Malayalam
Vowels and Diphthongs (see Note 1)
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അ
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a
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ൠ
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ആ
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ā
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ഌ
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്
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ȧ (see Note 2)
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എ
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e
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ഇ
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i
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ഏ
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ē
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ഈ
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ī
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ഐ
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ai
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ഉ
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u
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ഒ
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o
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ഊ
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ū
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ഓ
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ō
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ഋ
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ഔ
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au
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Consonants (see Note 3)
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Gutturals
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Palatals
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Cerebrals
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Dentals
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ക
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ka
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ച
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ca
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ട
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ṭa
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ത
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ta
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ഖ
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kha
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ഛ
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cha
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ഠ
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ṭha
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ഥ
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tha
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ഗ
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ga
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ജ
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ja
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ഡ
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ḍa
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ദ
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da
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ഘ
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gha
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ഝ
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jha
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ഢ
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ḍha
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ധ
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dha
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ങ
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ṅa
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ഞ
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ña
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ണ
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ṇa
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ന
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na
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Labials
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Semivowels
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Sibilants
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Aspirate
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പ
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pa
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യ
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ya
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ശ
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śa
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ഹ
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ha
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ഫ
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pha
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ര
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ra
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ഷ
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ṣa
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ബ
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ba
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റ
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ra
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സ
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sa
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ഭ
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bha
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റ റ
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tta (see Note 4)
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മ
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ma
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ല
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la
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ള
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ḷa
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ഴ
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la
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വ
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va
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Anusvāra (see Note 5)
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Visarga
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Avagraha
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ം
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ṃ
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ഃ
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ḥ
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ഽ
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’ (apostrophe)
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Notes
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Only the vowel forms that appear at the beginning of a syllable are listed; the forms used for vowels following a consonant can be found in grammars; no distinction between the two is made in transliteration.
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When ് is used in combination with the vowel u (ഉ), the combination is also transliterated ȧ.
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The vowel a is implicit after all consonants and consonant clusters and is supplied in transliteration, with the following exceptions:
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when another vowel is indicated by its appropriate sign;
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when the absence of any vowel is indicated by the superscript sign ് (also used for the vowel ȧ); and
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when the following modified consonantal forms are used:
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When റ റ appears as a subscript in a cluster, it is transliterated ta.
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Exception: Anusvāra is transliterated by:
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ṅ before gutturals,
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ñ before palatals,
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ṇ before cerebrals,
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n before dentals, and
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m before labials.
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