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The identification of leaf-mining lepidoptera introduction


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Lyonetiidae


Mine a brown circular blotch with the frass forming darker spiral markings in the centre. Egg laid well away from margin [8-9]…………………..……Leucoptera malifoliella 260
Bucculatricidae

Mine short contorted, linear black, close to a major vein. Later the larva eats out windows from upperside [7-8]………………………………..………Bucculatrix bechsteinella 275


Gracillariidae

1  Mine on upperside of leaf .……………………………………………………………… 2

    Mine on underside of leaf ………………………………………………………………. 3

 

2  Blister anywhere on upper surface of leaf, flecked with blackish frass [7+9-10]



    ………………………………………………….……Phyllonorycter corylifoliella 332

    Blotch over midrib, silvery-white [7+10-4] ……..…..Phyllonorycter leucographella 332a

 

3  Creased mine under leaf lower epidermis green [7+9-10] …………………………………………………………Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae 323



Mine long 20mm to 30mm, narrow between two lateral ribs with many longitudinal creases puckering the leaf [7+9-11] …………………….Phyllonorycter mespilella 325

 

Gelechiidae

 Mine short near midrib, brown, irregular with scalloped edges, very little frass in mine, autumn only, larva feeds externally after hibernation [8-10] .…...Recurvaria nanella 757

 

PINES

Yponomeutidae + 1 x Gelechiidae


1 Mine within the needle of Scots or Lodgepole Pine feeding from the base towards the tip

[4-5]……………………………………...……………..………Cedestis gysseleniella 442

Mine within the needle of various species of Pine starting at the tip or near the tip feeding towards the base ……………………………………………………………………...…..2
2 Mine on Scots Pine or Larch with some internal spinning and a hole at each end through which most of the frass is ejected. Larva head black/brown, body pinkish brown, feeds externally after hibernation [9-5]……………………..…………..Exoteleia dodecella 760

Larvae otherwise …………………….…………………………………………………...3


3 On various species of Pine; larva head brown, body greenish feeding December to April [12-4] ……………………………………………………………Cedestis subfasciella 443

On Scots Pine; larva yellowish, brown when young, head black ………………………..4


4 Larva feeding April to May; pupa in a cocoon between 3 or 4 needles spun together [3-4] ……………………….……………………………………….Ocnerostoma piniariella 444

Larva feeding December to March, June to July and occasionally September; pupa in a cocoon between 3 or 4 needles spun together [12-4+6-7+9]…….Ocnerostoma friesei 445


N.B. It is impossible to distinguish between the larvae and mines of the two Ocnerostoma species, however the different feeding times may give some indication as to which species is present, but to be certain adults should be reared and dissected.
* PLUM see BLACKTHORN *
* POPLAR see ASPEN *

PRIVET


Gracillariidae

Mine narrow, larval spinning causes leaf to fold downwards; after leaving mine larvae construct a cone by rolling leaf tip downwards; two cones are made; upper epidermis silvery [7-9] ..………………………………………….….. Caloptilia cuculipennella 280

Mine narrow, often several parallel galleries which merge to form a large blotch; after leaving mine larvae construct a cone by rolling leaf tip downwards feeding gregariously;

two cones are made; upper epidermis yellow or brown [6+8-9]....Caloptilia syringella 293



PYRACANTHA

Gracillariidae

Mine starts along midrib then produces a blister in centre of leaf, eventually drawing the edges of the leaf together [7+10-4] ………………... Phyllonorcyter leucographella 332a


Lyonetiidae


Mine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The

egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to

distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf

[5+7+9-10]……..…………………………………….………….….Lyonetia clerkella 263




QUINCE

Lyonetiidae


Mine a fine gallery with reddish frass leading to a large blotch where frass is dispersed. Blotch may be separated from mine, occasionally on a different leaf. Not recorded in Britain since 1902. [7-8] …………………………………..…. Lyonetia prunifoliella 262

Mine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf. [5+7+9-10] ..………………………………….………..………… Lyonetia clerkella 263


RESTHARROW

Gracillariidae

Mine an opaque ochreous brown gallery along midrib with clearer branches where the larva has fed; larva changes leaves and pupates externally [4-5+6+7-8] ……….…..….... …………………………………………………………………….Parectopa ononidis 299


Mine tentiform on underside of leaf; larva does not change leaves and pupates in the mine [7+9-10] ……………………………………..…………….Phyllonorycter insignitella 350
RIBWORT PLANTAIN

Gracillariidae

Mine starts as long tortuous gallery in lower epidermis; then larva moves to upper epidermis and makes a large blotch astride midrib, spinning causes leaf to close over mine and finally almost conceal it [6-7+10-4] …………..Aspilapteryx tringipennella 294



ROCK ROSE

Momphidae


Mine starts as a gallery almost filled with frass, larva then changes to blotch feeding occupying the whole leaf, larva may change leaf if required [10-4+6-7] ………………… ……………………………………………………………………..Mompha miscella 884

ROSE

Nepticulidae

Early gallery much contorted then widening ending in a blotch [9-11] .…………………

……………………………………….…………….……... ..Ectoedemia angulifasciella 28
1 Early gallery relatively straight and not ending in a blotch, filled with greenish frass in first third of mine, darkening with age, frass then turns black and is either narrowly dispersed, or coiled, leaving clear margins [7+10-12] ……….………………Stigmella anomalella 92

Early gallery relatively straight with linear frass leaving clear narrow margins and not ending in a blotch …….………….……………………………………………………….2


2 Found only on Rosa pimpinellifolia, larva bright amber, head dark brown [7+9]………... …………………………………………………….. ………….Stigmella spinosissimae 94

Found on various species of rose, larva yellow, head dark brown, frass in a central line, never coiled, leaving clear margins along total length of mine [6-7+9-10] ……………………………………………………………………Stigmella centifoliella 93


N.B. The mines of all these species tend to overlap in structure, so it is only safe to record them when the characters match precisely the descriptions given above. Stigmella spinosissimae is rare and will only be found on Rosa pimpinellifolia, but the other two species also feed on the same foodplant.
Tischeriidae

Mine an inflated pale brown blotch on the top of the leaf causing the leaf to fold over

which may conceal the mine [9-10]…………………..…..….Emmetia angusticollella 127

ROWAN, WHITEBEAM AND WILD SERVICE TREE

Nepticulidae

1 A slender sinuous galley leading to a large roundish blotch [6]…….….Stigmella sorbi 66

A gallery throughout the whole of the mine ………………….…….…………………….2
2 Mine on Wild Service tree ………………………………….…….………………………3

Mine on Rowan …….……………………………………………….………………..…..4


3 Mine starts relatively straight, slender gallery, becoming contorted with linear frass, later widening almost to a blotch, larva pale yellow [7] ......…. .….….Stigmella torminalis 106

Mine long and sinuous with dispersed frass, larvae green [9-10] ………………………… ………………………………………………………………. Stigmella oxyacanthella 100


4 Mine narrow, less than 1.5mm, frass linear leaving clear margins, usually confined to a small area, but occasionally follows leaf margin [7-8] ………..Stigmella magdalenae 104

Mine wider, more than 1.5mm, frass dispersed may be coiled, a long contorted gallery which may follow leaf margin [6-8] ……….…………….……Stigmella nylandriella 103

N.B. Intermediate forms of these mines do occur and these can be difficult to distinguish.

It should also be noted that Stigmella oxyacanthella has also been known to feed on Rowan and has a mine similar to S. nylandriella, however occupied mines should present no problem as S. oxyacanthella feeds during September and October.



Lyonetiidae


Mine a brown circular blotch with the frass forming darker spiral markings in the centre. Egg laid well away from margin. On Wild Service tree [8-9] ………...………………….. ………………………………………...………………..……..Leucoptera malifoliella 260

Mine a fine gallery with reddish frass leading to a large blotch where frass is dispersed. Blotch may be separated from mine, occasionally on a different leaf. Not recorded in Britain since 1902. [7-8] ……………………….…………..…. Lyonetia prunifoliella 262

Mine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf [5+7+9-10] ………………………………………….……..……….Lyonetia clerkella 263
Bucculatricidae

Mine short contorted, linear black, close to a major vein. Later the larva eats out windows from upperside …(on Rowan and Wild Service Trees) [7-8] …………………………….. ………………………………………………………..……..Bucculatrix bechsteinella 275


Gracillariidae

1 Mine a blotch on upperside of leaf……………………………………..…………………2

Mine on underside of leaf …………………………………………..…………………….3
2 Blotch anywhere on upper surface of leaf, flecked with blackish frass [7+9-10] ……..…..

…………………………………………………….……..Phyllonorycter corylifoliella 332

Blotch over midrib, silvery [7+10-4]………….….…..Phyllonorycter leucographella 332a
3 Mine approx 5-8mm long, lower epidermis turning grey or brown; larvae feeds later in a folded leaf or cone………………………………………………….……………………..4

Mine narrow and approx 20-30mm long, lower epidermis remains green; larva mines throughout ………………………………………………………….…………………….5


4 Larva feeds later in a cone on the leaf margin; mainly on Wild Service-tree [7+8-9] …….

…………………………………………………………………… .Parornix anglicella 303

Larva feeds later in a folded leaf edge or in a centrally placed tight pleat that resembles a mine. (On all three species) [7+8-9]…………………………….…Parornix scoticella 305
5 Mine on Wild Service-tree ………………………………………….……………………6

Mine on Rowan or Whitebeam ……………………………………….………………….7


6 Mine with lower epidermis having many longitudinal creases; pupae in very pale brown loose silken chamber; frass in a long line behind the cocoon (most common species on Wild Service-tree) [7+9-11] ………………………….….. Phyllonorycter mespilella 325

Mine with lower epidermis with one large fold, pupa in a white silk lined chamber with the frass heaped behind the cocoon (rarely found on Wild Service-tree) [6-7+9-10] ……. ……………………………………………………………..Phyllonorycter cydoniella 327


7 Mine in Rowan ………………………………………………………………….……….8

Mine on Whitebeam ……………………………………………………………..…..….10


8 Pupa in a silk-lined chamber with out a real cocoon with very little frass …….…..……9

Pupa in a strong whitish cocoon with the frass heaped near the middle of the mine; mine along midrib or leaf-edge strongly contorting leaf (commonest species on Rowan)

[6-7+9-10] …………………………………………….………. Phyllonorycter sorbi 324
9 Mine with lower epidermis having many longitudinal creases; pupae in very pale brown loose silken chamber; frass in a long line behind the cocoon (infrequent on Rowan

[7+9-11] …………………..……………….………………Phyllonorycter mespilella 325

Very rarely found on Rowan [7+9-4]…………………….. Phyllonorycter lantanella 331

10Mine with lower epidermis having many longitudinal creases; pupae in very pale brown loose silken chamber; frass in a long line behind the cocoon (frequent on Whitebeam) [7+9-11] ………………………………………………..… Phyllonorycter mespilella 325

Pupa in a strong whitish cocoon with the frass heaped near the middle of the mine; mine along midrib or leaf-edge strongly contorting leaf (rarely found on Whitebeam) [6-7+

9-10] ………..…………………………………………………. Phyllonorycter sorbi 324


ST. JOHN'S WORT

Nepticulidae

Mine long slender gallery linear frass ending in blotch which often absorbs earlier workings, pupa in mine [7+10-12] ……..………………..…Ectoedemia septembrella 42


Gracillariidae

Mine forming an epidermal blotch with frass packed at one end; larva then forms a cone by spinning the tip of a leaf downwards [6+9-10] ….…….... Eucalybites auroguttella 297


SALAD BURNET

Nepticulidae

First follows leaf margin then filling most of leaflet [6-7+9-10] …….Stigmella poterii 59


SALLOWS AND WILLOWS

Nepticulidae

Early mine in midrib, in leaf for last instar [7-11] .…………..…Ectoedemia intimella 25

All mine in leaf blade – Sallow [6-7+9-11] ……….…………..……..Stigmella salicis 68

All mine in leaf blade - Willows [6-7+9-10] ..…………………...Stigmella obliquella 70


N.B. It is possible that S. salicis may feed on Willows
Gracillariidae

1 Mine small, about 8mm, tentiform; larva feeding later in a folded leaf or cone ….……..2

Mine over 15mm, tentiform; larva mines throughout …….……………………………..3

Mine otherwise …………………………………………………………………………..9


2 Rare mountain species, larva feeds later in a folded leaf [7-8] ..…Callisto coffeella 310a

Common widespread species; larva feeds later in a cone [7-9]..Caloptilia stigmatella 288


3 Mine on Creeping Willow [7+9-10] ………………..Phyllonorycter quinqueguttella 348

Mine on other willow species …………………………………………………………...4


4 Mine on smooth-leaved willow species …………………………………………………5

Mine on rough-leaved willow species …………………………………………………..7


5 Mine only on Osier; mine long and narrow, often near petiole; pupa naked in mine without a cocoon [7+9-10] …………………….……….Phyllonorycter viminetorum 334

Mine on various species of smooth-leaved willow…………………………………..…..6


6 Mine on Osier, White Willow, Crack Willow and occasionally other species; pupa in a cocoon [6-7+9-10] ………………………….……………..Phyllonorycter viminiella 333

Mine on underside with crease along lower epidermis, often extending from mid-rib to leaf edge, pupa in a flimsy cocoon with frass piled at opposite end [8-10]…………………………………………………………Phyllonorycetr pastorella 316a

7 Cocoon white or yellow and loosely woven [7+9-10] ….Phyllonorycter salicicolella 335

Cocoon golden or light golden brown and strongly constructed ………………………..8


8 Outline of cocoon visible from outside the mine [7+9-10]… Phyllonorycter hilarella 337

Outline of cocoon not or hardly visible from outside the mine [7+9-10] .………………. ………………………………………………………………Phyllonorycter dubitella 336


N.B. Although the above key indicates which species of Phyllonorycter is most likely to be found on a given foodplant it is not conclusive. The characteristics of some mines vary and it is not certain as to the exact variety of willow that some Phyllonorycter species feed on, so to be certain of an identification it may be necessary to breed through to adult.
9 Mine starting in a leaf making an epidermal gallery .…………….….………………10 Mine starting in a stem of current year’s growth ………………..…….……………...11
10Mine starts as an epidermal gallery on the side the egg was laid, frass in broad central line. Larva then mines petiole and into twig and finally back into leaf. Mine usually ends at leaf margin where larva pupates under a membrane [6+8-9]…Phyllocnistis saligna 367
11Mine along stem, long, up to 30cm. At first greenish ochreous turning white with age, finally ending up in the petiole of a leaf, where a cocoon is spun at the base of the leaf. May have two or three cocoons on a single leaf. Usually on Grey Willow, but has been found on Sallow …….……………………………..………Phyllocnistis ramulicola 367a

(New to science in 2006, life cycle uncertain, so far only found in Hampshire, England and Portugal).



SEA ASTER

Bucculatricidae

Mine a long, narrow gallery; frass linear, black or reddish. Larva may mine throughout or may eat out ‘windows’ in leaf from below after initial mining phase [4-5+7-8] …….……

…………………………………………………………………..Bucculatrix maritima 267
SELFHEAL

Nepticulidae

Slender gallery linear frass leading via petioles into second leaf stained purple [7-10] …..

………………………………………………………………..….Fedalmia headleyella 44
SMALL SCABIOUS

Gracillariidae

Mine underside, lower surface with several longitudinal folds, contracted downwards to form inflated blotch, epidermis tinged purple [7-8+10-4]..Phyllonorycter scabiosella 355


SNOWBERRY

Gracillariidae

Mine underside, large occupying whole of leaf, strong folds in lower epidermis puckering leaf [7+9-10] …………………………………..…..Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella 354

Mine underside, small, occupying part of leaf which is often twisted into a cone; also may produce a mine on upperside of leaf, but this is a rare aberration [3-4+7-8+10] ………….

…………………………………………………………….. Phyllonorycter trifasciella 361


SORREL

Nepticulidae

Mine a spiral gallery round egg site turning this area bright red, larva pale yellow, gut greenish [5-6+8-10] …………….…………………………..…… Enteucha acetosae 118


Gracillariidae

Mine usually on upperside leading to a blotch; on leaving mine larva cuts a strip about 30mm by 7mm from edge of leaf , which it rolls downwards and secures with silk making an untidy cone. Two such rolls are made [7-9] .... Calybites phasianipennella 296


STRAWBERRY

Nepticulidae

Mine gallery - frass linear [7+9-10] .……………………..Stigmella splendidissimella 53

Mine gallery - frass dispersed [5-6+7-8+10-3] …..……..………….. Stigmella aurella 50

Early mine strongly contorted ending in blotch frass dispersed, brown [8-10] …..………

…………………………………………………….…….………Ectoedemia arcuatella 30

Early mine not contorted ending in blotch frass linear, black [7+9-11] ……..……………

………………………………………………………..………Stigmella aeneofasciella 55
SWEET CHESTNUT

Nepticulidae

Egg usually on upperside, mine long, contorted, frass in thin central line at beginning

of mine, widening, but leaving clear margins finishing with a fine central line, occasionally leading to a false blotch [6-7+9-10] …………..….. Stigmella samiatella 88

Tischeriidae

Mine a flat, whitish blotch on the top of a leaf, occasionally several mines can be found on one leaf. The mine is free of frass, which is ejected through a slit at the edge of the mine. The mine is lined with silk [9-4]…………….……...……Tischeria ekebladella 123

Mine a flat brownish blotch on top of a leaf with darker concentric rings on the upper

surface of the leaf. No frass in mine, which is ejected through a slit. The mine is lined with silk [9-4] ………………………………………………….....Tischeria dodonaea 124

Gracillariidae

Mine on underside of leaf, often between two veins, sometimes causing the leaf to crease [3-4+7+10] ………….……………………………………Phyllonorycter messaniella 321



* SYCAMORE see MAPLE *
* TORMENTIL see CINQUEFOIL *

WATER AVENS


Nepticulidae

Egg on either side of leaf. Mine long with dispersed frass leaving clear margins. Larva amber-yellow with yellowish brown head [5-6+7-8+10-3] ………..…Stigmella aurella 50

Egg on upperside of leaf. Early mine narrow, often following a vein with broken linear frass, broadening later, frass becoming dispersed linear, clear margins throughout. Often several mines in a leaf. Scotland [9-11]…………..……….Stigmella pretiosa 54a
WAYFARING-TREE

Gracillariidae

Mine underside between two lateral veins, a strong pucker in upperside of leaf [7+9-4]…

…………………………………………………….…….…..Phyllonorycter lantanella 331
* WHITEBEAM see ROWAN *
* WILD SERVICE TREE see ROWAN *
* WILLOWS see SALLOW *
YARROW

Bucculatricidae

Mine in leaflet following margin, frass black linear; after leaving mine feeds from above leaving lower epidermis intact [4-5+7]…………………..….…Bucculatrix cristatella 265


Mine in leaflet eating all the parenchyma, frass black linear, after leaving mine feeds as

B. cristatella (northern Scotland) [6-7] ……………………….Bucculatrix obscurella 268
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