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Supplementary Data.—


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Supplementary Data.—C:N proportions and isotopic ratios from collagen (13Ccol., 15Ncol.) and hydroxylapatite (18Ohyd.) extracted from bone (b) and tooth (t) samples of large mammal species preserved in the early Pleistocene locality of Venta Micena (juv.: juvenile individual, subad.: subadult; ad.: adult).


Species

Sample code

Fossil specimen (tooth or bone portion)

13Ccol.

15Ncol.

18Ohyd.

C:Ncol.

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-4439 (b)

proximal metacarpal

-21.4

+4.7

-4.5

3.1

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-OX1 (t)

enamel fragment of deciduous tooth

--

--

-3.9

--

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv./subad.)

VM-3581 (b)

vertebrae fragment (neural arch)

-20.6

+2.9

-2.8

3.3

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv./subad.)

VM-3581b (b)

vertebrae fragment (neural arch)

-23.4

+4.3

-5.3

3.6

Mammuthus meridionalis (subad./ad.)

VM-2172 (b)

carpal bone

-21.1

+3.2

-5.9

3.4

Mammuthus meridionalis (subad./ad.)

VM-4482 (b)

carpal bone

--

--

-4.7

--

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-4607 (b)

cranial fragment of a newborn individual or fetus

-22.8

+3.5

-4.5

3.5

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-4607b (b)

cranial fragment of a newborn individual or fetus

-22.9

+3.2

-4.5

3.2

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-84-C3-C8-49 (b)

left maxilla with dP2 and dP3 partially worn

--

--

-4.5

--

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-4439b (b)

proximal metacarpal

-23.4

+3.8

-5.3

3.2

Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-3674 (b)

vertebrae fragment

--

--

-5.0

--

cf. Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-4332 (b)

right humeral diaphysis of a newborn individual

--

--

-1.4

--

cf. Mammuthus meridionalis (juv.)

VM-1919 (b)

left humeral diaphysis of a newborn individual

-22.2

+5.1

-5.6

3.6

Mean for Mammuthus (N = 8/13)







-22.23 + 1.08

+3.84 + 0.79

-4.45 + 1.21

3.36 + 0.19

Hippopotamus antiquus (ad.)

VM-4123 (b)

right fifth metacarpal

-22.3

+7.7

-2.1

3.5

Hippopotamus antiquus (ad.)

VM-OX6 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-5.8

3.4

Hippopotamus antiquus (ad.)

VM-4299 (b)

left proximal humerus

-22.6

+7.4

-3.7

3.4

Hippopotamus antiquus (ad.)

VM-3680 (b)

left femur

-21.2

+7.1

-5.8

3.5

Hippopotamus antiquus (juv.)

VM-3558 (b)

right femur

--

--

-6.2

--

Hippopotamus antiquus (juv.)

VM-3337 (b)

left femur

-23.0

+5.7

-7.3

3.4

Hippopotamus antiquus (juv.)

VM-84-C1-V5-13 (b)

fragment of left mandible with unworn dP3 and dP4

-22.2

+6.0

-7.6

3.2

Mean for Hippopotamus (N = 5/7)







-22.26 + 0.67

+6.78 + 0.88

-5.50 + 1.96

3.40 + 0.12

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-3473 (b)

right proximal metacarpal

-22.1

+3.8

-2.2

3.1

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-3503 (b)

distal metatarsal

-21.5

+3.6

-4.1

3.3

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-4185 (b)

left proximal metacarpal

--

--

-2.8

--

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-4444 (b)

left proximal metatarsal

--

--

-3.1

--

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-OX7 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-5.2

--

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-3583 (b)

left distal humerus

--

--

-3.7

--

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-3473b (b)

right proximal metacarpal

-21.4

+3.5

-3.2

3.3

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-544 (b)

left distal humerus

-21.8

+4.0

-4.3

3.4

Bison sp. (ad.)

VM-4164 (b)

left distal humerus

--

--

-3.3

--

Bison sp. (juv.)

VM-4378 (b)

right mandible with dP2-dP4 and unworn M1

-22.7

+4.6

-3.5

3.5

Bison sp. (juv./subad.)

VM-non coded (b)

right maxilla, with unworn P2-P4 and M1

-22.4

+3.1

-4.8

3.6

Mean for Bison (N = 6/11)







-21.98 + 0.51

+3.77 + 0.51

-3.85 + 1.08

3.37 + 0.18

Praeovibos sp. (ad.)

VM-1742 (b)

left metacarpal with fused epiphyses

-22.0

+6.7

-4.7

3.2

Soergelia minor (ad.)

VM-3448 (b)

right distal tibia

--

--

-2.7

--

Soergelia minor (ad.)
VM-3867 (b)

left metatarsal

-23.2

+3.2

-2.1

3.4

Soergelia minor (ad.)
VM-3867b (b)

left metatarsal

-23.5

+3.4

-2.3

3.5

Soergelia minor (ad.)
VM-OX10 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-2.6

--

Soergelia minor (ad.)
VM-3982 (b)

left proximal metatarsal

-23.0

+3.8

-2.7

3.3

Soergelia minor (subad.)

VM-4597 (b)

maxilla with unworn P2-P4 and M1, M2-M3 erupting

-23.9

+2.2

--

3.6

Soergelia minor (ad.)

VM-4336 (b)

right horn base

-23.4

+4.3

-2.3

3.2

Mean for Soergelia (N = 5/5)







-23.40 + 0.34

+3.38 + 0.78

-3.16 + 1.88

3.40 + 0.16

Hemitragus albus (ad.)

VM-3802 (b)

left distal metatarsal

-20.9

+4.0

-3.4

3.3

Hemitragus albus (ad.)

VM-3922 (b)

right distal metacarpal

-20.1

+3.9

-1.5

3.4

Hemitragus albus (ad.)

VM-OX11 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-3.3

--

Hemitragus albus (ad.)

VM-3157 (b)

distal metatarsal

--

--

-2.1

--

Hemitragus albus (ad.)

VM-3449 (b)

left distal humerus

-20.4

+3.7

-2.9

3.5

Hemitragus albus (ad.)

VM-4541a (b)

distal right humerus with fused epiphysis

-21.6

+3.4

-3.6

3.6

Mean for Hemitragus (N = 4/6)







-20.75 + 0.66

+3.75 + 0.26

-2.80 + 0.83

3.45 + 0.13

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-3055 (b)

right proximal metatarsal

--

--

-3.2

--

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-3482 (b)

left proximal metacarpal

-23.6

+2.5

-2.6

3.5

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-4330 (b)

left proximal metacarpal

--

-

-2.4

--

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-OX9 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-2.6

--

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-4410 (b)

fragment of left hemimandible with M1-M3

--

--

-2.9

--

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-3047 (b)

right distal metacarpal

-23.8

+2.9

-3.0

3.3

Pseudodama sp. (ad.)

VM-3060 (b)

right proximal metacarpal

-23.2

+2.6

-2.5

3.4

Pseudodama sp. (subad.)

VM-4409 (b)

left mandible with dP4 heavily worn and M1

-22.8

+1.8

-2.8

3.2

Pseudodama sp. (subad.)

VM-4037 (b)

right mandible with dP3-dP4 and M1 slightly worn

-22.2

+2.2

-1.3

3.0

Mean for Pseudodama (N = 5/9)







-23.12 + 0.64

+2.40 + 0.42

-2.59 + 0.55

3.28 + 0.19

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-3297 (b)

fragment of right metacarpal diaphysis

-25.9

+1.6

-3.3

3.2

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-4155 (b)

left proximal radius

--

--

-2.8

--

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-3111 (b)

distal metacarpal

--

--

-4.0

--

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-3556 (b)

right distal humerus

-25.6

+1.3

-4.2

3.6

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-OX8 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-4.6

--

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-4181 (b)

left distal humerus

-25.4

+1.8

-3.7

3.4

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-3111b (b)

distal metacarpal

--

--

-3.9

--

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-3224 (b)

left distal metatarsal

-25.8

+1.4

-3.1

3.5

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (ad.)

VM-3780 (b)

left distal humerus

--

--

-4.0

--

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (juv.)

VM-84C3-E10-63 (b)

left mandible with dP2-dP4

-25.9

+2.3

-3.5

3.4

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (juv.)

VM-82-9 (b)

left maxilla with dP2, dP3 and dP4

-24.4

+1.7

--

3.3

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (juv.)

VM-4039 (b)

right mandible with dP4 and M1 erupting

-25.2

+2.0

-3.7

3.6

Praemegaceros cf. verticornis (juv.)

VM-4394 (b)

fragment of right maxilla, with dP2, dP3, dP4 and M1

--

--

-2.0

--

Mean for Praemegaceros (N = 7/12)







-25.46 + 0.53

+1.73 + 0.35

-3.80 + 1.07

3.43 + 0.15

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-4487 (b)

left proximal ulna

-26.5

+3.9

-3.7

3.5

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-4510 (b)

right humeral diaphysis

-26.6

+3.7

-3.7

3.3

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-OX4 (t)

tooth fragment

--

--

-3.7

--

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-OX5 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-5.1

--

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-3616 (b)

right distal femur

-26.2

+3.5

-4.2

3.3

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-3578 (b)

left scapula

--

--

-4.6

--

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-3578b (b)

left scapula

--

--

-4.8

--

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-3578c (b)

left scapula

-25.8

+3.0

-5.2

3.2

Stephanorhinus etruscus (ad.)

VM-3744 (b)

right femoral diaphysis

-24.7

--

-4.3

3.1

Stephanorhinus etruscus (juv./subad.)

VM-1908 (b)

right distal radius with the epiphysis unfused

-25.2

+3.6

-4.8

3.6

Stephanorhinus etruscus (juv.)

VM-non coded (b)

fragment of left maxilla, with dP2 and dP3

--

--

-3.9

--

Mean for Stephanorhinus (N = 6/11)







-25.83 + 0.76

+3.22 + 0.85

-4.36 + 0.57

3.33 + 0.19

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3028 (b)

right metatarsal lacking the distal epiphysis

-26.1

+2.0

-2.5

3.2

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3119 (b)

right scapula

-26.7

+3.5

-2.8

3.6

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3162 (b)

right distal tibia

-26.0

+3.0

-3.0

3.5

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3258 (b)

right distal tibia

--

--

-2.9

--

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3430 (b)

left distal metatarsal

--

--

-2.3

--

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3529 (b)

left proximal scapula

-26.0

+3.3

-3.3

3.4

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-4189 (b)

fragment of metatarsal diaphysis

-25.5

+3.5

-2.3

3.5

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-4421 (b)

left proximal radius

-25.0

+2.1

-3.8

3.4

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-OX2 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-3.4

--

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-OX3 (t)

enamel fragment of permanent tooth

--

--

-5.2

--

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3089 (b)

left distal metacarpal

--

--

-3.5

--

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-4421b (b)

left proximal radius

-25.8

+2.8

-3.9

3.4

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3279 (b)

left tibia diaphysis

-26.6

+3.1

-4.3

3.5

Equus altidens (ad.)

VM-3428 (b)

distal diaphysis of metatarsal

--

--

-2.8

--

Equus altidens (juv./subad.)

VM-4403 (b)

maxilla with worn dP1-dP4, M1-M3 erupting

-25.8

+3.5

-2.5

3.6

Equus altidens (juv.)

VM-602 (b)

metacarpal with the proximal epiphysis unfused

-26.3

+2.0

-3.7

3.1

Equus altidens (juv.)

VM-2073 (b)

right metacarpal, two thirds of proximal diaphysis

--

--

-4.3

--

Equus altidens (juv.)

VM-3388 (b)

right mandible fragment, with unworn dP2-dP4

-25.1

+2.6

-5.2

3.5

Mean for Equus (N = 11/18)







-25.90 + 0.55

+2.85 + 0.60

-3.43 + 0.90

3.43 + 0.16

Hystrix major (ad.)

VM-93-3B-96 (t)

fragment of incisor tooth

--

--

-3.5

--

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (ad.)

VM-2226 (b)

ulna

-22.5

+6.1

-4.0

3.4

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (ad.)

VM-2004 (b)

third proximal diaphysis of radius

--

--

-3.9

--

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (ad.)

VM-2276 (b)

right mandible with M1

-23.0

+4.7

-5.2

3.5

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (juv.)

VM-460 (b)

skull fragment with left dP3 and dP4

--

--

-3.5

--

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (juv.)

VM-84-C3-H5-6 (b)

left mandible with dP2 and dP3

-21.5

+5.8

-2.3

3.6

Pachycrocuta brevirostris (juv.)

VM-non coded (b)

fragment of maxilla of a juv. individual

-21.5

+6.7

-3.7

3.0

Mean for Pachycrocuta (N = 4/6)







-22.12 + 0.75

+5.82 + 0.84

-3.77 + 0.93

3.37 + 0.26

Homotherium latidens (ad.)

VM-4340 (b)

right distal tibia of an ad. individual

-21.7

+6.8

-3.7

3.4

Homotherium latidens (ad.)

VM-4340b (b)

right distal tibia of an ad. individual

-22.7

+6.5

-5.0

3.6

Homotherium latidens (ad.)

VM-4516 (b)

left humerus of an ad. individual

-23.9

+5.6


-4.7

3.4

Mean for Homotherium (N = 3/3)







-22.77 + 1.10

+6.30 + 0.62

-4.47 + 0.68

3.47 + 0.12

Megantereon whitei (ad.)

VM-3301 (b)

left distal humerus of an ad. individual

-25.2

+5.8

-4.2

3.5

Megantereon whitei (ad.)

VM-4612 (b)

right distal humerus of an ad. individual

-24.4

+5.1

-5.0

3.4

Mean for Megantereon (N = 2/2)







-24.80 + 0.57

+5.45 + 0.49

-4.60 + 0.57

3.45 + 0.07

Panthera cf. gombaszoegensis (ad.)

VM-84-C3-F8-42 (b)

fragment of right mandible

-23.3

+5.0

-4.3

3.0

Ursus etruscus (ad.)

VM-1172 (b)

right distal radius

--

--

-3.3

--

Ursus etruscus (ad.)

VM-2972 (b)

right tibia of an ad. individual

-23.8

+6.7

-0.4

3.3

Ursus etruscus (ad.)

VM-1903 (b)

left radius of an ad. individual

-21.9

+7.4

-1.9

3.1

Ursus etruscus (ad.)

VM-non coded (b)

skull

-23.6

+6.0

-2.0

3.3

Mean for Ursus (N = 3/4)







-23.10 + 1.04

+6.70 + 0.70

-1.90 + 1.19

3.23 + 0.12

Lycaon lycaonoides (ad.)

VM-2261 (b)

right maxilla with P4-M1

-22.7

+6.5

-4.8

3.5

Lycaon lycaonoides (ad.)

VM-2263 (b)

skull (splashed and deformed) of an ad. individual

-23.8

+5.6

-5.9

3.5

Lycaon lycaonoides (ad.)

VM-2259 (b)

fragment of right maxilla of an ad. individual, with M1

-22.9

+5.2

-3.7

3.4

Mean for Lycaon (N = 3/3)







-23.13 + 0.59

+5.77 + 0.67

-4.80 + 1.10

3.47 + 0.06

Canis mosbachensis (ad.)

VM-2254 (b)

left mandible with M2 and roots of P3-P4-M1

-23.5

+5.3

-4.8

3.6

Canis mosbachensis (ad.)

VM-2254b (b)

left mandible with M2 and roots of P3-P4-M1

-21.8

+4.1

-3.7

3.5

Canis mosbachensis (subad.)

VM-4440 (b)

right mandible, M1 with non developed roots

-22.2

+4.7

-4.6

3.3

Mean for Canis (N = 3/3)







-22.50 + 0.89

+4.70 + 0.60

-4.37 + 0.59

3.47 + 0.15

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