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Telecommunication broadcasting convergence


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Technology

Along with the user demand, technology is the main driving force for the future development of telecommunications and broadcasting convergence trend, which includes three aspects: digitalized transmission content, IP based bearing networks, optical driven broadband on transmission bandwidth. It's not realistic to make the convergence happen in the physical layer under the current circumstances, while it will be quite possible to achieve the sharing and convergence of high level services for different networks through the interconnection and seamless coverage.





Figure-6 Key Factors of Radiocommunication Broadcasting Convergence
The key of digitalized transmission content is to transform any information (voice, data, image, video) into bit stream, so those information can be safely transmitted and exchanged. The transmission in the bearing networks is the interaction between point to point and point to multipoint, based on TCP/IP and independent IP address, enabling the service interoperation between different networks. The enabler for broadband in the networks is fibre-optic communication technology, which is the only solution to provide enough speed for access and transmission, and also to guarantee the quality of transmission signal.


  1. System

Based on the RATs, the wireless access technologies can be divided into 5 types:

  • RAT1: Cellular Mobile (2G, 3G, E3G, 4G etc.)

  • RAT2: WLAN/WMAN (WiFi, WiMAX etc.)

  • RAT3: Broadcast (CMMB, DVB-H etc.)

  • RAT4: Global coverage (Satellite, HAPS etc.)

  • RAT5: Short Range Device (Zigbee, Bluetooth etc.)

Considering RAT1 RAT2 and RAT3 are the main technology to be considered for convergence, the specific convergence scenarios can be classified as in following chapter of implementation cases.



  1. Implementation cases



  1. Scenario 1:Inter RAT1

In China, some operators have done some convergence trials between CDMA and LTE, and studied the HetNet, i.e. the convergence between different types of base stations of LTE.


  1. CDMA+LTE

There are two types of handoff from E-UTRAN to CDMA, optimized handoff and non-optimized handoff.

  • Optimized handoff/handover involves the movement of the UE from E-UTRAN to eHRPD or vice-versa using tunnelled signalling (i.e., S101 signalling) between the source access network and the target access network. While still on the source access network, the UE tunnels signalling to the target access network to pre-register through the source access network, i.e., to create both a radio and an IP context on the target system. After pre-registration, the UE performs a radio-level handoff/handover to the target technology per specified procedures. Optimized Handoff/Handover applies to both Active and Idle (dormant) UEs.




  • Non-optimized handoff/handover involves the movement of the UE from E-UTRAN to eHRPD or vice-versa without the use of tunnelled signalling (i.e., S101 signalling) between the source access network and the target access network. The UE leaves the radio environment of the source access network and performs a radio-level attachment to the target access network (e.g., creates an eHRPD session for the case of the UE moving from E-UTRAN to eHRPD), and then performs a handover attach procedure to the Packet Data Network(s) it had been communicating with over the source access network. Non-optimized Handoff/Handover applies to both Active and Idle (Dormant) UEs.




Figure-7 Category for handoff between E-UTRAN and eHRPD



Figure-8 Comparison for handoff mechanism between E-UTRAN and eHRPD


  1. HetNet

The Major Challenges of HetNet can be summarized as CHASE:

  • Clean:Interference

  • Handover:Smooth Handover is required

  • Administration:Unified Management Platform

  • Security:No fraud

  • Experience:Keep QoS consistency

With all the challenges of CHASE in the field of HetNet research,the future is still bright as depicted below:




Figure-9 Future image of HetNet


  1. Scenario 2: RAT1 and RAT2

There are some convergence applications between CDMA and WiFi, the convergence between C+W+LTE was also studied.


  1. CDMA+WLAN

There are two cases studied in C+W research filed as follows:
Case Study1: Increase capacity by sector split

  • Challenge:

    • Both traffic and signaling are driven up by various services from students;

    • Radio resources are precious and limited and couldn’t extend anymore;

    • Difficulties in site acquisition as well.




  • Advantage:

    • Combined split antenna occupy less platform;

    • No need to add new BS site;

    • Split antenna can accomplish better coverage and increase capacity more effectively.




  • Value

    • Boost Capacity of 1X and DO

    • Congestion can be mitigated;

    • Soft handover is more likely to happen.




Figure-10 Two scenarios studied in C+W
Case Study2: WiFi in modern village

  • Challenge:

    • Setup internet connection

    • Resolve the coverage issue for the country

    • Balance the cost by using an appropriate solution.




  • Advantage:

    • Less cells around the modern village needed for coverage

    • Good network and resource design based on building location, and user number to fulfill DL 1Mbps outdoor and 250kbps indoor.(Beyond 100kbps anticipation)

    • Closer to AP switch and fiber as a backhaul solution for the village.



  • Value

    • Internet connection available now.

    • Offered wideband access.

    • Save investment.

Moving Forward: C+W+LTE


Figure-11 Future image of C+W+LTE


  1. DPI analysis

DPI analysis can be used to address the unbalanced growth of signalling and user traffic of different services.


Figure-12 DPI analysis architecture
What can be done if DPI information can be transferred back from PDSN to RAN side:

Wireless strategy can be made with service and traffic if DPI information can be obtained in BSC side




  1. Scenario 3: RAT1 and RAT3

In 3GPP, the standard of MBMS and eMBMS also realize the function of Mobile TV.
There are several possible options to realize convergence.


  • Option 1 (high power nodes + low power nodes + interworking)

    • A few high power transmitters carry CMMB/T-DMB/ISDB-T on carrier 1, and low power transmitters cover blind spots and weak spots on carrier 2 by mixed-carrier-MBMS

    • Broadcast service continuity (dashed) is guaranteed by Interworking between CMMB/ T-DMB /ISDB-T and MBMS/eMBMS

    • There are simply two channels in terminals side.

    • Characteristics: two core networks and two RATs for broadcast




  • Option 2 (convergence of unicast and broadcast in on RAT)

    • No high power transmitters

    • Use low power cells to carry both unicast and broadcast by carrier aggregation;

    • Broadcast can be carried on dedicated carriers by CMMB/ T-DMB/ISDB-T

    • Characteristics: one core networks and one RAT for broadcast




Figure-13 Example solution of carrier-grade multimedia service support system


  1. Scenario 4: RAT1 and RAT4

Cellular mobile and satellite systems convergence could achieve communication in anywhere by means of the followings:

  • Cellular could realize coverage enhancement by using satellite backhaul, which would be especially useful in rural area, where the traditional cable/fiber may not be available. This implementation solution is already being used in many operator networks




  • In some private network, satellite module is also mounted in mobile phone for special/emergency communication.

In this scenario, terminals could be multi-mode or not based on convergence method, while RAN should be independent. CN and SDP could be same or different.




  1. Scenario 5: RAT1 and RAT5 converged terminal in mobile applications

Converge of short-range network and cellular network could benefit the users. Different networks would serve different user communication requirements, e.g., using short-range network to share file/movie with friends nearby while using cellular network to access various Internet services. Multi-mode mobile phone with SRD module is necessary for this scenario, such as CDMA2000 + GSM + BT, WCDMA + GSM + BT terminal, while this converged scenario is sharing a single RAN, CN and SDP.


  1. Regulatory Issues

Different country has different way for the development of broadcasting and telecommunication industries. In some countries, broadcaster emphasizes on audio and video program production, content regulatory and TV channel management, while telecom operators have the advantage of network infrastructure. It is crucial important to rationalize the related policies, and to formulate the rules and regulations, so as to make the merging environment mutual benefit.


The convergence of telecommunication and broadcasting also impacts the regulatory aspects. An example of this case, which is the Comprehensive Legal System
for Communications and Broadcasting in Japan, was discussed by (doc.AWF-6/INP-54). At the time when this input document was presented, the new legal framework was reviewed, as shown in the following Figure.


Figure-14 Reviews for new legal framework
Some general issues regarding legal framework was identified[15], i.e.:

  • Consider generalization of disciplines as much as possible

    • Disappearing rational grounds for differentiating networks for each individual service




  • Examine how to secure standardized competitive conditions, and user protection by applying the same discipline to the same services.




  • Change to a rational legal framework with an overall design based on the three categories: contents services, transmission services and transmission facilities.

  • Pursue the goals of

    • promoting free distribution of information

    • promoting flexible business management

    • securing safety and reliability of information communications

    • protecting general public and individual users.




  1. Conclusion

The end user enjoys the benefit in the trend of radiocommunication broadcasting convergence, by receiving the interactive, rich content service in a reasonable price. In this sense, industries stakeholders from telecommunication and broadcasting are cooperating together in network infrastructure evolution and service delivery, standard bodies are facilitating the maturity of the convergence eco-system. It is expected that this report can help to understand the current situation for this emerging convergence industry.


References:
[1] AWG-13/INP-92, “Working Document towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Mr. SooHak Kim , the Republic of Korea

[2] AWG-12/INP-15, “Proposed Additional Text to the Working Document towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Mr. F.X. Ari Wibowo, DR. Andri Qiantori , PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia

[3] AWG-12/INP-53, “Proposed Modifications to the Working Document Towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Mr. Li Jianyu, China Unicom

[4] AWG-12/INP-54, “Proposed Modifications to the Working Document Towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Mr. Yue Tianheng, ZTE Corporation

[5] AWG-12/INP-55, “Proposed Technology and Implementation Cases to the Working Document Towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Mr. Songpu and Dr. Zhenqiang Sun, China Telecom

[6] AWG-11/INP-63, “Proposals on the Working Document towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Ms. Dong Zhao, China Telecom

[7] AWG-11/INP-74, “Text proposal for the Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Ms. Boya Lu, Huawei Technologies, China

[8] AWG-11/INP-94, “Proposed Additional Text to the Working Document towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Dr. Wiseto Agung, PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia

[9] AWG-10/INP-26, “Some Application Scenarios in Radiocommunication Convergence”, Dr. Zhenqiang Sun, China(People's Republic of)

[10] AWG-10/INP-28-rev1, “Proposed Modifications to the Working Document towards Preliminary Draft New Report of Telecommunication Broadcasting Convergence”, Mr.Lasse Wieweg, Ericsson Australia

[11] AWF-9/INP-41, “Mobile IPTV Development Trends in Korea”, Young il Kim, Won Ryu (ETRI)

[12] AWF-9/INP-42, “Convergence Business in Korea”, Minzheong Song (KT)

[13] AWF-8/INP-65, “Approach Of Fujitsu On Evolution Of Combined Telecommunication And Broadcasting Technologies”, Hisayuki Sekine (Fujitsu)

[14] AWF-7/INP-54, “Operator View on Convergence”, Yoshio Takeuchi (KDDI Labs.)

[15] AWF-6/INP-54, “Discussion Agenda On Comprehensive Legal System For Communications And Broadcasting In Japan”, Yoshiyuki Kato (MIC, Japan)

[16] Jondral et al, “Convergence of Mobile Communications and Broadcasting: A long term perspective”, Friedrich K. Jondral, Dennis Burgkhardt, Jens Elsner, http://www.wip.tu-berlin.de/typo3/fileadmin/documents/infraday/2009/papers/16b_grove_paper.pdf

[17] Seongcheol Kim et al, “Research in Convergence: A Literature Analysis”, Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology, Vol. 42, No. 3, August 2010, Seongcheol Kim, Heejin Lee, Myeong Ho Lee

[18] Bøhagen & Binningsbø, “HSPA and LTE – Future-proof Mobile Broadband Solutions”, Telenor ASA 2010, Frode Bøhagen, Jørgen Binningsbø

[19] Goleniewski2002, “Telecommunications Essentials”, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2002, Lillian Goleniewski

[20] Hanrahan2007, “Network Convergence”: services, applications, transport, and operations support, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007, Hu Hanrahan

[21] Tsekleves et al, “Converged Digital TV Services: The Role of Middleware and Future Directions of Interactive Television”, International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Volume 2009, Emmanuel Tsekleves, John Cosmas, Amar Aggoun, and Jonathan Loo

[22] Simpson-Greenfield, “IPTV and Internet Video: Expanding the Reach of Television Broadcasting, 2nd edition, Focal Press, 2009, Wes Simpson, Howard Greenfield

[23] DVBTFS082011, DVB-T Facts Sheet, August 2011

[24] DVBT2FS022012, DVB-T2 Facts Sheet, February 2012

[25] KimKo2011, “Investigating User Adoption of T-commerce”, 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems, and Industrial Engineering Proceeding, Eunjin Kim, Seongpil Ko

[26] AmitabhKumar2007, Mobile TV: DVB-H, DMB, 3G Systems and Rich Media Applications, Focal Press Media Technology Professional - Elsevier, 2007

[27] IPTV Standardization at ITU-T, IDA and APT IPTV Standardization Forum, Singapore, February 2010

[28] Goleniewski2002, “Telecommunications Essentials”, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2002, Lillian Goleniewski

[29] Hanrahan2007, “Network Convergence”: services, applications, transport, and operations support, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007, Hu Hanrahan

[30] Tsekleves et al, “Converged Digital TV Services: The Role of Middleware and Future Directions of Interactive Television”, International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Volume 2009, Emmanuel Tsekleves, John Cosmas, Amar Aggoun, and Jonathan Loo

[31] Simpson-Greenfield, “IPTV and Internet Video: Expanding the Reach of Television Broadcasting, 2nd edition, Focal Press, 2009, Wes Simpson, Howard Greenfield

[32] KimKo2011, “Investigating User Adoption of T-commerce”, 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems, and Industrial Engineering Proceeding, Eunjin Kim, Seongpil Ko



[33] AmitabhKumar2007, Mobile TV: DVB-H, DMB, 3G Systems and Rich Media Applications, Focal Press Media Technology Professional - Elsevier, 2007

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