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Wild flower Specification Manual By Grahame Dixie and Matthew Swift


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32 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum)
Description and Habitat: Herb Robert grows to about 50cm and produces small 5 petaled pink flowers April to September. The stem is a deep red colour, while the leaves are a purple/green and the plant has a characteristic smell. Herb Robert is a woodland plant that can occasionally be found in grasslands and mires (W2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, 12,21,22,23,25, MG2, U19, M28). Herb Robert is mainly found on moist soils and on pHs of above 5.5, and low fertility. It is common throughout the UK.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic




Fertility

Low

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High




Moisture

Dry

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Shade



Role: Herb Robert in lowland Britain is mainly confined moist shaded habitats but in upland Britain it can also be found in open habitats. The flower can be grown in shaded borders, under trees and shrubs and in hedgerows.


33 Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria)
Description and Habitat: Kidney Vetch is a tall slender plant with very narrow leaves and a fragile stem. The flower is produced on top of the plant and comprise a round cluster of 30-40 yellow flower heads. It usually flowers between June and September and enjoys dry low fertile calcareous soils. It is one of the few plants that can survive on bare chalk soils and is common through out southern England and parts of Yorkshire (H6,7,CG1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,13,U1). It has the ability to fix nitrogen in the soil and cope with only small amounts of water.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic




Fertility

Low

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High




Moisture

Dry

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Shade

Sun

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Role: The Kidney Vetch plays an important role for the Small Blue butterfly, which lays its eggs on the plant and also is a preferred nectar source for this butterfly. This is a plant that is recommended for any chalk gardens or open grasslands.



34 Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum)
Description and Habitat: It is a long-lived perennial which grows upto 30cm. A slender stem with smaller stems at the top of the plant which produce clusters of yellow flowers from June to August. These frothy flowers small strongly of honey. It has small narrow leaves and a large root system which enables it to find water in times of drought. Lady’s Bedstraw can be found in dry sites such as on sandy soils and in sand dunes as well as calcareous and mesotrophic grasslands (CG1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13, U1,4,20, MG1,2,4,5,9, W14,19, M24, H6,7,8,11). It is recorded on soils in the pH range of 4 to 8 but is mainly found in pHs of 5.5 to 6.5. Lady’s Bedstraw mainly propagates vegetatively and is very hardy once established.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic




Fertility

Low

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High




Moisture

Dry

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Wet




Shade

Sun

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Shade



Role: Lady’s Bedstraw is a vital component of dry, low fertility alkaline grasslands. It is highly tolerant of cutting and can be included in flowering lawns, more frequently it is managed with either a spring on autumn cut. The flower attracts a wide range of butterflies.


35 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
Description and Habitat: Lesser Celandine is one of the earliest flowering plants (February to May). The plant itself is small 10-15cm with dark leaves and the yellow flowers appear on small stalks. Lesser Celandine is largely restricted to shaded sites and is abundant in woodlands, river banks, road verges, hedgerows, meadows and pastures. ( MG1,2,9,W6,7,8,9,10,12,24,25). Lesser Celandine is found on damp soils in the pH range of 4 to 8, but is more commonly found in pHs of 6 to 6.5.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct




Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic

Fertility

Low

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High

Moisture

Dry

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Wet

Shade

Sun

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Shade

Role: Because of its very early spring flowering, lesser Celandine can provide much needed colour early in the year, particularly on damp rockeries or under deciduous trees. This is an invasive plant but finishes its annual growth too early to compete with most other species. The plant can grows in flowering lawns, alongside paths, on stream banks, in ditches, under trees and shrubs, in shady gardens and in damp woodlands. Lesser Celandine is an important early nectar source.



36 Marsh-marigold or Kingcup (Caltha palustris)
Description and Habitat: As its name suggests Marsh-Marigold thrives near water and in wet soils. The plant grows to 30-40cm in height and produces buttercup like flowers on the end of long stalks in the spring. Marsh-marigold is not exclusively found in mires and marshes, it can also be found in some wet woodlands and occasionally on mesotrophic grasslands (W1,2,3,5,6,7,20,MG3,4,8,10,13, M5,8,9,10,11, 12,13,22,23,26,27,28,32,37,38). It is for example found in water meadows, cattle wallows and growing amongst Willows and Alders in wet woods. This is a plant most frequently found on soils of pH 6 to 7 and on moderately fertile soils.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct




Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic

Fertility

Low

▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄

High

Moisture

Dry

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Wet

Shade

Sun

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Shade

Role: The Marsh-Marigold is one of the best suited plants for mires and marshes and in the wild can be found living in most of them it is also well suited to damp gardens, woodlands or around the banks of ponds and streams.



37 Marsh Helleborine (Epipactis palustris)
Description and Habitat: Marsh Helleborine has a slender stem that grows to 25-60cm and has soft leaves. The orchid produces extremely pretty white flowers, with yellow sepals veined with red on top of the stem from late June to September. The Marsh Helleborine thrives in damp or wet areas with no free lime in the water. It is a plant of sun although it establishes well under dappled shade.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct




Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic

Fertility

Low

▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

High

Moisture

Dry

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Wet

Shade

Sun

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Shade

Role: This is an orchid of damp short grassland. It thrives in short marshes of low fertility and is often found in association with the Common Reed (Phragmites australis). It is actually more adaptable than generally considered and the rhizomes can be successfully established in a range of sites but in particular in moist soils under light shade. The plant propagates vegetatively and can spread quite quickly given the right conditions.


38 Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris)
Description and Habitat: The Meadow Buttercup is one of the most well known and commonest wildflowers. The plant has bright yellow flowers which are produced from May to July and can grow upto 100cm. Its very common in grazed or mown meadows and prefers slightly damp, calcareous soils. It can also be found in mires and marshes, woodlands, mesotrophic grasslands and the occasional calcareous grassland. (M8,9,10,12,13,22,23,24, 25, 26, 27,28,31,32,34,38, W3,5,6,7,8,9,11,19,20,24, MG1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, 12, CG10,11,12,13,14, U4,5,13,14,15,17,20,H18). The Meadow Buttercup is found mainly in pHs 5.5 to 7, in damp (but not waterlogged) soils of moderate fertility.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

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Acidic




Fertility

Low

▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

High




Moisture

Dry

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Wet




Shade

Sun

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Shade



Role: The Meadow Buttercup has a very high tolerance of cutting and thrives in managed grasslands that are not cut between March and the end of July. The Meadow Buttercup being taller than other Buttercups can persist in unmanaged grasslands. It is an important plant for including in damp pastures of moderate fertility and pH. It is invasive and needs to be controlled in the herbaceous border.



39 Meadow Cranesbill (Geranium pratense)
Description and Habitat: Meadow Cranesbill is a tall perennial that produces large violet/blue flowers on a leafy stem, usually around 40 to 60m tall. The flowering season extends from June to September, but peaks in the early months. Many flowers can be produced by one plant and two or three stems will arise from each root stock. Once the root stock is established after 1 or 2 years the flowers are very reliable and persistent. The Meadow Cranesbill is commonly found on unmanaged calcareous and neutral grasslands and is particularly common on roadsides verges subject to an annual cut (MG1). Meadow Cranesbill likes damp soils of pH 6 to 8 and once established is sustainable in fertile conditions.


Months

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Flowering

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6.5>

6.5-5.0

5.0<




pH

Alkali

▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

Acidic




Fertility

Low

▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

High




Moisture

Dry

▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

Wet




Shade

Sun

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Shade



Role: Meadow Cranesbill is an excellent flower for road and drive side planting. The plant can withstand frequent cutting but can thrive on a single cut in the autumn. Meadow Cranesbill can also play an important role in a wild meadow garden or herbaceous border, providing colour over an extended flowering season with the added attraction of strong shaped leaves that turn red in the autumn. This plant requires very little maintenance and will self propagate as long as cutting is carried out in the autumn. It will also attract a wide variety of bees and butterflies.

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