TREES
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Arizona ash, Velvet ash; Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. velutina
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X
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2000 ‘– 7000’; Tree to 30’; Deciduous Bloom Mar-Apr, flowers appear before leaves
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Bloom Mar - Apr
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Seeds: birds and animals; Pacific coast red-naped sapsucker
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Firewood, Building materials
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Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn
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Blue palo verde; Cercidium floridum
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X
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X
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500’–4000’; Tree to 30’; Moderate age; Winter & drought deciduous
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Bloom Apr–May; Fruit May-June
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Nectar and insects in flowers attract verdins, orioles; Seeds for food, branches for nesting for finches, mockingbird, mourning dove, hummingbirds; Seed for ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, antelope, javelina; Host plant for mistletoe which is food for phainopeplas; Fodder for bees; Fallen flowers: desert tortoise eat; Nest sites: doves; Nighttime roosting by many birds
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Seeds eaten raw or ground
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Hodgson, 2001; Tucson, Giebner
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Catclaw acacia; Acacia greggii
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X
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X
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Below 5000’; Shrubby tree to 20’; Live > 100 yrs; Semi-deciduous in winter and extreme drought
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Bloom Apr–Oct
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Seeds attract doves, verdins, sparrows, pyrrhuloxias, quail, woodrat; Blooms: butterflies; Attracts ants which attract horned lizards; Attracts bees and beneficial wasps; Shelter: wildlife.
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seeds ground for eating
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Thornber's 1909 list; Hodgson, 2001; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Tucson, Giebner
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Coyote willow; Salix exigua
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X
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To 9500’; Grows to 15’-20’; Usually shrubby
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Bloom Apr-May
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Browse for livestock and wildlife
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Thornber's 1909 list
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Desert willow; Chilopsis linearis
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X
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X
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1500’ – 5000’; Tree to 25’; Moderate life; Deciduous
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Bloom Apr–Aug/Sep
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Spring and fall flowers: hummingbirds, verdins bees (including bumble bees and carpenter bees); Ruby-crowned kinglets in winter look for insects. Provides caterpillar food for pollinating moths; Shelter and nesting: birds; Insects on plant eaten by birds
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Tucson, Giebner
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Foothills Palo Verde; Cercidium microphyllum
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X
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500-4000’; to 26’ tall; Slow to med growth rate
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Blooms Mar-May; Seeds June-July
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Jackrabbits like flowers; seeds eaten by birds & small mammals. Branches used for nesting & roosting; bee fodder; host for mistletoe providing food for phainopepla. Javelina like dried seeds.
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Seeds eaten raw or ground; preferred by some over blue palo verde
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Hodgson, 2001
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Fremont cottonwood; Populus fremontii
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X
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150’ – 6000’; Grows to 100’; Long lived; Deciduous
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Bloom early spring
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Twigs and foliage: deer & beaver; Buds and catkins: birds
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Firewood, building materials
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Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; SDCP; Tucson, Giebner
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Goodding willow; Salix gooddingii
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X
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Below 7000’; Tree to 45’; Bloom spring
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Buds and twigs: birds; Twigs and foliage: deer; Bark: beaver
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Thornber's 1909 list
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Ironwood; Olneya tesota
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X
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Below 2500’; Tree to 26’-30'; Long lived; Bloom May–June; Seed June-July
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Seeds: mammals, game birds; Nesting: cactus wren; Flowers: hummingbirds, bumble bees, carpenter bees, honeybees; Browse for bighorn sheep, mule deer; Insects on plant eaten by birds
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Seeds eaten raw, parched, steamed, ground; wood used for tools, tool handles
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Hodgson, 2001; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Tucson Giebner
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Mexican elderberry; Sambucus mexicana, (Sambucus caerulea var. mexicana)
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X
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1000’ – 4000’; Tree to 30’; Drought deciduous; Bloom Mar–Jun; Fruit May-Oct
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Fruit attracts doves, phainopepla, orioles, cactus wrens, and many other birds; Foliage: deer and livestock
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Edible fruit; ceremonial wine; poultices, Niethammer
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Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001; Tucson Giebner
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Netleaf hackberry, canyon hackberry; Celtis reticulata
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X
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1500’ – 6000’; Tree to 35’; Long lived; Deciduous; Bloom Mar–Apr
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Fruits available June to November
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Berries: birds, javelina, coyotes, fox; Foliage: deer, snout butterfly; Cover & nest: quail, white-winged dove, small mammals
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Fruits, dry or fresh, Niethammer
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Thornber's 1909 list; Hodgson, 2001
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Screwbean mesquite; Prosopis pubenscens
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X
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X
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Below 4000’ Tree to 15’–20’; Bloom May-Aug, Moderate life; Deciduous
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pods in summer to fall
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Pods eaten by desert animals
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pods soaked, dried, pounded to make flour; wood used for tools
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Thornber's 1909 list; Hodgson, 2001
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Seep willow; Baccharis salicifolia
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X
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2000’-5500’; Bloom Mar-Dec; Tall shrub or small tree to 12’
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seeds in summer to fall
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Nectar for butterflies, attracts wasps and beneficial bees
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Seed pods ground for food
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Thornber's 1909 list
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Velvet mesquite; Prosopis velutina
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X
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X
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X
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1000’-5000’; Tree to 30’; Long-lived; Deciduous; Bloom Apr–May, again in Aug ; Fruit June-Sept
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summer, fall
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Seed pods attract dove, quail, raven, big horn sheep, sparrows, finches; Seedpods, leaves and bark: rabbits, coyote, ground squirrel, kangaroo rats, antelope, skunk, wolf; Twigs and foliage: deer; Flowers attract 60 species of native bees, plus wasps and butterflies; Nectar and larval plant for butterflies; Nesting: white winged doves, mourning doves; Host plant for mistletoe which attracts phainopepla; Insects on plant eaten by birds.
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Raw pods sucked for nutrition; dried pods ground and used in variety of foods, steeped for drink; major source of firewood, building materials; Niethammer
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Thornber's 1909 list; Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001; Tucson Giebner
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Whitethorn acacia; Acacia constricta
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X
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X
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2500’-5000’; Shrubby tree to 10’–15’; Deciduous; Bloom May–Aug/Sept
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Insects and nectar: verdins; Seeds: dove, verdins, sparrows, finches, pyrrhuloxias, quail, woodrat; Foliage: deer; young growth: jackrabbits feed on; Nesting: verdins; Larval plant: butterflies; Shelter: wildlife, birds
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Hodgson, 2001; Tucson, Giebner
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SHRUBS
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All-thorn; crucifixion-thorn; Koeberlinia spinosa
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X
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2500-5000 ft; blooms May - July; 6 - 15 ft. tall; hardy to 0°F
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summer
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Birds eat berries and use thorny plant for shelter
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berries eaten
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001
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Brittlebush; Encelia farinosa
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X
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Below 3000’; Shrub to 3’; Evergreen;
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Bloom Nov–May in frost free areas
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Flowers pollinate by butterflies, moths and small bees; Seeds: sparrows, and wildlife in general; Browsed by bighorn
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exudate on stems used as incense
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Chuparosa; Justicia californica
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X
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X
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1000’-2500'; Bush to 4'-6'; Cold and drought deciduous;
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spring/
summer; Bloom on & off through year
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Flowers: Rufous hummingbirds, butterflies, black carpenter bees; Insects on plants eaten by birds
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small amounts of nectar in flowers sucked for fun
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Hodgson, 2001; ethnographic records of use
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Creosote; Larrea tridentata
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X
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Below 4500'; Shrub to 11'; Extremely long lived; Bloom Mar-Apr, and Nov–Dec
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Seeds: blackthroat and white-crowned sparrows, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, other small mammals; Plant: jackrabbits attracted to it
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Rheumatism, internal parasites, stomach aches
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Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Tucson Giebner
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Desert hackberry; Celtis pallida
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X
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X
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1500 – 3500’; Shrub to 10’-20'; Lives 90+ yrs; Semievergreen;
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late spring to fall; Bloom summer; Fruit June-Oct
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Fruit: pyrrhuloxia, cardinals, mockingbirds, others, javelina, coyotes, fox; Foliage: deer and snout butterflies; Cover and nesting: quail, white-winged dove, small mammals, pyrrhuloxia; Shaded leaf litter foraged by birds looking for insects; Insects on plant eaten by birds
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Fruits, dry or fresh, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Desert honeysuckle; Anisacanthus thurberi
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X
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X
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2500-5500’; Upright shrub to 6’; Blooms primarily in spring
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Flowers: hummingbirds and solitary bees, plant browsed by sheep and cattle
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Desert saltbush; Atriplex polycarpa
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X
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X
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X
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Below 3500’; Shrub to 4’;
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summer/fall; Bloom Feb–Oct
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Seeds: quail; Cover plant for quail; Twigs and foliage: deer, bison, big horn sheep
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seeds eaten
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc Hill plant list; Hodgson, 2001
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Ephedra, Mormon tea; Ephedra sp.
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X
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Up to 4,500 ft; 1 – 3’ tall; blooms Feb. - Mar.
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Tea year round; “nut" in summer
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Deer, sheep may browse; quail eat seeds; bees collect pollen
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Stems used for tea; edible "nut" roasted and ground for flour, or bitter mush
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Hodgson, 2001; Prehistoric, historic
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Four-winged saltbush; Atriplex canescens
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X
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X
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X
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2000’-8000’; Shrub to 8’ tall, 8’ wide; Evergreen
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Bloom Jul–Aug; Seed Apr-Sep
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Seeds: quails, doves, finches, towhees, and small mammals; Plant provides good cover and nesting sites; Great browse plant; Insects on plants eaten by birds
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list
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Graythorn; Ziziphus obtusifolia
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X
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X
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X
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1000’-5000’; Bush to 10’; Deciduous; Bloom May–Sep; Fruit Aug-Jan
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fruits August to January
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Nests for birds such as Abert's Towhee; Berries: birds, specifically white-winged dove, and Gambel's quail; Flowers: honeybees, native bees, tarantula hawks; Insects on plant eaten by birds
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berries eaten
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Hodgson, 2001
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Jojoba; Simmondsia chinensis
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X
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X
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1000’-5000’; Shrub to 7'; Evergreen; dedicuous; Females bloom Dec-Jul; Fruit May-Jul
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Foliage: deer, bighorn sheep; Fruit: small mammals
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Nut edible fresh or parched; said to relieve stomach aches, makes a coffee-like drink, reduces swelling; Niethammer
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Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001
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Ocotillo; Fouquieria splendens
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X
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Below 5000' 20' tall; Bloom Mar-Jun; drought deciduous
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spring, summer
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Flower, nectar eaten; seeds ground & eaten; reduce swelling caused by crushing
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Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn
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Quail bush; Atriplex lentiformis
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X
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X
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Below 4000’; Dense shrub, to 8’ high 12’ wide; Semi-deciduous; Bloom Feb-Apr
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Seeds: quail; Cover plant for quail; Twigs and foliage: deer, bison, big horn sheep; Bee pollinated
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seeds edible in a pinch, roasted, parched, made into mush
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Hodgson, 2001
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Warnock's snakewood; Condalia warnockii (var. Kearneyana)
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X
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2500-4500 ft.; blooms in spring; to 5 ft high
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late spring, summer
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sweet berrier used by wildliife
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small fruits eaten raw
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001
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Wolfberry; Lycium fremontii
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X
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X
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X
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Below 2500', Shrub to 5'-9' tall; Drought deciduous; Bloom year round, primarily Jan-Mar; Fruit year round
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can produce fruit year-round; reliable in spring/ summer
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Fruits used by wildlife
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Fruit, dry or fresh; made into beverage, pinole, in stews
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001
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Wolfberry, Anderson thornbush; Lycium andersonii
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X
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X
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X
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Below 5500 ft.; blooms February - April; 3 - 6 ft. tall
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fruits late spring to summer
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fruits used by wildlife
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Fruit, dry or fresh; made into beverage, pinole, in stews
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001
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Wright's saltbush; Atriplex wrightii
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X
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X
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1000-7000 ft.; 2-4 ft. tall; blooms April to October; high salt tolerance
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Spring /summer
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quail, rabbits, small mammals eat seeds and leaves; larger browsing mammals eat foliage
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greens, seeds
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Hodgson, 2001; ethnographic evidence
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Yüklə 197 Kb.