Lyonetiidae
Mine a brown circular blotch with the frass forming darker spiral markings in the centre. Egg laid well away from margin [8-9]…………………..……Leucoptera malifoliella 260
Bucculatricidae
Mine short contorted, linear black, close to a major vein. Later the larva eats out windows from upperside [7-8]………………………………..………Bucculatrix bechsteinella 275
Gracillariidae
1 Mine on upperside of leaf .……………………………………………………………… 2
Mine on underside of leaf ………………………………………………………………. 3
2 Blister anywhere on upper surface of leaf, flecked with blackish frass [7+9-10]
………………………………………………….……Phyllonorycter corylifoliella 332
Blotch over midrib, silvery-white [7+10-4] ……..…..Phyllonorycter leucographella 332a
3 Creased mine under leaf lower epidermis green [7+9-10] …………………………………………………………Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae 323
Mine long 20mm to 30mm, narrow between two lateral ribs with many longitudinal creases puckering the leaf [7+9-11] …………………….Phyllonorycter mespilella 325
Gelechiidae
Mine short near midrib, brown, irregular with scalloped edges, very little frass in mine, autumn only, larva feeds externally after hibernation [8-10] .…...Recurvaria nanella 757
PINES Yponomeutidae + 1 x Gelechiidae
1 Mine within the needle of Scots or Lodgepole Pine feeding from the base towards the tip
[4-5]……………………………………...……………..………Cedestis gysseleniella 442
Mine within the needle of various species of Pine starting at the tip or near the tip feeding towards the base ……………………………………………………………………...…..2
2 Mine on Scots Pine or Larch with some internal spinning and a hole at each end through which most of the frass is ejected. Larva head black/brown, body pinkish brown, feeds externally after hibernation [9-5]……………………..…………..Exoteleia dodecella 760
Larvae otherwise …………………….…………………………………………………...3
3 On various species of Pine; larva head brown, body greenish feeding December to April [12-4] ……………………………………………………………Cedestis subfasciella 443
On Scots Pine; larva yellowish, brown when young, head black ………………………..4
4 Larva feeding April to May; pupa in a cocoon between 3 or 4 needles spun together [3-4] ……………………….……………………………………….Ocnerostoma piniariella 444
Larva feeding December to March, June to July and occasionally September; pupa in a cocoon between 3 or 4 needles spun together [12-4+6-7+9]…….Ocnerostoma friesei 445
N.B. It is impossible to distinguish between the larvae and mines of the two Ocnerostoma species, however the different feeding times may give some indication as to which species is present, but to be certain adults should be reared and dissected.
* PLUM see BLACKTHORN *
* POPLAR see ASPEN *
PRIVET
Gracillariidae
Mine narrow, larval spinning causes leaf to fold downwards; after leaving mine larvae construct a cone by rolling leaf tip downwards; two cones are made; upper epidermis silvery [7-9] ..………………………………………….….. Caloptilia cuculipennella 280
Mine narrow, often several parallel galleries which merge to form a large blotch; after leaving mine larvae construct a cone by rolling leaf tip downwards feeding gregariously;
two cones are made; upper epidermis yellow or brown [6+8-9]....Caloptilia syringella 293
PYRACANTHA
Gracillariidae
Mine starts along midrib then produces a blister in centre of leaf, eventually drawing the edges of the leaf together [7+10-4] ………………... Phyllonorcyter leucographella 332a
Lyonetiidae
Mine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The
egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to
distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf
[5+7+9-10]……..…………………………………….………….….Lyonetia clerkella 263
QUINCE Lyonetiidae
Mine a fine gallery with reddish frass leading to a large blotch where frass is dispersed. Blotch may be separated from mine, occasionally on a different leaf. Not recorded in Britain since 1902. [7-8] …………………………………..…. Lyonetia prunifoliella 262
Mine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf. [5+7+9-10] ..………………………………….………..………… Lyonetia clerkella 263
RESTHARROW
Gracillariidae
Mine an opaque ochreous brown gallery along midrib with clearer branches where the larva has fed; larva changes leaves and pupates externally [4-5+6+7-8] ……….…..….... …………………………………………………………………….Parectopa ononidis 299
Mine tentiform on underside of leaf; larva does not change leaves and pupates in the mine [7+9-10] ……………………………………..…………….Phyllonorycter insignitella 350
RIBWORT PLANTAIN
Gracillariidae
Mine starts as long tortuous gallery in lower epidermis; then larva moves to upper epidermis and makes a large blotch astride midrib, spinning causes leaf to close over mine and finally almost conceal it [6-7+10-4] …………..Aspilapteryx tringipennella 294
ROCK ROSE Momphidae
Mine starts as a gallery almost filled with frass, larva then changes to blotch feeding occupying the whole leaf, larva may change leaf if required [10-4+6-7] ………………… ……………………………………………………………………..Mompha miscella 884
ROSE
Nepticulidae
Early gallery much contorted then widening ending in a blotch [9-11] .…………………
……………………………………….…………….……... ..Ectoedemia angulifasciella 28
1 Early gallery relatively straight and not ending in a blotch, filled with greenish frass in first third of mine, darkening with age, frass then turns black and is either narrowly dispersed, or coiled, leaving clear margins [7+10-12] ……….………………Stigmella anomalella 92
Early gallery relatively straight with linear frass leaving clear narrow margins and not ending in a blotch …….………….……………………………………………………….2
2 Found only on Rosa pimpinellifolia, larva bright amber, head dark brown [7+9]………... …………………………………………………….. ………….Stigmella spinosissimae 94
Found on various species of rose, larva yellow, head dark brown, frass in a central line, never coiled, leaving clear margins along total length of mine [6-7+9-10] ……………………………………………………………………Stigmella centifoliella 93
N.B. The mines of all these species tend to overlap in structure, so it is only safe to record them when the characters match precisely the descriptions given above. Stigmella spinosissimae is rare and will only be found on Rosa pimpinellifolia, but the other two species also feed on the same foodplant.
Tischeriidae
Mine an inflated pale brown blotch on the top of the leaf causing the leaf to fold over
which may conceal the mine [9-10]…………………..…..….Emmetia angusticollella 127
ROWAN, WHITEBEAM AND WILD SERVICE TREE
Nepticulidae
1 A slender sinuous galley leading to a large roundish blotch [6]…….….Stigmella sorbi 66
A gallery throughout the whole of the mine ………………….…….…………………….2
2 Mine on Wild Service tree ………………………………….…….………………………3
Mine on Rowan …….……………………………………………….………………..…..4
3 Mine starts relatively straight, slender gallery, becoming contorted with linear frass, later widening almost to a blotch, larva pale yellow [7] ......…. .….….Stigmella torminalis 106
Mine long and sinuous with dispersed frass, larvae green [9-10] ………………………… ………………………………………………………………. Stigmella oxyacanthella 100
4 Mine narrow, less than 1.5mm, frass linear leaving clear margins, usually confined to a small area, but occasionally follows leaf margin [7-8] ………..Stigmella magdalenae 104
Mine wider, more than 1.5mm, frass dispersed may be coiled, a long contorted gallery which may follow leaf margin [6-8] ……….…………….……Stigmella nylandriella 103
N.B. Intermediate forms of these mines do occur and these can be difficult to distinguish.
It should also be noted that Stigmella oxyacanthella has also been known to feed on Rowan and has a mine similar to S. nylandriella, however occupied mines should present no problem as S. oxyacanthella feeds during September and October.
Lyonetiidae
Mine a brown circular blotch with the frass forming darker spiral markings in the centre. Egg laid well away from margin. On Wild Service tree [8-9] ………...………………….. ………………………………………...………………..……..Leucoptera malifoliella 260
Mine a fine gallery with reddish frass leading to a large blotch where frass is dispersed. Blotch may be separated from mine, occasionally on a different leaf. Not recorded in Britain since 1902. [7-8] ……………………….…………..…. Lyonetia prunifoliella 262
Mine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf [5+7+9-10] ………………………………………….……..……….Lyonetia clerkella 263
Bucculatricidae
Mine short contorted, linear black, close to a major vein. Later the larva eats out windows from upperside …(on Rowan and Wild Service Trees) [7-8] …………………………….. ………………………………………………………..……..Bucculatrix bechsteinella 275
Gracillariidae
1 Mine a blotch on upperside of leaf……………………………………..…………………2
Mine on underside of leaf …………………………………………..…………………….3
2 Blotch anywhere on upper surface of leaf, flecked with blackish frass [7+9-10] ……..…..
…………………………………………………….……..Phyllonorycter corylifoliella 332
Blotch over midrib, silvery [7+10-4]………….….…..Phyllonorycter leucographella 332a
3 Mine approx 5-8mm long, lower epidermis turning grey or brown; larvae feeds later in a folded leaf or cone………………………………………………….……………………..4
Mine narrow and approx 20-30mm long, lower epidermis remains green; larva mines throughout ………………………………………………………….…………………….5
4 Larva feeds later in a cone on the leaf margin; mainly on Wild Service-tree [7+8-9] …….
…………………………………………………………………… .Parornix anglicella 303
Larva feeds later in a folded leaf edge or in a centrally placed tight pleat that resembles a mine. (On all three species) [7+8-9]…………………………….…Parornix scoticella 305
5 Mine on Wild Service-tree ………………………………………….……………………6
Mine on Rowan or Whitebeam ……………………………………….………………….7
6 Mine with lower epidermis having many longitudinal creases; pupae in very pale brown loose silken chamber; frass in a long line behind the cocoon (most common species on Wild Service-tree) [7+9-11] ………………………….….. Phyllonorycter mespilella 325
Mine with lower epidermis with one large fold, pupa in a white silk lined chamber with the frass heaped behind the cocoon (rarely found on Wild Service-tree) [6-7+9-10] ……. ……………………………………………………………..Phyllonorycter cydoniella 327
7 Mine in Rowan ………………………………………………………………….……….8
Mine on Whitebeam ……………………………………………………………..…..….10
8 Pupa in a silk-lined chamber with out a real cocoon with very little frass …….…..……9
Pupa in a strong whitish cocoon with the frass heaped near the middle of the mine; mine along midrib or leaf-edge strongly contorting leaf (commonest species on Rowan)
[6-7+9-10] …………………………………………….………. Phyllonorycter sorbi 324
9 Mine with lower epidermis having many longitudinal creases; pupae in very pale brown loose silken chamber; frass in a long line behind the cocoon (infrequent on Rowan
[7+9-11] …………………..……………….………………Phyllonorycter mespilella 325
Very rarely found on Rowan [7+9-4]…………………….. Phyllonorycter lantanella 331
10Mine with lower epidermis having many longitudinal creases; pupae in very pale brown loose silken chamber; frass in a long line behind the cocoon (frequent on Whitebeam) [7+9-11] ………………………………………………..… Phyllonorycter mespilella 325
Pupa in a strong whitish cocoon with the frass heaped near the middle of the mine; mine along midrib or leaf-edge strongly contorting leaf (rarely found on Whitebeam) [6-7+
9-10] ………..…………………………………………………. Phyllonorycter sorbi 324
ST. JOHN'S WORT
Nepticulidae
Mine long slender gallery linear frass ending in blotch which often absorbs earlier workings, pupa in mine [7+10-12] ……..………………..…Ectoedemia septembrella 42
Gracillariidae
Mine forming an epidermal blotch with frass packed at one end; larva then forms a cone by spinning the tip of a leaf downwards [6+9-10] ….…….... Eucalybites auroguttella 297
SALAD BURNET
Nepticulidae
First follows leaf margin then filling most of leaflet [6-7+9-10] …….Stigmella poterii 59
SALLOWS AND WILLOWS
Nepticulidae
Early mine in midrib, in leaf for last instar [7-11] .…………..…Ectoedemia intimella 25
All mine in leaf blade – Sallow [6-7+9-11] ……….…………..……..Stigmella salicis 68
All mine in leaf blade - Willows [6-7+9-10] ..…………………...Stigmella obliquella 70
N.B. It is possible that S. salicis may feed on Willows
Gracillariidae
1 Mine small, about 8mm, tentiform; larva feeding later in a folded leaf or cone ….……..2
Mine over 15mm, tentiform; larva mines throughout …….……………………………..3
Mine otherwise …………………………………………………………………………..9
2 Rare mountain species, larva feeds later in a folded leaf [7-8] ..…Callisto coffeella 310a
Common widespread species; larva feeds later in a cone [7-9]..Caloptilia stigmatella 288
3 Mine on Creeping Willow [7+9-10] ………………..Phyllonorycter quinqueguttella 348
Mine on other willow species …………………………………………………………...4
4 Mine on smooth-leaved willow species …………………………………………………5
Mine on rough-leaved willow species …………………………………………………..7
5 Mine only on Osier; mine long and narrow, often near petiole; pupa naked in mine without a cocoon [7+9-10] …………………….……….Phyllonorycter viminetorum 334
Mine on various species of smooth-leaved willow…………………………………..…..6
6 Mine on Osier, White Willow, Crack Willow and occasionally other species; pupa in a cocoon [6-7+9-10] ………………………….……………..Phyllonorycter viminiella 333
Mine on underside with crease along lower epidermis, often extending from mid-rib to leaf edge, pupa in a flimsy cocoon with frass piled at opposite end [8-10]…………………………………………………………Phyllonorycetr pastorella 316a
7 Cocoon white or yellow and loosely woven [7+9-10] ….Phyllonorycter salicicolella 335
Cocoon golden or light golden brown and strongly constructed ………………………..8
8 Outline of cocoon visible from outside the mine [7+9-10]… Phyllonorycter hilarella 337
Outline of cocoon not or hardly visible from outside the mine [7+9-10] .………………. ………………………………………………………………Phyllonorycter dubitella 336
N.B. Although the above key indicates which species of Phyllonorycter is most likely to be found on a given foodplant it is not conclusive. The characteristics of some mines vary and it is not certain as to the exact variety of willow that some Phyllonorycter species feed on, so to be certain of an identification it may be necessary to breed through to adult.
9 Mine starting in a leaf making an epidermal gallery .…………….….………………10 Mine starting in a stem of current year’s growth ………………..…….……………...11
10Mine starts as an epidermal gallery on the side the egg was laid, frass in broad central line. Larva then mines petiole and into twig and finally back into leaf. Mine usually ends at leaf margin where larva pupates under a membrane [6+8-9]…Phyllocnistis saligna 367
11Mine along stem, long, up to 30cm. At first greenish ochreous turning white with age, finally ending up in the petiole of a leaf, where a cocoon is spun at the base of the leaf. May have two or three cocoons on a single leaf. Usually on Grey Willow, but has been found on Sallow …….……………………………..………Phyllocnistis ramulicola 367a
(New to science in 2006, life cycle uncertain, so far only found in Hampshire, England and Portugal).
SEA ASTER
Bucculatricidae
Mine a long, narrow gallery; frass linear, black or reddish. Larva may mine throughout or may eat out ‘windows’ in leaf from below after initial mining phase [4-5+7-8] …….……
…………………………………………………………………..Bucculatrix maritima 267
SELFHEAL
Nepticulidae
Slender gallery linear frass leading via petioles into second leaf stained purple [7-10] …..
………………………………………………………………..….Fedalmia headleyella 44
SMALL SCABIOUS
Gracillariidae
Mine underside, lower surface with several longitudinal folds, contracted downwards to form inflated blotch, epidermis tinged purple [7-8+10-4]..Phyllonorycter scabiosella 355
SNOWBERRY
Gracillariidae
Mine underside, large occupying whole of leaf, strong folds in lower epidermis puckering leaf [7+9-10] …………………………………..…..Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella 354
Mine underside, small, occupying part of leaf which is often twisted into a cone; also may produce a mine on upperside of leaf, but this is a rare aberration [3-4+7-8+10] ………….
…………………………………………………………….. Phyllonorycter trifasciella 361
SORREL
Nepticulidae
Mine a spiral gallery round egg site turning this area bright red, larva pale yellow, gut greenish [5-6+8-10] …………….…………………………..…… Enteucha acetosae 118
Gracillariidae
Mine usually on upperside leading to a blotch; on leaving mine larva cuts a strip about 30mm by 7mm from edge of leaf , which it rolls downwards and secures with silk making an untidy cone. Two such rolls are made [7-9] .... Calybites phasianipennella 296
STRAWBERRY
Nepticulidae
Mine gallery - frass linear [7+9-10] .……………………..Stigmella splendidissimella 53
Mine gallery - frass dispersed [5-6+7-8+10-3] …..……..………….. Stigmella aurella 50
Early mine strongly contorted ending in blotch frass dispersed, brown [8-10] …..………
…………………………………………………….…….………Ectoedemia arcuatella 30
Early mine not contorted ending in blotch frass linear, black [7+9-11] ……..……………
………………………………………………………..………Stigmella aeneofasciella 55
SWEET CHESTNUT
Nepticulidae
Egg usually on upperside, mine long, contorted, frass in thin central line at beginning
of mine, widening, but leaving clear margins finishing with a fine central line, occasionally leading to a false blotch [6-7+9-10] …………..….. Stigmella samiatella 88
Tischeriidae
Mine a flat, whitish blotch on the top of a leaf, occasionally several mines can be found on one leaf. The mine is free of frass, which is ejected through a slit at the edge of the mine. The mine is lined with silk [9-4]…………….……...……Tischeria ekebladella 123
Mine a flat brownish blotch on top of a leaf with darker concentric rings on the upper
surface of the leaf. No frass in mine, which is ejected through a slit. The mine is lined with silk [9-4] ………………………………………………….....Tischeria dodonaea 124
Gracillariidae
Mine on underside of leaf, often between two veins, sometimes causing the leaf to crease [3-4+7+10] ………….……………………………………Phyllonorycter messaniella 321
* SYCAMORE see MAPLE *
* TORMENTIL see CINQUEFOIL *
WATER AVENS
Nepticulidae
Egg on either side of leaf. Mine long with dispersed frass leaving clear margins. Larva amber-yellow with yellowish brown head [5-6+7-8+10-3] ………..…Stigmella aurella 50
Egg on upperside of leaf. Early mine narrow, often following a vein with broken linear frass, broadening later, frass becoming dispersed linear, clear margins throughout. Often several mines in a leaf. Scotland [9-11]…………..……….Stigmella pretiosa 54a
WAYFARING-TREE
Gracillariidae
Mine underside between two lateral veins, a strong pucker in upperside of leaf [7+9-4]…
…………………………………………………….…….…..Phyllonorycter lantanella 331
* WHITEBEAM see ROWAN *
* WILD SERVICE TREE see ROWAN *
* WILLOWS see SALLOW *
YARROW
Bucculatricidae
Mine in leaflet following margin, frass black linear; after leaving mine feeds from above leaving lower epidermis intact [4-5+7]…………………..….…Bucculatrix cristatella 265
Mine in leaflet eating all the parenchyma, frass black linear, after leaving mine feeds as
B. cristatella (northern Scotland) [6-7] ……………………….Bucculatrix obscurella 268 |