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Section I: Surgical Biology Chapter 1: Inflammatory Response references


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Chapter 8: Metabolism and Nutritional Needs of Surgical Patients



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  3. Biolo G, Toigo G, Ciocchi B, et al: Metabolic response to injury and sepsis: changes in protein metabolism. Nutrition 13:52S, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  4. Bisgaard T, Kehlet H: Early oral feeding after elective abdominal surgery—what are the issues? Nutrition 18: 944, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

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  10. Conejero R, Bonet A, Grau T, et al: Effect of a glutamine-enriched enteral diet on intestinal permeability and infectious morbidity at 28 days in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a randomized, single-blind, prospective, multicenter study. Nutrition 18:716, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  11. Dossett LA, Dageforde LA, Swenson BR, et al: Obesity and site-specific nosocomial infection risk in the intensive care unit. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 10:137, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  12. Dowsey MM, Choong PF: Obesity is a major risk factor for prosthetic infection after primary hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:153, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  13. Duschesne JC, Schmieg RE, Simmons JD, et al: Impact of obesity in damage control in laparotomy patients. J Trauma 67:112, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  14. Goeters C, Wenn A, Mertes N, et al: Parenteral L-alanyl-L-glutamine improves 6-month outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 30:2032, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  15. Greco DS, Rosychuk AW, Ogilvie GK, et al: The effect of levothyroxine treatment on resting energy expenditure of hypothyroid dogs. J Vet Intern Med 12:7, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  16. Heyland DK: Enteral and parenteral nutrition in the seriously ill, hospitalized patient: a critical review of the evidence. J Nutr Health Aging 1:31, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  17. Jeejeebhoy KN: Permissive underfeeding of the critically ill patient. Nutr Clin Pract 19:477, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  18. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, et al: Early enteral feeding versus “nil by mouth” after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ 323:773, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

  19. Lippert AC, et al: Retrospective study of the use of total parenteral nutrition in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 7:52, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  20. Marks SL, Cook AK, Reader R, et al: Effects of glutamine supplementation of an amino acid-based purified diet on intestinal mucosal integrity in rats with methotrexate-induced enteritis. Am J Vet Res 60:755, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  21. Mazzaferro E, Hackett T, Wingfield W, et al: Role of glutamine in health and disease. Compend Contin Ed Pract Vet 22:1094, 2000.

  22. Michel KE, King LG, Ostro E: Measurement of urinary urea nitrogen content as an estimate of the amount of total urinary nitrogen loss in dogs in intensive care units. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:356, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  23. Michel KE: Interventional nutrition for the critical care patient: optimal diets. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 13:204, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  24. Michel KE: Nitrogen metabolism in critical care patients. Vet Clin Nutr 20(suppl):1998.

  25. Nitenberg G: Nutritional support in sepsis: still skeptical? Curr Opin Crit Care 6:253, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  26. Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell A, et al: Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 30:2022, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  27. O’Toole E, Miller CW, Wilson BA, Mathews KA, Davis C, Sears W: Comparison of the standard predictive equation for calculation of resting energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry in hospitalized and healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:58, 2003.

  28. Ogilvie GK, Salman MD, Kesel ML, et al: Effect of anesthesia and surgery on energy expenditure determined by indirect calorimetry in dogs with malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Am J Vet Res 57:1321, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  29. Remillard RL, Darden De, Michel KE, et al: An investigation of the relationship between caloric intake and outcome in hospitalized dogs. Vet Ther 2:301, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

  30. Stratton RJ, Elia M: Who benefits from nutritional support: what is the evidence? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:353, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

  31. Thatcher CD: Nutritional needs of critically ill patients. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:1303, 1996

  32. Walton RS, Wingfield WE, Ogilvie GK, et al: Energy expenditure in 104 postoperative and traumatized injured dogs with indirect calorimetry. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 6:71, 1996.

  33. Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F: Glutamine: a necessary nutrient for the intensive care patient. Int J Colorectal Dis 14:137, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  34. Wray CJ, Mammen JM, Hasselgren P: Catabolic response to stress and potential benefits of nutrition support. Nutrition 18:971, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  35. Zaloga GP, Bortenschlager L, Black KW, et al: Immediate postoperative enteral feeding decreases weight loss and improves healing after abdominal surgery in rats. Crit Care Med 20:115, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  36. Zsombor-Murray E, Freeman LM: Peripheral parenteral nutrition. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 21:512, 1999.

Chapter 9: Wound Healing



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  1. Adamsons R, Kahan S: The rate of healing incised wounds of different tissues in rabbits. Surg Gynecol Obstet 130:837, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

  2. Ahrendt GM, Gardner K, Barbul A: Loss of colonic structural collagen impairs healing during intra-abdominal sepsis. Arch Surg 129:1179, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

  3. Ahrendt GM, Tantry US, Barbul A: Intra-abdominal sepsis impairs colonic reparative collagen synthesis. Am J Surg 171:102, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  4. Ai-Aql ZS, Alagl AS, Graves DT, et al: Molecular mechanisms controlling bone formation during fracture healing and distraction osteogenesis. J Dent Res 87:107, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  5. Al-Niaimi A, Safdar N: Supplemental perioperative oxygen for reducing surgical site infection: a meta-analysis. J Eval Clin Pract 15:360, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  6. Apostolidis SA, Michalopoulos AA, Hytiroglou PM, et al: Prevention of blood-transfusion-induced impairment of anastomotic healing by leucocyte depletion in rats. Eur J Surg 166:562, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  7. Apostolidis SA, Michalopoulos AA, Papadopoulos VN, et al: Effect of ranitidine on healing of normal and transfusion-suppressed experimental anastomoses. Tech Coloproctol 8(suppl 1):S104, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  8. Ayello EA, Cuddigan JE: Debridement: controlling the necrotic/cellular burden. Adv Skin Wound Care 17:66, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  9. Barbul A, Efron D: Wound healing. In Brunicardi F, editor: Schwartz’s principles of surgery, vol 1, ed 9, New York, 2010, McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division.

  10. Barnes GL, Kostenuik PJ, Gerstenfeld LC, et al: Growth factor regulation of fracture repair. J Bone Miner Res 14:1805, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  11. Baskin LS, Sutherland RS, Thomson AA, et al: Growth factors in bladder wound healing. J Urol 157:1288, 1997.

  12. Bertone A: Management of exuberant granulation tissue. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 48:551, 1985.

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  14. Bohling MW, Henderson RA: Differences in cutaneous wound healing between dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 36:687, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  15. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Cutaneous wound healing in the cat: a macroscopic description and comparison with cutaneous wound healing in the dog. Vet Surg 33:579, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  16. Bohling MW, Henderson RA, Swaim SF, et al: Comparison of the role of the subcutaneous tissues in cutaneous wound healing in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 35:3, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  17. Bratzler DW, Houck PM: Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis 38:1706, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

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  19. Broughton G, Janis J, Attinger C: The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:12S, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

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  22. Carlson M: Acute wound failure. In Schumpelick V, Kingsnorth A, editors: Incisional hernia, Berlin, 1999, Springer-Verlag, p 101.

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  29. Doblare M, Garcia J, Gomez M: Modelling of bone tissue fracture and healing: a review. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 71:1809, 2004.

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  36. Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM: Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms. J Invest Dermatol 127:514, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

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  38. Fast J, Nelson C, Dennis C: Rate of gain in strength in sutured abdominal wall wounds. Surg Gynecol Obstet 84:685, 1947. PUBMED Abstract

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  45. Graham M, Blomquist P, Zederfeldt B: The alimentary canal. In Cohen I, Diegelmann R, Lindbald W, editors: Wound healing: biochemical and clinical aspects, Philadelphia, 1992, WB Saunders, p 433.

  46. Graham M, Diegelmann R, Elson C, et al: Collagen content and types in the intestinal strictures of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 94:257, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

  47. Greif R, Akça O, Horn E-P, et al: Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 342:161, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

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  58. Hogstrom H, Haglund U: Postoperative decrease in suture holding capacity in laparotomy wounds and anastomoses. Acta Chir Scand 151:533, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

  59. Hopf HW, Viele M, Watson JJ, et al: Subcutaneous perfusion and oxygen during acute severe isovolemic hemodilution in healthy volunteers. Arch Surg 135:1443, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  60. Horan T, Andrus M, Dudeck M: CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 36:309, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  61. Hunt T, Knighton D, Thakral K, et al: Studies on inflammation and wound healing: angiogenesis and collagen synthesis stimulated in vivo by resident and activated wound macrophages. Surgery 96:48, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

  62. Hunt TK, Hopf HW: High inspired oxygen fraction and surgical site infection. JAMA 302:1588, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  63. Jensen J, Goodson W, Vasconez L, et al: Wound healing in anemia. West J Med 144:465, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

  64. Jensen J, Hunt T, Scheunenstuhl H, et al: Effect of lactate, pyruvate, and pH on secretion of angiogenesis and mitogenesis factors by macrophages. Lab Invest 54:574, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

  65. Jensen LS, Andersen AJ, Christiansen PM, et al: Postoperative infection and natural killer cell function following blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 79:513, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  66. Jensen LS, Hokland M, Nielsen HJ: A randomized controlled study of the effect of bedside leucocyte depletion on the immunosuppressive effect of whole blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 83:973, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  67. Kilicoglu SS, Kilicoglu B, Erdemli E: Ultrastructural view of colon anastomosis under propolis effect by transmission electron microscopy. World J Gastroenterol 14:4763, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  68. Kim M, Liu W, Borjesson D, et al: Dynamics of neutrophil infiltration during cutaneous wound healing and infection using fluorescence imaging. J Invest Dermatol 128:1812, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  69. Kirby JP, Mazuski JE: Prevention of surgical site infection. Surg Clin North Am 89:365, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  70. Kirshen C, Woo K, Ayello EA, et al: Debridement: a vital component of wound bed preparation. Adv Skin Wound Care 19:506, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  71. Knighton D, Silver I, Hunt T: Regulation of wound-healing angiogenesis—effect of oxygen gradients and inspired oxygen concentration. Surgery 90:262, 1981. PUBMED Abstract

  72. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R: Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. N Engl J Med 334:1209, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

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  74. Li Y, Deeb B, Pendergrass W, et al: Cellular proliferative capacity and life span in small and large dogs. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51:B403, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  75. Lichenstein I, Herzikoff S, Shore J: The dynamics of wound healing. Surg Gynecol Obstet 130:685, 1970. PUBMED Abstract

  76. Lieberman JR, Daluiski A, Einhorn TA: The role of growth factors in the repair of bone: biology and clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84:232, 2002.

  77. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al: Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Am J Infect Control 27:97, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  78. Masera R, Staurenghi A, Sartori M, et al: Natural killer cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 140:299, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  79. Mast B: Healing in other tissues. Surg Clin North Am 77:529, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  80. Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Sessler AM, et al: Heat flow and distribution during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 82:662, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  81. Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, et al: Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358:876, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

  82. Meyhoff C, Wetterslev J, Jorgensen L, et al: Perioperative oxygen fraction—effect on surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: a randomized clinical trial: rationale and design of the PROXI-Trial. Trials 9:58, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  83. Mori R, Shaw TJ, Martin P: Molecular mechanisms linking wound inflammation and fibrosis: knockdown of osteopontin leads to rapid repair and reduced scarring. J Exp Med 205:43, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  84. Munireddy S, Kavalukas SL, Barbul A: Intra-abdominal healing: gastrointestinal tract and adhesions. Surg Clin North Am 90:1227, 2010. PUBMED Abstract

  85. Nelson C, Dennis C: Wound healing: technical factors in the gain of strength in sutured abdominal wall wounds in rabbits. Surg Gynecol Obstet 93:461, 1951. PUBMED Abstract

  86. Nichols R, Condon R, Barie P: Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery: 2005 and beyond. Surg Infect 6:349, 2005.

  87. Nicholson M, Beal M, Shofer F, et al: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infection in clean-contaminated wounds: a retrospective study of 239 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 31:577, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  88. Nuutinen P, Riekki R, Parikka M, et al: Modulation of collagen synthesis and mRNA by continuous and intermittent use of topical hydrocortisone in human skin. Br J Dermatol 148:39, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

  89. Patronek GJ, Waters DJ, Glickman LT: Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implications for gerontology research. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 52:B171, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  90. Pierce GF, Mustoe TA, Altrock BW, et al: Role of platelet-derived growth factor in wound healing. J Cell Biochem 45:319, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

  91. Pryor K, Fahey T, Lien C, et al: Surgical site infection and the routine use of perioperative hyperoxia in a general surgical population: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:71, 2004.

  92. Qadan M, Akca O, Mahid SS, et al: Perioperative supplemental oxygen therapy and surgical site infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 144:359, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  93. Regan MC, Kirk SJ, Wasserkrug HL, et al: The wound environment as a regulator of fibroblast phenotype. J Surg Res 50:442, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

  94. Richardson DW, Dodge GR: Dose-dependent effects of corticosteroids on the expression of matrix-related genes in normal and cytokine-treated articular chondrocytes. Inflamm Res 52:39, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

  95. Robson M: Wound infection: a failure of wound healing caused by an imbalance of bacteria. Surg Clin North Am 77:637, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  96. Sanabria A, Dominguez L, Valdivieso E, et al: Prophylactic antibiotics for mesh inquinal hernioplasty. Ann Surg 245:392, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

  97. Sandrini S, Setti G, Bossini N, et al: Steroid withdrawal five days after renal transplantation allows for the prevention of wound-healing complications associated with sirolimus therapy. Clin Transplant 23:16, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  98. Schmidt-Bleek K, Schell H, Kolar P, et al: Cellular composition of the initial fracture hematoma compared to a muscle hematoma: a study in sheep. J Orthop Res 27:1147, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  99. Shandall A, Lowndes R, Young H: Colonic anastomotic healing and oxygen tension. Br J Surg 72:606, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

  100. Steed D: Debridement. Am J Surg 187:71S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  101. Tadros T, Wobbes T, Hendriks T: Blood transfusion impairs healing of experimental intestinal anastomoses. Ann Surg 215:276, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  102. Teller P, White T: The physiology of wound healing: injury through maturation. Surg Clin North Am 89:599, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  103. Thompson SK, Chang EY, Jobe BA: Clinical review: healing in gastrointestinal anastomoses, Part I. Microsurgery 26:131, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  104. Thornton FJ, Barbul A: Healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Surg Clin North Am 77:549, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  105. Tibbs MK: Wound healing following radiation therapy: a review. Radiother Oncol 42:99, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  106. Tobin G: Closure of contaminated wounds: biologic and technical considerations. Surg Clin North Am 64:639, 1984. PUBMED Abstract

  107. Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RAF: Angiogenesis in wound healing. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 5:40, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  108. Tyrone JW, Marcus JR, Bonomo SR, et al: Transforming growth factor {beta}3 promotes fascial wound healing in a new animal model. Arch Surg 135:1154, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  109. Ueno C, Hunt TK, Hopf HW: Using physiology to improve surgical wound outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 117(7 suppl):59S, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

  110. Varley C, Hill G, Pellegrin S, et al: Autocrine regulation of human urothelial cell proliferation and migration during regenerative responses in vitro. Exp Cell Res 306:216, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

  111. Weber EWG, Slappendel R, Prins MH, et al: Perioperative blood transfusions and delayed wound healing after hip replacement surgery: effects on duration of hospitalization. Anesth Analg 100:1416, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

  112. Weber WP, Marti WR, Zwahlen M, et al: The timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Ann Surg 247:918, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  113. Weiss S, Zimmermann G, Pufe T, et al: The systemic angiogenic response during bone healing. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 129:989, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  114. Wilmink J, Stolk P, vanWeeren P: Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: macroscopical aspects. Equine Vet J 31:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  115. Wilmink J, vanWeeren P, Stolk P, et al: Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: histological aspects. Equine Vet J 31:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  116. Wishnow K, Johnson D, Grignon D, et al: Regeneration of the canine urinary bladder mucosa after complete denudation. J Urol 141:1476, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

  117. Witte MB, Barbul A: Repair of full-thickness bowel injury. Crit Care Med 31:S538, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

  118. Wolf NS: Cell replication rates in vivo and in vitro and wound healing as affected by animal age, diet, and species. In Wolf NS, editor: The comparative biology of aging, The Netherlands, 2010, Springer, p 97.

  119. Wong Y, Martin B: A study of light and scanning electron microscopy of the lining epithelium of the guinea pig bladder following artificial ulceration. Am J Anat 150:219, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

  120. Wornom I, Buchman S: Bone and cartilaginous tissue. In Cohen I, Diegelmann R, Lindblad W, editors: Wound healing: biochemical and clinical aspects, Philadelphia, 1992, WB Saunders, p 356.

  121. Worthley L: Shock: a review of pathophysiology and management. Part I. Crit Care Resusc 2:55, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  122. Xu L, McLennan SV, Lo L, et al: Bacterial load predicts healing rate in neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 30:378, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 10: Wound Infections and Antimicrobial Use



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  2. Al-Niaimi A, Safdar N: Supplemental perioperative oxygen for reducing surgical site infection: a meta-analysis. J Eval Clin Pract 15:360, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  3. Amsden GW, Ballow CH, Bertino JS, Kashuba ADM: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-infective agents. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

  4. Anonymous: Postsurgical infections associated with an extrinsically contaminated intravenous anesthetic agent—California, Illinois, Maine, and Michigan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39:426, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

  5. Archer GL: Alteration of cutaneous staphylococcal flora as a consequence of antimicrobial prophylaxis. Rev Infect Dis 13(suppl 10):S805, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

  6. Arduino MJ, Bland LA, McAllister SK, et al: Microbial growth and endotoxin production in the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 12:535, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

  7. Beal MW, Brown DC, Shofer FS: The effects of perioperative hypothermia and the duration of anesthesia on postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 29:123, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  8. Bennett SN, McNeil MM, Bland LA, et al: Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofol [see comment]. N Engl J Med 333:147, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  9. Berg JN, Wendell DE, Vogelweid C, Fales WH: Identification of the major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius. Am J Vet Res 45:1307, 1984.

  10. Berry CB, Gillespie T, Hood J, Scott NB: Growth of micro-organisms in solutions of intravenous anaesthetic agents [see comment]. Anaesthesia 48:30, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  11. Brand JM, Kirchner H, Poppe C, Schmucker P: The effects of general anesthesia on human peripheral immune cell distribution and cytokine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 83:190, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  12. Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Shofer F, Swann H: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1302, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  13. Burke JF: Use of preventive antibiotics in clinical surgery. Am Surg 39:6, 1973. PUBMED Abstract

  14. Caywood DD, Wallace LJ, Braden TD: Osteomyelitis in the dog: a review of 67 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:943, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

  15. Ciepichal J, Kubler A: Effect of general and regional anesthesia on some neutrophil functions. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 46:183, 1998.

  16. Conte JE, Jr, Cohen SN, Roe BB, Elashoff RM: Antibiotic prophylaxis and cardiac surgery: a prospective double-blind comparison of single-dose versus multiple-dose regimens. Ann Intern Med 76:943, 1972. PUBMED Abstract

  17. Crozier TA, Muller JE, Quittkat D, et al: Effect of anaesthesia on the cytokine responses to abdominal surgery [see comment]. Brit J Anaesth 72:280, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

  18. Daude-Lagrave A, Carozzo C, Fayolle P, et al: Infection rates in surgical procedures: a comparison of cefalexin vs. a placebo. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 14:146, 2001.

  19. Dietz A, Heimlich F, Daniel V, et al: Immunomodulating effects of surgical intervention in tumors of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123(1 Pt 1):132, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  20. Drew RH: Emerging options for treatment of invasive, multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pharmacotherapy 27:227, 2007. PUBMED Abstract

  21. Eugster S, Schawalder P, Gaschen F, Boerlin P: A prospective study of postoperative surgical site infections in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 33:542, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  22. Frohlich D, Rothe G, Schwall B, et al: Effects of volatile anaesthetics on human neutrophil oxidative response to the bacterial peptide FMLP. Brit J Anaesth 78:718, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  23. Galley HF, Dubbels AM, Webster NR: The effect of midazolam and propofol on interleukin-8 from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Anesth Analg 86:1289, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  24. Gibson KL, Donald AW, Hariharan H, McCarville C: Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques. Can J Vet Res 61:154, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  25. Hamilton HW, Hamilton KR, Lone FJ: Preoperative hair removal. Can J Surg 20:269, 1977. PUBMED Abstract

  26. Heldmann E, Brown DC, Shofer F: The association of propofol usage with postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 28:256, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  27. Hirsh DC, Smith TM: Osteomyelitis in the dog: microorganisms isolated and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. J Small Anim Pract 19:679, 1978. PUBMED Abstract

  28. Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, et al: CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Am J Infect Control 20:271, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  29. Kaiser AB: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. N Engl J Med 315:1129, 1986. PUBMED Abstract

  30. Kernodle DS, Barg NL, Kaiser AB: Low-level colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and emergence of the organisms during surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:202, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

  31. Kirby JP, Mazuski JE: Prevention of surgical site infection. Surg Clin North Am 89:365, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  32. Kuehnert MJ, Webb RM, Jochimsen EM, et al: Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections among patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy traced to breaks in infection control and possible extrinsic contamination by propofol. Anesth Analg 85:420, 1997. PUBMED Abstract

  33. Lidwell OM, Lowbury EJ, Whyte W, et al: Effect of ultraclean air in operating rooms on deep sepsis in the joint after total hip or knee replacement: a randomised study. Brit Med J Clin Res 285:10, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

  34. Marcellin-Little DJ, Papich MG, Richardson DC, DeYoung DJ: Pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin distribution during total hip arthroplasty in dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:720, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  35. Michalopoulos A, Falagas ME: Colistin and polymyxin B in critical care. Crit Care Clin 24:377, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  36. National Research Council Division of Medical Sciences Ad hoc Committee of the Committee on Trauma: Postoperative wound infections: the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operating room and of various other factors. Chapter III Organization, Methods, and Physical Factors of the Study. Ann Surg 160(Suppl 2):19–31, 1964.

  37. Nicholson M, Beal M, Shofer F, Brown DC: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infection in clean-contaminated wounds: a retrospective study of 239 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 31:577, 2002. PUBMED Abstract

  38. Offner PJ, Moore EE, Biffl WL: Male gender is a risk factor for major infections after surgery. Arch Surg 134:935; discussion 938, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  39. Osuna DJ, DeYoung DJ, Walker RL: Comparison of three skin preparation techniques. Part 2: Clinical trial in 100 dogs. Vet Surg 19:20, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

  40. Patel NP, Malangoni MA: Antimicrobial agents for surgical infections. Surg Clin North Am 89:327, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  41. Peikes H, Morris DO, Hess RS: Dermatologic disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 45 cases (1986–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:203, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

  42. Petersen SW, Rosin E: Cephalothin and cefazolin in vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics in dogs. Vet Surg 24:347, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  43. Pressler BM, Vaden SL, Lane IF, et al: Candida spp. urinary tract infections in 13 dogs and seven cats: predisposing factors, treatment, and outcome. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:263, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

  44. Pryor F, Messmer PR: The effect of traffic patterns in the OR on surgical site infections. AORN J 68:649, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  45. Qadan M, Akca O, Mahid SS, et al: Perioperative supplemental oxygen therapy and surgical site infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 144:359; discussion 366, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

  46. Rochat MC, Mann FA, Berg JN: Evaluation of a one-step surgical preparation technique in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:392, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  47. Rosin E, Uphoff TS, Schultz-Darken NJ, Collins MT: Cefazolin antibacterial activity and concentrations in serum and the surgical wound in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:1317, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

  48. Rubinstein E, Findler G, Amit P, Shaked I: Perioperative prophylactic cephazolin in spinal surgery: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 76:99, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

  49. Salman H, Bergman M, Bessler H, et al: Effect of sodium thiopentone anesthesia on the phagocytic activity of rat peritoneal macrophages. Life Sci 63:2221, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  50. Salo M: Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on the immune response. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:201, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  51. Schroder J, Kahlke V, Staubach KH, et al: Gender differences in human sepsis [see comment]. Arch Surg 133:1200, 1998. PUBMED Abstract

  52. Simmons BP: CDC guidelines on infection control. Infect Control 3(2 suppl):187, 1982. PUBMED Abstract

  53. Smilack JD: The tetracyclines. Mayo Clin Proc 74:727, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  54. Stubbs WP, Bellah JR, Vermaas-Hekman D, et al: Chlorhexidine gluconate versus chloroxylenol for preoperative skin preparation in dogs. Vet Surg 25:487, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  55. Vasseur PB, Levy J, Dowd E, Eliot J: Surgical wound infection rates in dogs and cats: data from a teaching hospital. Vet Surg 17:60, 1988. PUBMED Abstract

  56. Vasseur PB, Paul HA, Enos LR, Hirsh DDC: Infection rates in clean surgical procedures: a comparison of ampicillin prophylaxis vs a placebo. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:825, 1985. PUBMED Abstract

  57. Veber B, Gachot B, Bedos JP, Wolff M: Severe sepsis after intravenous injection of contaminated propofol. Anesthesiology 80:712, 1994. PUBMED Abstract

  58. Whittem TL, Johnson AL, Smith CW, et al: Effect of perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial treatment in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:212, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  59. Wichmann MW, Zellweger R, DeMaso CM, et al: Mechanism of immunosuppression in males following trauma-hemorrhage: critical role of testosterone. Arch Surg 131:1186; discussion 1191, 1996. PUBMED Abstract

  60. Wilkens B, Sullivan P, McDonald TP, Krahwinkel DJ: Effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefmetazole on the hemostatic mechanism in normal dogs: implications for the surgical patient. Vet Surg 24:25, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  61. Zacher AN, Zornow MH, Evans G: Drug contamination from opening glass ampules [see comment]. Anesthesiology 75:893, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

Chapter 11: Evidence-Based Medicine and Outcomes Assessment



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SECTION II: Surgical Methods and Perioperative Care

Chapter 12: Sterilization



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  20. Kelkar U, Bal A, Kulkarni S: Monitoring of steam sterilization process by biologic indicators—a necessary surveillance tool. Am J Infect Control 32:512, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  21. Klapes N, Greene V, Langholz A, et al: Effect of long-term storage on sterile status of devices in surgical packs. Infect Control 8:289, 1987. PUBMED Abstract

  22. Kyi M, Holton J, Ridgway G: Assessment of the efficacy of a low temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization system. J Hosp Infect 31:275, 1995. PUBMED Abstract

  23. Mallison G, Standard P: Safe storage times for sterile packs. J Am Hosp Assoc 48:77, 1974. PUBMED Abstract

  24. McKellop H, Shen F, Lu B, et al: Effect of sterilization method and other modifications on the wear resistance of acetabular cups made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: a hip-simulator study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82:1708, 2000. PUBMED Abstract

  25. Medel F, Kurtz S, Hozack W, et al: Gamma inert sterilization: a solution to polyethylene oxidation? J Bone Joint Surg Am 91:839, 2009. PUBMED Abstract

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  27. Okpara-Hofmann J, Knoll M, Durr M, et al: Comparison of low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization for endoscopes using various Sterrad models. J Hosp Infect 59:280, 2005. PUBMED Abstract

  28. Pongchairerks P, Bhumisirikul W, Bhumisirikul P: Long-term storage of small surgical instruments in autoclaved packages. Asian J Surg 26:202, 2003. PUBMED Abstract

  29. Rutala W: APIC guidelines for selection and use of disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 18:99, 1990. PUBMED Abstract

  30. Rutala W, Weber D: Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities: what clinicians need to know. Healthcare Epidemiol 39:701, 2004. PUBMED Abstract

  31. Rutala W, Weber D: Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, Augusta, GA, 2008, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

  32. Rutala W, Weber D: Infection control: the role of disinfection and sterilization. J Hosp Infect 43:S43, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

  33. Rutala W, Weber D: New disinfection and sterilization methods. Emerg Infect Dis 7:348, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

  34. Schwartz R, Butt W, Bradley D, et al: Safe storage times for sterile instrument packs. Milit Med 157:406, 1992. PUBMED Abstract

  35. Scott E, Gorman S: Glutaraldehyde. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 5, Philadelphia, PA, 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p 361.

  36. Silverman G: Sterilization and preservation by ionizing irradiation. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, PA, 1991, Lea and Febiger, p 566.

  37. Spaulding E: Chemical disinfection and antisepsis in the hospital. J Hosp Res 9:5, 1972.

  38. Spry C: Understanding current steam sterilization recommendations and guidelines. AORN J 88:537, 2008. PUBMED Abstract

  39. Webster J, Radke E, George N, et al: Barrier properties and cost implications of a single versus a double wrap for storing sterile instrument packs. Am J Infect Control 33:348, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
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