCN (1974), there are 07 reserves in the South of Vietnam spreading in the area of 753,050 ha (Cao Van Sung- Systems of Natural Protected areas in Vietnam-1994).

After the national unity day, systems of reserves have been increasingly widen, added and improved in terms of scope and protecting and managing systems. There are 211 reserves in Vietnam including:

- Forest reserves (special forests) under management of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: 128 reserves (recognized by the Government)

- Nature reserves proposed by Ministry of Fishery: 15 reserves


  • Wetland reserves proposed by Ministry of Resources and Environment: 68 reserves

- Wetland reserves and sea reserves have just been on proposals but not get approval officially.

Table 5. Classification of special forest systems in Vietnam

Order

Type

Number

Area (ha)

I

National parks

30

1.041.956

II

Nature reserves

60

1.184.372

IIa

Nature reserves

48

1.100.892

IIb

Species/habitat reserves

12

83.480

III

Landscape protection areas

38

173.764




Total (Reserves)

128

2.400.092

Source: Statistics up to October, 2006 – Forest Management Department and Forest Inventory and Planning Institute

In 12 current reserves, there are 30 national parks, 48 nature reserves, 12 species and habitat reserves and 38 landscape reserves in the area of 2,400,092 ha that contribute to nearly 7.24% on land natural area of the whole country. Some research forests in Institutes, Centers and Schools are included in the special forest systems, according to Law on Forest Protection and Development (revised version) in 2004.

Present special forest systems are located widely in all ecosystems in the whole country. However, the current special forest systems are mainly in small size and disperse. In 128 reserves, there are 14 areas smaller than 1000 ha that account for 10.9%. There are 52 area smaller than 10.000 ha that make up 40.6% of reserves, including 04 national parks, 9 nature reserves and 30 landscape protection areas. Many reserves cover agricultural land and tenure land. Boundaries of some reserves are not clear or under conflicts. Linkages between reserves are poor. Corridors linking small reserves that have similar features have not been established, etc...

In agriculture and forest industry, status quo conservation is understood as conservation of agricultural species and forest species in cultivated fields and plantation forests. In addition to reserves, the following conservation forms are recognized in Vietnam.



  • 5 national biosphere reserves recognized by UNESCO: Can Gio area (Hochiminh city), Cat Tien area (Dong Nai, Lam Dong and Binh Phuoc), Cat Ba area (Hai Phong city), Red River Delta coast (Nam Dinh and Thai Binh) and Kien Giang biosphere reservation area.

  • 2 natural heritage areas of the world: Ha Long Bay (Quang Ninh) and Phong Nha - Ke Bang (Quang Bình);

  • 4 natural heritage areas of Asean: 4 national parks: Ba Be (Bac Can), Hoang Lien (Lao Cai), Chu Mom Ray ( Kon Tum) and Kon Ka Kinh ( Gia Lai)

  • 2 Ramsar areas: Xuan Thuy National Park (Nam Dinh province) and Cat Tien National Park.

Some remaining issues in in-situ reserves

  • In the systems of reserves, there are many reserves small in size and poor in linkage with one another so that conservation activities in wider areas are limited.

  • Boundaries between reserves are not clearly determined in the sites so that there still are invasion and violation activites in those areas.

  • Budgets for conservation are limited and mainly depend on the State budget so that reserves under local management receive very limited budgets for conservation. There are no specific policies on socializing conservation activities.

  • Some policies on conservation are insufficient, such as investment policy, policy on managing buffer zone, etc...

  • Vietnam’s category classification system is defined in the Law on Forest Protection and Development in 2004 and has been applied in reality. However, there are some shortcomings in Vietnam’s special forest category classification in compared with IUCN category classification system: in Vietnames category classification system, we are still confused between category and sub-category: species conservation is a category in 6 category classification systems of IUCN serving different management purposes that cannot be classified as a sub- category of natural conservation area.

- We are still confused in classificating national parks and nature reserves that we consider national parks are of more conservation importance than nature reserves. As a consequence, in a long time, since we found that national parks withdrew more attention and investment so that provinces and cities wanted to convert their reserves into national parks. As it is, many natural parks have not met their conservation objectives, etc.

  • Classification systems and perceptions are different so that management policies at the moment mainly focus on restricted protection and do not linked with advanced conservation perception as conservation going along with development.

2.2. Ex- situ conservation in Vietnam

Ex-situ conservation includes botanical garden, zoological gardens, pools for aquatic products, collections of microorganism, museums, seed bank, collections of sprout and tissue… Measures are moving plant species, seedlings and microorganism out of their natural living environment. Purposes of the movement are to multiplicate, maintain and replicate cloning or rescue in the following circumstances: i) their living areas are degraded or damaged that no longer can sustain, ii) in order to be inputs for researches, experiments and development of new products, to improve knowledge for the communities. Even though ex-sity conservation is considerably new in Vietnam, in recent years, it has gained some significant achievements.

- Initially establish botanic garden network, collection gardens and forest components for forest genetic conservation and zoological gardens nationwide and they have been gradually operated stably. In fact, ex-situ conservation systems have supported studies and researches on biodiversity conservation effectively. Many studying topics have been successful in many aspects of ex-situ conservations in botanic and zoological gardens.

- Botanic gardens, forest components for forest genetic conservation, herbal remedy gardens and zoological gardens have collected a significant great amount of species and individuals. Of which many native species have been studied and replicated successfully. Many wild animals have been fed and multiplicated in man made conditions. Especially, many special herbal remedy gardens or herbal remedy gardens in botanic gardens have contributed substantially for medicine researches and replication of Vietnamese traditional medicines based on herbs to provide inputs for pharmaceuticals.

- Ex-situ conservation has contributed significantly to in-situ conservation with respect to wild animals that are facing danger of extinction in the nature. Some wild animals such as spotted deer, musc deer, lilac crocodile (animals), and plants such as Sua, erythrophloeum fordid, etc…

- Initially set up genetic bank for conservation genes of plant and animal species, long time reservation, support for bio-technology and agro-forest development, etc… The current main ex-situ conservation forms are as follows:


i) Experimental forests

In the new catagory classification system of experimental forests, scientific research is classified as a category under management of reserves. Results from planning reviews of 03 forest types in 2006 determined 17 experimental forests in the area of 8,516 ha. Experimental forests include timber gardens, botanic gardens, forest tree collection gardens and forest components for forest genetic conservation. Some typical experimental forests are: Trang Bom timber forest (Thong Nhat District, Dong Nai Province) which contain 155 species of 55 families and 17 bamboo species. Sai Gon zoological and botanic garden with more than 100 plant species, timber garden of Lang Hanh forest experimental station (Duc Trong district, Lam Dong province), Mang Linh tinber garden (Da Lat city), Ha Noi Botanic garden, etc...



ii) Medicinal plant gardens

According to survey of Medicine Institute in 2000, there are 3.800 medicinal plants belonged to 270 plant families in Vietnam (La Dinh Moi, 2001). Medicinal plant species are located across various ecosystems in Vietnam. In which, most of medicinal plants grow naturally and about 20% of them are planted. Since 1988, medicinal plant genetic conservation has been implemented. However, in 848 medicinal plants that are decided to be conserved, there are only 120 species and sub-species conserved in research areas and bases. At the moment, there are many medicinal plant gardens that have been established. In addition, there are systems of medicinal plant gardens belong to households specializing in trading Vietnamese or Chinese traditional herbal medicines. The following are some existing medicinal plant gardens:



  • In Medicine Institute, there is SaPa medicinal plant station with 63 medicinal species that are preserved at altitude of 1,500 m.

  • Tam Dao medicinal plant station preserving 175 species at altitude of 900m.

  • Van Dien medicinal plant station (Hanoi) - 294 species

  • Garden in Hanoi Medicine University - 134 species

  • Garden in Army Medical Institute - 95 species

  • Seedling Center in Da Lat that collectss 88 species and preserve at altitude of 1500 m.

  • Vietnam’s ginseng Center preserves 6 species. In addition, the Center collects seeds of some medical plants for short and medium term preservation in cool conditions.


iii) Seed bank

Reservation of seeds and breeding animals has newly implemented in some research bases. At the moment, there are 04 agencies in Vietnamese agriculture that have cool preservation storehouses: Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology Institute, the Southern Agricultural Science and Technology Institute, Can Tho University and Crop and Food Institute. All the cool storehouses are small in size with backward technologies so that they have just satisfied preservation requirements in the short and medium term. There is no storehouse for long time preservation.

According to statistics of : Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology Institute (2005), the national plant genetic bank has preserved more than 14,300 seeds of 115 species in storehouses so far. There are 03 genetic banks:

- Seed genetic bank: 12,500 seeds of 83 species.

- Field genetic bank: 1,720 seeds of 32 asexual reproduction species.

- In vitro genetic bank: preserves 102 species of taro and Indian taro.

In 19 agencies and networks of the seed genetic preservation system, there are 5000 seeds of 50 species, 3,340 genotypes kiểu gen and 200 specimen of rubber trees. 300 genotype groups have been established. 2,000 genotypes of rubber trees have been materialized.

- Remaining issues of ex-situ conservation in Vietnam

The implementation of ex-situ conservation in Vietnam has exposed some remaining issues and simultaneously challenges. They can be grouped as follows:

- There is lack of overall and detailed planning. The existing systems of botanic gardens, timber gardens and forest components of forest genetic conservation are planned and designed unsystematically, not specialized and not represented for each eco-region and for the whole country. Zoological gardens are mainly for visiting but do not pay much attention to conservation.

- Collection has not focused on endangered and valuable species and forest non-timber products. Number of species in the collection is small. There is no botanic garden that contains more than 500 species (excluding natural plant species that have been available in the planning process).

- Training for ex-situ conservation staff, especially staff specializing in ex-situ conservation working in botanic gardens, zoological gardens and rescue stations, is limited.

- Ex-situ conservation has not withdrawn enough attention from policies and guidelines on nature conservation. There have been some documents so far: Decision No. 225/1999/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister on seeds and breeding animals and forest seeds that includes botanic gardens; Decision No. 86/2006/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister on overall planning of Vietnam Nature Museum to 2020. There is no document providing detailed guidelines for ex-situ conservation activities.



    • To date, investment in developing botanic gardens, timber gardens, forest components of forest genetic conservation, zoological gardens and rescue stations has not been truly focused. There is no policy to attract investment from other funding sources such as socio-economic organizations, individuals, communities, etc.


3. Conservation and sustainable development

3.1. Sustainable development

Sustainable development is the development that meet current requirements but not obstruct the satisfaction of next generations’ requirements (Report on our common future, United Nation, -1987).

Sustainable development is a process combining 03 aspects of the development in a close, appropriate and harmonious manner. 03 aspects are:


      • Economic development: focusing on economic growth and stability in economic growth…

      • Social development: to make social progress, social equality, hunger elimination and povery reduction, job generation…

      • Environment protection: treating and overcoming poluttion, recovering and improving environment quality; controlling and fighting against fire and deforestation, appropriate exploitation, economical use of natural resources …

In order to ensure sustainable development, it is necessary to conserve biodiversity and use it sustainably. As for bio-resources that are able for re-creation, the important thing is to reach maximun and stable output but not make basic resources exhausted. This output is limited and cannot be overexploited if future outputs will not be effected.

Objectives of natural conservation, biodiversity management and sustainable use of bio-resources is ‘to maintain the optimal balance betwwen natural diversity conservation and improvement of human living quality’


3.2. Impacts of reserves on sustainable development

As mentioned above, stable economic growth, hunger elimination and povery reduction, and ecological environment protection are objectives of development and conservation processes and they support one another in their development. The total reserves of more than 2 million ha of forests is a great biodiversity resources. They are not only places for maintaining and supplying natural resources but also supportive sites and fields for economic development, hunger elimination and povery reduction and natural disaster restriction, etc...

▪ Conservation support the development of the communities and hunger elimination and povery reduction. Many reserves in Vietnam are habitats of minority ethnics where hunger and poverty rate are high. As for remote areas, reserves are places to provide medicinal plants, secondary forest products and fresth water and minimize illegal migration, etc...

▪ Provision and adjustment of water resources: reserves are places with high forest coverage levels that play good protection functions, constrain flood and provide water resources for lowland areas, etc.

▪ Contribution for agricultural development: Reserves are places to reserve and supply genetic sources that are transformed to plant and animal species, at the same time they are places to adjust water resources and to make climate equable for production and life of local people living surrounding conservation and lowland areas, etc.

▪ Aquacultural development: systems of wetland reserves and coastal mangrove forests are convenient environment for aquatic species to develop and for developing and exploiting this type of resources such as Xuan Thuy national park, Thai Thuy reserves, etc.

▪ Tourism development: reserves, especially national parks, are convenient for access. They are attracting destinations of domestic and foreign tourists, e.g. Phong Nha national park – Ke Bang earns 5 billion dong per year from tourism activity.

▪ Enviroment protection: reserves are pools to absorb CO2 effectively to contribute to reduction of greenhouse effects, prevention of global climate change that attract attention of all countries in the world, etc.

Conservation and sustainable development herein are related to activities that maintain biodiversity in the following aspects: provision of essential inputs, social and cultural values, and ecological services that are exploited and used in a sustainable and effective manner, etc... Biodiversity conservation include all activites related to conservation of species, genetic sources of each species, specimen, habitat and landscape through conservation of ecosystems and appropriate exploitation of plants, animals and microorganism resourves to serve people’s life, prodiction and sharing benefits from organism resources. As a result, to get stable economic development, it is necessary to pay attention to protection of the existing reserves in all relevant aspects.

4. Conservation and climate change

4.1. Climate change

Climate change is the change that are resulted directly or indirectly from human activites that change greenhouse emission concentration in the air, increase greenhouse effects and make climate change in the global scale.

Climate change due to greenhouse emissions resulted fron human activites has increasingly gone up. The current CO2 concentration is 30-35% higher than its natural concentration 10,000 years ago. Temperature of the Earth surface increases 0,60C on average in compared with the 20th century and it is estimated to increase 1,4 –5,80C in 2100, the biggest change in the last 10,000 years. The consequence is that ice will melt, sea water level has increased and climate regime has changed too. Level of climate change depends on each region. However, all regions in the world are impacted more or less. Number of species will change. Temperature of the earth surface will increase. Sea level will rise higher. Primary production systesm such as agriculture and forestry will be effected significantly. However, nature and allocation of those impacts in the future have not been determined. In short, climate change will change some factors as follows:


  • Increase in the earth temperature

  • Rise in sea level

  • Partial desertization or desertization in a wide scale

  • Change in hydrographic cycle

  • Change in climate rules, e.g. rain, sun, flood, wind, storm, etc.

At the moment, we are living in a world that climate is changing, sea level is rising up, population is increasing rapidly, occupation of exotic species is accelerating, habitat is narrowed down and separated, pressure of industrialization and global trade is more severe, etc… All these changes have impacted the management of reserves as well as the common life of human being.

4.2. Impacts of climate change to biodiversity conservation

Climate change has created great impacts on nature and society and directly effected people’s life. Climate change will affect biodiversity conservation too. Details are as follows:

- Some species those are recorded in IUCN Red Book, especially species in most danger or in danger that survive in a specific location will disappear.

- In ecosystems and habitats that are essential for migration species, species in danger with narrow living areas and endemic species will disappear or be reduced in number.

- Ecosystems are changed and divided into pieces: since sea level increases, some locations where important races and flora and fauna at international level concentrate or those of species that have narrow habitats can disappear, be partitioned or divided into pieces such as island and coastal region, etc….

- Some landscape reserves is of socio-economic, cultural and scientific importance or representative, unique or important in making progress or biological processes in island, coastal or river mouth regions will disappear or be narrowed down.

- Occupation of exotic species: the change in living environment creates sufficient conditions for exotic plant and animal species to occupy and develop. Along with trading activities, occupation of exotic species is a big threat to the stability and diversity of ecosystems, right after threat of losing habitat. Small islands and fresh water and coastal ecosystems are affected the most seriously.

4.3. Impacts of systems of reserves on climate change

Current systems of reserves are not only places to conserve biodiversity the most efficiently but also contribute significantly to limit climate change as well as its impacts:

- Reserves are pools to absorb huge amount of CO2 effectively to contribute to reduction of greenhouse effects, one thing that results in climate change.

- Reduce consequences of flood, prevent erosion and soil drifting, protect production and basic infrastructure.

- Limit partial desertization or desertization on a large scale, one effect that becomes considerably popular in our country.

- Contribute to make climate equable in the region as well as in the larger scale, etc...

As a result, systems of reserves not only play important roles in terms of conservation but also satisfy many objectives of socio-economic development and limit consequences of climate change, etc... that contribute to meet people’s requirements more effectively, one objective that we try to achieve.
4.4. Solutions for biodiversity conservation in the context of climate change

In order to minimize impacts of climate change on biodiversity resources, the following measures need to be applied::



  • To improve and concretize policies on biodiversity to be executed

  • To set up detailed policies to attract social components to participate in biodiversity conservation.

  • To establish rescued areas to protect species that are in danger of extinction due to climate change.

  • To have detailed programs to improve knowledge on biodiversity conservation for communities and different industries and levels.

  • To strengthen international co-operation on biodiversity conservation and climate change in the globe.


Conclusion

Biodiversity conservation is of interest of not only each country individually but also of human kind in general, since it links closely with socio-economic development of each country and limits impacts of climate change.

The current systems of reserves have brought into play their impacts on protecting biodiversity resources. However, in order to get better conservation, it requires not only each country and each locality to make proposals on appropriate management plans, but also requires managers and policies to have throughout understand on biodiversity in socio-economic and cultural conditions of specific regions… to make precise decisions and policies that are appropriate for conservation.

Objectives of nature conservation and sustainable development are to satisfy requirements of people’s life on all aspects more effectively. In order to achieve these objectives, it requires involvement, support and assistance of governments, international organizations, scientists, enterprises, communities….to make the development process not affect conservation activities and the make conservation activities better support development process.



LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 1996-Vietnam Red Book-Vegetation Part- Science and Technology Publication, Hanoi.

2. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-2002- National report on reserves and economic development.

3. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-2002 – National strategies on managing reserves of Vietnam 2002-2010.

4. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-2004 – Basic amendments on the Law on Forest Protection and Development.

5. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-2005 - Agriculture and Rural development Science and Technology in 20 renovation years

6. Ministry of Resources and Environment, 2004- The national environment protection strategy – the National Politic Publication.

7. Ministry of Resources and Environment, 2005- Collection of reports of environment workshops nationwide 2005.

8. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam-1995 Vietnam Biodiversity Action Plan

9. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam -2004 Orientations of Sustainable Development Strategies in Vietnam.

10 The Socialist Republic of Vietnam -2003- Management strategy of nature reserves in Vietnam to 2010.

11. Hanoi National University, 2005- Year book of scientific workshops on environment and sustainable development. Science and Technology Publication.

12. Nguyen Huy Dung, 2006- Community and issues on managing Vietnam nature reserves, Agricultural Publication.

13. Vo Quy, 2006 – Planning and management of nature reserves.

14.Cao Van Sung, 1994 – recapitulation on analysis of Vietnam nature reserves

15. Nguyen Nghia Thin- 1997, Manual for biodiversity research - Agricultural Publication - Hanoi.

16. The Prime Minister- Decision No. 03/2001/QD-TTg dated 5/1/2001 of the Prime Minister on approval of forest inventory results in the whole country.

17. Ecological and bio-resource Institute -2002- Workshop documents “Vegetation and conservation”.








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