The identification of leaf-mining lepidoptera introduction
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HOPCosmopteriginae Mine an irregular gallery on midrib or other large vein with silk lined gallery inside mine, which larva uses as a shelter. From here the mine branches in all directions. Fresh mine yellowish-white, turning brown with age [8-5] ……..….……Cosmopterix zieglerella 894 LyonetiidaeMine a long sinuous gallery, often whitish in appearance and often crossing midrib. The egg is laid inside the leaf being injected through the epidermal layer. This feature helps to distinguish it from a Nepticulid mine where the egg is laid on the surface of the leaf [5+7+9-10]……..…………………………………….………….….Lyonetia clerkella 263 HORSE-CHESTNUTGracillariidaeMine a brown blotch, highly visible, usually many on a leaf, pupa within mine [5-10] .… …………………………………………………………….…….Cameraria ohridella 366a LABURNUMLyonetiidaeMine with green frass leading to a blotch with the frass now black and deposited in a spiral [6+7+9] ……………………………………………..….Leucoptera laburnella 254 LILAC Gracillariidae Mine narrow, often several parallel galleries which merge to form a large blotch; after leaving mine larvae construct a cone by rolling leaf tip downwards feeding gregariously; two cones are made [5-6+7-8]…….…………………….……….Caloptilia syringella 293
Contorted gallery early mine often under leaf [7+9-10] ..……………. Stigmella tiliae 90 Bucculatricidae Mine an irregular gallery, may form a small blotch in angle of veins, frass linear or slightly dispersed; later larva eats out windows from below the leaf [7-8] ………………. ………………………………………………………..……….. Bucculatrix thoracella 273
RoeslerstammiidaeEgg laid on upperside. Mines as first instar larva then feeds externally. Mine small close to margin generally in tip of leaf, pupa in a turned down leaf edge in a white silk cocoon. [7+9-10] ………………..……………………………….…Roeslerstammia erxlebella 447 LONDON PLANE Gracillariidae Mine underside, often making a fold in the leaf [7-11] ..….. Phyllonorycter platani 321a Mine on top, a blister over midrib, occasionally over a major lateral vein, silvery [7+10-4?] ...………………..…………….…………...Phyllonorycter leucographella 332a LOOSESTRIFE Gracillariidae Mine usually on upperside leading to a blotch; on leaving mine larva cuts a strip about 30mm by 7mm from edge of leaf which it rolls downwards and secures with silk making an untidy cone. Two such rolls are made [7-9] ………….. Calybites phasianipennella 296 LUNGWORT Gracillariidae Feeding starts in a small spiral gallery which soon develops into a blotch, frass linear, upper epidermis brown; often two or three larvae to a mine. Larva eventually turn scarlet and now frass is scattered in mine [7-9] ………………..……..Dialectica imperialella 311 N.B. Mines with blackish discoloration of the upper epidermis are caused by flies.
Mine in seeds, buds or adjacent bark On Field Maple [6-8+10-4] .……………………….……….…..Ectoedemia louisella 22 On Norway Maple [6+9-5]………………………………….…Ectoedemia sericopeza 21 On Sycamore [7+9] ..………………………………….…….…Ectoedemia decentella 20 Mine in leaves Frass black clear margins usually on Sycamore [7-8+9-10]Stigmella speciosa 65 Frass green no margins on Field Maple or Norway Maple, frass turns brown with age. [6-7+8-9] ……………..............…………………....…Stigmella aceris 102 Gracillariidae Blotch mine, larva mines throughout On Field Maple, often causing leaf edge to fold over [7+10] ………………………….…. ………………………………………………………….. Phyllonorycter acerifoliella 362 On Sycamore [7+10] …………………………………… Phyllonorycter geniculella 364 On Norway Maple [7+10] …………………….…….. Phyllonorycter platanoidella 363 N.B. If mine is close to the edge of the leaf or in a lobe then the mine may cause the leaf to fold over. Blotch mine, larva feeds later in a rolled leaf or cone 1 A full depth transparent blotch, without internal spinning, on Sycamore; larva feeds later in a rolled leaf or cone ………………………….…….…………………………….2 A full depth transparent blotch, without internal spinning, on Field Maple; larva feeds later in a rolled leaf or cone ………………………….…….…………………………….3
Mine about 4mm long in angle between veins, after leaving mine three cones are made occasionally on the same leaf as mine, but often on an adjacent leaf [6-7] ……………... ……………………………………………………….………..Caloptilia rufipennella 284 3 Mine tenanted in May, spinning in June; recorded from Isle of Wight only [5-6] ..…….. …………………………………………………….………………..Caloptilia hauderi 295 Mine tenanted in June, spinning in July; recorded from southern England and Wales [6-7] …...……………………………………….……………….Caloptilia semifascia 290
Mine long and winding, frass at first broken linear then in broader central line [6-7+9-10] ………………………………………………………………..…….Stigmella ulmariae 58
Mine underside, occupies whole of leaflet, lower surface contracted causing leaf edges to curl down [7+9-10] ..……………..……………………Phyllonorycter nigrescentella 349 MOUNTAIN AVENS Nepticulidae Egg underside, mine narrow filled with black frass following leaf margin towards petiole for about 10mm, then reversing direction; mine widening into a broad blotch with frass deposited in piles along centre. Larva yellow. Northern Scotland [7+9-10]…………...………….……………………………………….Stigmella dryadella 56 Gracillariidae Mine starts on underside of leaf and develops into blotch often absorbing earlier workings; the larva then leaves the mine and changes leaf, the edges of which are spun together to form a pod (northern Scotland) [6-8] ………………………………………… ………………………..…..…….Parornix alpicola 306 or P. alpicola ssp. Leucostola 307
Mine starts as a long gallery following vein or leaf margin which leads to an inflated blotch; black frass usually massed in centre. Upper epidermis mottled white, first turning yellow and then purplish [7+8-9]… …..………………. Leucospilapteryx omissella 314 * NORWAY MAPLE see MAPLE * OAK Eriocraniidae (May to July)Blotch mine, usually starting from leaf edge, frass black, long inter-twining threads [5-7] ……………………………………………...……………...….Eriocrania subpurpurella 6 Nepticulidae Ectoedemia (blotch mines) 1 Mine on Evergreen Oak, highly contorted, November to April. Pupa in a cocoon on upper surface of leaf [11-4] …………………………….…….Ectoedemia heringella 36a Larva mining the green bark of small branches [9?-6] either...Ectoedemia atrifrontella 41 or ………………………….……………………………….Ectoedemia longicaudella 41b (it is not possible to separate the mines of these two species). Mine on deciduous species forming a slender gallery terminating in a blotch.....….........2 2 Larva mines in green leaves …………………………………………………………….3 Larva mines in 'green islands', often in fallen leaves in late October - November; the early gallery generally follows a vein inwards towards the midrib, or follows the midrib..................................……………………………….……………………….........4 3 Larva mines August to early September, invariably near leaf edge forming a blotch with two frass lines; larva green. So far only found in Devon [8-9]..Ectoedemia heckfordi 35a Larva mines from late August till early October; the early gallery generally follows a vein outwards from the midrib forming a blotch; larva white with very pale brown head [8-9] ……………….…..……………..........….….....…….….….…Ectoedemia albifasciella 37 4 Blotch with a slit in the lower leaf epidermis, allowing some of the frass to fall out; larva head dark brown [10-11]…………………………...Ectoedemia subbimaculella 38 Blotch without a slit in the epidermis; larva head red-brown [10-11] …………...………. ……………………………………….………………………….... Ectoedemia heringi 39 Gallery highly contorted, occupying a small area, forming a false blotch; larva with dark roundish ventral spots, shedding them in final instar, feeding in a 'green island' often in fallen leaves in November [10-11] …………...............…........ Ectoedemia quinquella 36
Mine on Deciduous species.………………………………………………………………3 2 Mine with a broad irregular gallery with a wide line of dark frass leaving narrow clear margins, larvae yellow [7-8+11-4] ……………………………….Stigmella suberivora 85 Mine sinuous in regular curves, filled with coiled greenish frass difficult to see when fresh (frass turns brown with age); larvae green [6-7+9-10] ….. Stigmella basiguttella 89 3 Egg on underside..................……………..…………….…………...................................4 Egg on upperside usually away from margin….…………….………………...………….4 Egg on upperside near margin, frass black [6-7+9-10] .…....…. Stigmella ruficapitella 84
fresh (frass turns brown with age); larvae green [6-7+9-10] ….. Stigmella basiguttella 89 Mine irregular; frass leaving clear margins, blackish; larvae yellow ...……..….………...5
Frass forming a more or less continuous central line........………………..………...........7 6 Egg laid beside a vein; early course of mine leading away from vein more or less at right angles; mine the largest of the oak feeding Stigmella's univoltine, [7-8] ...............……… ……………………………………….………………………..…. Stigmella svenssoni 87 Egg anywhere on leaf; early course variable; mine about the same size as that of Stigmella ruficapitella, frass more or less dispersed until last quarter of mine when it forms a thin central line; bivoltine, [6-7+9-10] ……….…………Stigmella samiatella 88 7 Mine relatively short and broad; frass at first in a narrow central line becoming dispersed in second half of mine; larva with dark sclerite plates on the prothorax [6-7+9-11] …..... …………………………………………………………………. Stigmella atricapitella 83 Mine long and narrow; frass forming a fine central line; larva with light brown head without sclerites plates [6-7+10-11] .……………….……………. Stigmella roborella 86 N.B. In the autumn all Stigmella mines are difficult to determine with the exception of S. basiguttella. If care is taken it should be possible to determine tenanted mines so long as the features mentioned in the key are adhered to. TischeriidaeMine a flat whitish blotch on the top of a leaf, occasionally several mines can be found on one leaf. The mine is free of frass, which is ejected through a slit at the edge of the mine. The mine is lined with silk [9-4] …..……………….……...……Tischeria ekebladella 123 Mine a flat brownish blotch on top of a leaf with darker concentric rings on the upper surface of the leaf. No frass in mine which is ejected through a slit. The mine is lined with silk [9-4] .………………………………………………...…….....Tischeria dodonaea 124
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