The identification of leaf-mining lepidoptera introduction
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|  Yüklə 178.5 Kb.
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HeliozelidaeMine starts in twig proceeding into base of leaf via petiole. When almost fully fed it cuts out an oval hole in the base of the leaf measuring 4 x 2mm to 5 x 3mm. Occasionally two larvae mine the same twig resulting in a hole being cut out from either side of the leaf [6-7] ………………………………....……..Heliozela sericiella 154
Mine short, often contorted close to midrib, frass black. After leaving mine larva eats out windows from underside of leaf [7+9-10] …………..……..…….Bucculatrix ulmella 274 Gracillariidae 1 Mine with epidermal gallery on underside leading to a subquadrate blotch about 5mm across (triangular if in angle of veins); larva feeds later in a cone on the leaf-margin ...…2 Mine formed otherwise ……………………………………….….……………………… 3
Bivoltine; mine occupied May and August, cone June and September - October * .……. ………………………………………………………….…..…… Caloptilia robustella 287 *N.B. The second generation cones of C. robustella are indistinguishable from those of C. alchimiella.
Mine underside ………………………………………….…………………….………….5 4 Upper epidermis detached from parenchyma and silvery; mine slightly inflated [6] …….. …………………………………………………….….…..Acrocercops brongniardella 313 Mine otherwise ………………………………………………………..Hymenoptera spp. 5 Larva mines only when young, feeding later in a cone on the leaf margin [6-9] ….……… ………………………………………………………..….….. Caloptilia leucapennella 292 Larva mines throughout …………………………….…….………………………………6 6 Mine on Evergreen Oak [3-4+7+10] …………….….……Phyllonorycter messaniella 321 Mine on deciduous species ………………………….………………….……………….. 7 7 Mine appearing to have no creases in lower epidermis ……….……….…………………8 Mine with visible creases in lower epidermis ………………..……….…………………10 8 Mine less than 10mm long, usually in lobe or on edge of leaf (Autumn generation only) [7+9-10] …………………………………………….….…Phyllonorycter heegeriella 317 Mine more than 17mm long ………………………….……….………………………….9
Pupa without a cocoon, but in a silken web; mine 22-28mm long, often several in one leaf causing leaf to distort considerably [7-9] …..….….…Phyllonorycter distentella 346 10 Lower epidermis with numerous small creases ……………………….……………….11 Lower epidermis with a least one large crease ……………………….………………. 12 11 Very small mine usually in lobe or on edge of leaf, cocoon occupying most of mine (autumn generation only) [7+9-10] ………………………Phyllonorycter heegeriella 317 Mine underside, small, usually on margin when leaf-edge folds right over almost concealing mine, preferring high branches; pupa in flimsy, lace like cocoon [7+9-11] ……………………………………………………..……Phyllonorycter kuhlweiniella 319
Cocoon incorporating frass …………………………………………………………….14 13 Mine less than 14mm long; cocoon attached to both upper and lower epidermis [6-7+9-10] ..……………..……. Phyllonorycter harrisella 315 Mine more than 20mm long, almost always between veins extending from midrib, often several mines in a leaf [7+9-10] ……………….…….………Phyllonorycter lautella 351 14 Mine 11mm or more long …………………………….………….……………………..15 Mine 10mm or less long, cocoon attached to both upper and lower epidermis (summer generation only [7+9-10] …………………………..……. Phyllonorycter heegeriella 317 15 Cocoon attached to upper epidermis only ………………….…………………………..16 Cocoon attached to both upper and lower epidermis ……….………………………….17
positioned anywhere on leaf [7+9-10] ……….………..Phyllonorycter quercifoliella 320 Cocoon only lined with frass; a long mine between two veins and extending from midrib [7+9-10] …………………………….……….…..Phyllonorycter muelleriella 322 17 Cocoon flimsy and only loosely attached to the upper epidermis, usually lined with only a little frass [3-4+7+10] …………………………….… Phyllonorycter messaniella 321 Cocoon strong with frass edging giving a distinct U or V shape …………………….. 18 18 Mine with small patch of uneaten parenchyma on the upper leaf epidermis to which the cocoon is firmly attached (autumn generation only) [7+9-10] …………………………… …………………………………………………………..Phyllonorycter quercifoliella 320 Mine with a patch of parenchyma on upper epidermis usually left uneaten, frass either deposited on each side of pupa or pupa completely covered, attached to both upper and lower epidermis [6-7+9-10] …..……………. ……………………………………………….……………..Phyllonorycter harrisella 315
A description of the larva is as follows: 315 P. harrisella: Head pale brown, body pale whitish green, posterior segments from 5-7 more yellowish. Larva turning yellowish prior to pupation. 317 P. heegeriella: Head very pale greenish brown, body pale whitish green, gut darker. 320 P. quercifoliella: Head light brown, body pale whitish green, gut darker green. 321 P. messaniella: Head brown, body yellow, anterior segments opaque whitish yellow. Breeding through Phyllonorycters is fairly easy and should be attempted wherever possible to determine the species.
Mine a narrow gallery, starting from a small spiral, frass fine and linear. Larva can change leaf and continue mining; mines can follow leaf margin or go down petiole before returning to blade of leaf [1-4+7]…………………………..Bucculatrix nigricomella 266 PEAR Nepticulidae 1 Mine gallery with dispersed frass leading to blotch [8-4] …..…Ectoedemia atricollis 29 Mine formed otherwise ………………………………………………………..………..2
Mine with dispersed or coiled frass in second half ………….………………………..…3 3 Mine relatively straight, extending across the leaf; larvae green with yellowish gut [9-10] ………………………………..……………………………... Stigmella oxyacanthella 100 Mine strongly contorted and confined to a small area; larvae green with reddish gut [7+9] ……………………………………………………………………Stigmella pyri 101 |