Chapter 6: Shock
REFERENCES
-
American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 20:864, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
-
American College of Surgeons: Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) student manual, ed 6, Chicago, 2002, American College of Surgeons.
-
Acierno MJ, Labato MA: Hypertension in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 26:336, 2004.
-
Allen SE, Holm JL: Lactate: physiology and clinical utility. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18:123, 2008.
-
Beaulieu KE, Kerr CL, McDonell WN: Evaluation of a lithium dilution cardiac output technique as a method for measurement of cardiac output in anesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res 66:1639, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al: Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344:699, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Binns SH, Sisson DD, Buoscio DA, et al: Doppler ultrasonographic, oscillometric sphygmomanometric, and photoplethysmographic techniques for noninvasive blood pressure measurement in anesthetized cats. J Vet Intern Med 9:405, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boag AK, Hughes D: Assessment and treatment of perfusion abnormalities in the emergency patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:319, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boothe DM: Principles of antimicrobial therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 36:1003, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brady CA, Otto CM, Van Winkle TJ, et al: Severe sepsis in cats: 29 cases (1986–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:531, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Burkitt JM, Haskins SC, Nelson RW, et al: Relative adrenal insufficiency in dogs with sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 21:226, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Campbell VL: Anesthetic protocols for common emergencies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:435, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Christopher MM, O’Neill S: Effect of specimen collection and storage on blood glucose and lactate concentrations in healthy, hyperthyroid and diabetic cats. Vet Clin Pathol 29:22, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cooper MS, Stewart PM: Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 348:727, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Costello MF, Drobatz KJ, Aronson LR, et al: Underlying cause, pathophysiologic abnormalities, and response to treatment in cats with septic peritonitis: 51 cases (1990–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:897, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Creteur J: Muscle StO2 in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 14:361, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J, et al: Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 23:1430, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
de Laforcade AM, Freeman LM, Shaw SP, et al: Hemostatic changes in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 17:674, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
de Papp E, Drobatz KJ, Hughes D: Plasma lactate concentration as a predictor of gastric necrosis and survival among dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 102 cases (1995–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:49, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
DeClue AE, Williams KJ, Sharp C, et al: Systemic response to low-dose endotoxin infusion in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 132:167, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 36:296, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dubin A, Estenssoro E, Murias G, et al: Effects of hemorrhage on gastrointestinal oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 27:1931, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dunphy ED, Mann FA, Dodam JR: Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral nasal catheters for oxygen administration in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 12:245, 2002.
-
Durkan S, Rozanski EA, Rush JE: Suspected relative adrenal insufficiency in a critically ill cat. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:197, 2007.
-
Englehart MS, Schreiber MA: Measurement of acid-base resuscitation endpoints: lactate, base deficit, bicarbonate or what? Curr Opin Crit Care 12:569, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Evans GO: Plasma lactate measurements in healthy beagle dogs. Am J Vet Res 48:131, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
-
Fahy BG, Sheehy AM, Coursin DB: Glucose control in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 37:1769, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al: Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360:1283, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Francis AH, Martin LG, Haldorson GJ, et al: Adverse reactions suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs given human albumin. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:873, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Giunti M, Otto CM: Intraosseous catheterization. In Silverstein DC, Hooper K, editors: Small animal critical care medicine, ed 1, St Louis, 2008, Saunders Elsevier, pp 263.
-
Gunn SR, Pinsky MR: Implications of arterial pressure variation in patients in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:212, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hall KE, Powell LL, Beilman GJ: Measurement of tissue oxygen saturation levels using portable near-infrared spectroscopy in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18:594, 2008.
-
Hameed SM, Cohn SM: Gastric tonometry: the role of mucosal pH measurement in the management of trauma. Chest 123:475S, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hammond TN, Holm JL: Limited fluid volume resuscitation. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31:309, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Harper AM: Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow: influence of the arterial blood pressure on the blood flow through the cerebral cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 29:398, 1966. PUBMED Abstract
-
Haskins S, Pascoe PJ, Ilkiw JE, et al: Reference cardiopulmonary values in normal dogs. Comp Med 55:156, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hess JR, Brohi K, Dutton RP, et al: The coagulopathy of trauma: a review of mechanisms. J Trauma 65:748, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hochreiter M, Kohler T, Schweiger AM, et al: Procalcitonin to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients: a randomized prospective controlled trial. Crit Care 13:R83, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hoffmann JJ: Neutrophil CD64: a diagnostic marker for infection and sepsis. Clin Chem Lab Med 47:903, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Houston DM, Ribble CS, Head LL: Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:542, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hughes D, Rozanski ER, Shofer FS, et al: Effect of sampling site, repeated sampling, pH, and PCO2 on plasma lactate concentration in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 60:521, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Iwabuchi T, Watanabe K, Kutsuzawa T, et al: Lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid and pressure-flow relationships in canine cerebral circulation. Stroke 4:207, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
-
King LG: Postoperative complications and prognostic indicators in dogs and cats with septic peritonitis: 23 cases (1989–1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:407, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kumar A, Parrillo JE: Shock: classification, pathophysiology, and approach to management. In Parillo JE, Dellinger RP, editors: Critical care medicine, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Mosby.
-
Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al: Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34:1589, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lagutchik MS, Ogilvie GK, Hackett TB: Increased lactate concentrations in ill and injured dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 8:117, 1998.
-
Leach RM, Treacher DF: The pulmonary physician and critical care. 6. Oxygen transport: the relation between oxygen delivery and consumption. Thorax 47:971, 1992.
-
Levi M, van der Poll T, Buller HR: Bidirectional relation between inflammation and coagulation. Circulation 109:2698, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al: 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Intensive Care Med 29:530, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lima A, Bakker J: Noninvasive monitoring of peripheral perfusion. Intensive Care Med 31:1316, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Long KM, Kirby R: An update on cardiovascular adrenergic receptor physiology and potential pharmacological applications in veterinary critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 18:2, 2008.
-
Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Rubartelli A, et al: The grateful dead: damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and reduction/oxidation regulate immunity. Immunol Rev 220:60, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Marik PE, Bankov A: Sublingual capnometry versus traditional markers of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 31:818, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Marino PL: The ICU book, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
-
Martinez-Albarran M, Perez-Molina JJ, Gallegos-Castorena S: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein serum levels as markers of infection in a pediatric population with febrile neutropenia and cancer. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26:414, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mason DJ, O’Grady M, Woods JP, et al: Assessment of lithium dilution cardiac output as a technique for measurement of cardiac output in dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:1255, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mazzaferro AM: Oxygen therapy. In Silverstein DC, Hooper K, editors: Small animal critical care medicine, ed 1, St Louis, 2008, Saunders Elsevier, pp 78.
-
McMichael M: Ischemia-reperfusion injury: assessment and treatment, Part II. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14:242, 2004.
-
McMichael M, Lees GE, Hennessey J: Serial plasma lactate concentration in 68 puppies aged 4 to 80 days. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15:17, 2005.
-
McMichael M, Moore RM: Ischemia-reperfusion injury pathophysiology, Part I. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14:231, 2004.
-
Mittleman Boller E, Otto CM: Septic shock. In Silverstein DC, Hooper K, editors: Small animal critical care medicine, ed 1, St Louis, 2008, Saunders Elsevier, pp 459.
-
Miyamoto T, Fujinaga T, Yamashita K, et al: Changes of serum cytokine activities and other parameters in dogs with experimentally induced endotoxic shock. Jpn J Vet Res 44:107, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Moeniralam HS, Bemelman WA, Romijn JA, et al: Origin of endotoxemia influences the metabolic response to endotoxin in dogs. J Surg Res 73:47, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mosher P, Ross J Jr, McFate PA, et al: Control of coronary blood flow by an autoregulatory mechanism. Circ Res 14:250, 1964. PUBMED Abstract
-
Muir W: Trauma: physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 16:253, 2006.
-
Nel M, Lobetti RG, Keller N, et al: Prognostic value of blood lactate, blood glucose, and hematocrit in canine babesiosis. J Vet Intern Med 18:471, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Nemzek JA, Agrodnia MD, Hauptman JG: Breed-specific pro-inflammatory cytokine production as a predisposing factor for susceptibility to sepsis in the dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:368, 2007.
-
Neyrinck AP, Liu KD, Howard JP, et al: Protective mechanisms of activated protein C in severe inflammatory disorders. Br J Pharmacol 158:1034, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Oh JS, Kim SU, Oh YM, et al: The usefulness of the semiquantitative procalcitonin test kit as a guideline for starting antibiotic administration. Am J Emerg Med 27:859, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Pachtinger GE, Drobatz K: Assessment and treatment of hypovolemic states. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38:629, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Parsons KJ, Owen LJ, Lee K, et al: A retrospective study of surgically treated cases of septic peritonitis in the cat (2000–2007). J Small Anim Pract 50:518, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Patel SA, Simon MC: Biology of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha in development and disease. Cell Death Differ 15:628, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Peyton JL, Burkitt JM: Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in a dog with septic shock. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 19:262, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Prittie JE, Barton LJ, Peterson ME, et al: Pituitary ACTH and adrenocortical secretion in critically ill dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:615, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rabuel C, Mebazaa A: Septic shock: a heart story since the 1960s. Intensive Care Med 32:799, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rady MY: Possible mechanisms for the interaction of peripheral somatic nerve stimulation, tissue injury, and hemorrhage in the pathophysiology of traumatic shock. Anesth Analg 78:761, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rand JS, Kinnaird E, Baglioni A, et al: Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. J Vet Intern Med 16:123, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rau S, Kohn B, Richter C, et al: Plasma interleukin-6 response is predictive for severity and mortality in canine systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Vet Clin Pathol 36:253, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Razminia M, Trivedi A, Molnar J, et al: Validation of a new formula for mean arterial pressure calculation: the new formula is superior to the standard formula. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 63:419, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Reinhart K, Bloos F: The value of venous oximetry. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:259, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Reinhart K, Rudolph T, Bredle DL, et al: Comparison of central-venous to mixed-venous oxygen saturation during changes in oxygen supply/demand. Chest 95:1216, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rothe CF, Nash FD, Thompson DE: Patterns in autoregulation of renal blood flow in the dog. Am J Physiol 220:1621, 1971. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ruthrauff CM, Smith J, Glerum L: Primary bacterial septic peritonitis in cats: 13 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:268, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Sakaue Y, Nezu Y, Yanagisawa S, et al: Effects of continuous low-dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide on expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA and neutrophil accumulation in specific organs in dogs. Am J Vet Res 66:1259, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Scheinman MM, Brown MA, Rapaport E: Critical assessment of use of central venous oxygen saturation as a mirror of mixed venous oxygen in severely ill cardiac patients. Circulation 40:165, 1969. PUBMED Abstract
-
Schutzer KM, Haglund U, Falk A: Cardiopulmonary dysfunction in a feline septic shock model: possible role of leukotrienes. Circ Shock 29:13, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Schutzer KM, Larsson A, Risberg B, et al: Lung protein leakage in feline septic shock. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:1380, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Silverstein DC, Pruett-Saratan A, 2nd, Drobatz KJ: Measurements of microvascular perfusion in healthy anesthetized dogs using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 19:579, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Silverstein DC, Waddell LS, Drobatz K: Vasopressin therapy in dogs with dopamine-resistant hypotension and vasodilatory shock. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:399, 2007.
-
Silverstein DS, Otto CM: Sepsis. In Greene CE, editor: Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, St Louis, 2010, Elsevier.
-
Taylor RW, Jr, Calvin JE, Matuschak GM: Pulmonary artery catheter consensus conference: the first step. Crit Care Med 25:2064, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Trow AV, Rozanski EA, Delaforcade AM, et al: Evaluation of use of human albumin in critically ill dogs: 73 cases (2003–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:607, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patient. N Engl J Med 345:1359, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Van der Linden P, Rausin I, Deltell A, et al: Detection of tissue hypoxia by arteriovenous gradient for PCO2 and pH in anesthetized dogs during progressive hemorrhage. Anesth Analg 80:269, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Waddell LS, Brady CA, Drobatz KJ: Risk factors, prognostic indicators, and outcome of pyothorax in cats: 80 cases (1986–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:819, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Walmsley SR, McGovern NN, Whyte MK, et al: The HIF/VHL pathway: from oxygen sensing to innate immunity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:251, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wang GL, Jiang BH, Rue EA, et al: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:5510, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Weiss DJ, Welle M, Mortiz A, et al: Evaluation of leukocyte cell surface markers in dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory diseases. Am J Vet Res 65:59, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wilkins PA, Otto CM, Baumgardner JE: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndromes in veterinary medicine: consensus definitions. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:333, 2007.
-
Gauer OH: Kreislauf des Blutes. In Landois L, Rosemann H-H, editors: Lehrbuch der physiologie des Menschen, Munchen and Berlin, 1960, Von Urban and Schwarzenberg, pp 95.
-
Nelson DP, King CE, Dodd SL, et al: Systemic and intestinal limits of O2 extraction in the dog. J Appl Physiol 63:387, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
-
Prittie J: Optimal endpoints of resuscitation and early goal-directed therapy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 16:329, 2006.
Chapter 7: Bleeding and Hemostasis
REFERENCES
-
Abraham E, Reinhart K, Svoboda P, et al: Assessment of the safety of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor in patients with severe sepsis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind, dose escalation study. Crit Care Med 29:2081, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Abraham E, Reinhart K, Opal S, et al: Efficacy and safety of tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290:238, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Abrams-Ogg ACG, Kruth SA, Carter RF, et al: Preparation and transfusion of canine platelet concentrates. Am J Vet Res 54:635, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Abrams-Ogg ACG: Triggers for prophylactic use of platelet transfusions and optimal platelet dosing in thrombocytopenic dogs and cats. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim 33:1401, 2003.
-
Acka S, Haji MP, de Medonca A, et al: The time course of platelet counts in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 30:753, 2002.
-
Alwood AJ, Downend AB, Simpson SA, et al: Pharmacokinetics of dalteparin and enoxaparin in healthy cats (abstract). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15:S1, 2005.
-
Alwood AJ, Downend AB, Brooks MB, et al: Anticoagulant effects of low-molecular-weight heparins in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 21:378, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy: Practice guidelines for blood component therapy. Anesthesiology 84:732, 1996.
-
Amirkhosravi A, Meyer T, Amaya M, et al: The role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in tumor growth and metastasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 33:643, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Anand SS, Bates S, Ginsberg JS, et al: Recurrent venous thrombosis and heparin therapy: an evaluation of the importance of early activated partial thromboplastin times. Arch Intern Med 159:2029, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Anderson FA, Spencer FA: Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 107:I9, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Angelos MG, Hamilton GC: Coagulation studies: prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, bleeding time. Emerg Med Clin North Am 4:95, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, et al: The pharmacology and management of vitamin K antagonists: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 126:204S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration: Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 324:71, 2002.
-
Appleman EH, Sachaias BS, Patel R, et al: Cryopreservation of canine platelets. J Vet Intern Med 23:138, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Atkins CE, Gallo AM, Kurzman ID, et al: Risk factors, clinical signs, and survival in cats with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 74 cases (1985–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:613, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
-
Badylak SF, Dodds WJ, Van Vleet JF, et al: Plasma coagulation factor abnormalities in dogs with naturally occurring hepatic disease. Am J Vet Res 44:2336, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
-
Badylak SF: Coagulation disorders and liver disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 18:87, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
-
Baker WF: Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Med Clin N Am 82:459, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bakhtiari K, Meijers JCM, de Jonge E, et al: Prospective validation of the international society of thrombosis and haemostasis scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 32: 2416, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bateman SW, Mathews KA, Abrams-Ogg ACG: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs: review of the literature. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 8:29, 1998.
-
Bateman SW, Mathews KA, Abrams-Ogg AC, et al: Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs admitted to an intensive care unit. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:798, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bateman SW: Hypercoagulable states. In Silverstein DS, Hopper K, editors: Small animal critical care medicine, St Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier, pp 503.
-
Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD: The pathophysiology of the prethrombotic state in humans: insights gained from studies using markers of hemostatic activation. Blood 70:343, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD: Role of antithrombin III as a regulator of in vivo coagulation. Semin Hematol 28:10, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Becker DM, Philbrick JT, Bachhuber TL, et al: D-dimer testing and acute venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 156:939, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ben S, Ni S, Shen H, et al: The dynamic changes of LDH isoenzyme 3 and D-dimers following pulmonary thromboembolism in the canine. Thrombosis Res 120:575, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bernard GR, Ely EW, Wright TJ, et al: Safety and dose relationship of recombinant human activated protein C for coagulopathy in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 29:2051, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al: Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344:699, 2001b. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bick RL, Kaplan H: Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability: congenital and acquired causes of thrombosis. Med Clin N Am 82:409, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bick RL, Arun B, Frenkel EP: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: clinical and pathophysiologic mechanisms and manifestations. Haemostasis 29:111, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bijsterveld NR, Moons AH, Meijers JC, et al: Rebound thrombin generation after heparin therapy in unstable angina: a randomized comparison between unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:811, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bick RF: Clinical relevance of antithrombin III. Semin Thromb Haemost 8:276, 1982.
-
Bick RL, Haas SK: International consensus recommendations: summary statement and additional suggested guidelines. Med Clin N Am 82:613, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bliss SP, Bliss SK, Harvey HJ: Use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator in a dog with chylothorax secondary to catheter-associated thrombosis of the cranial vena cava. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:431, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bode AP, Fischer TH: Lyophilized platelets: 50 years in the making. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 35:125, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bode AP, Lust RM, Read MS, et al: Correction of the bleeding time with lyophilized platelet infusions in dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 14:38, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boffard KD, Riou B, Warren B, et al: Recombinant factor VIIa as adjunctive therapy for bleeding control in severely injured trauma patients: two parallel randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. J Trauma 59:8, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boisvert AM, Swenson CL, Haines CJ: Serum and plasma latex agglutination tests for detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products in clinically ill dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 30:133, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boswood A, Lamb CR, White RN: Aortic and iliac thrombosis in six dogs. J Small Anim Pract 41:109, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boudreaux MK: Acquired platelet dysfunction. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 496. PUBMED Abstract
-
Boutet P, Heath F, Archer J, et al: Comparison of quantitative immunoturbidometric and semiquantitative latex-agglutination assays for D-dimer measurement in canine plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 38:78, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brainard BM, Meredith CP, Callan MB, et al: Changes in platelet function, hemostasis, and prostaglandin expression after treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with various cyclooxygenase selectivities in dogs. Am J Vet Res 68:251, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brainard BM: Viscoelastic coagulation monitoring. In Proceedings of the 15th International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium (VECCS), San Antonio, Texas, 2009, pp 501.
-
Brazzell JL, Borjesson DL: Evaluation of plasma antithrombin activity and D-dimer concentration in populations of healthy cats, clinically ill cats, and cats with cardiomyopathy. Vet Clin Pathol 36:79, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Breuhl EL, Moore G, Brooks MB, et al: A prospective study of unfractionated heparin therapy in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:125, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brinkhous KM, Hedner U, Garris GB, et al: Effect of recombinant factor VIIa on the hemostatic defect in dogs with hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and von Willebrand disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:1382, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brohi K, Singh J, Heron M, et al: Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma 54:1127, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, et al: Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion, modulated through the protein C pathway? Ann Surg 245: 812, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, et al: Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma 64:1211, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brookenthal KR, Freedman KB, Lotke PA, et al: A meta-analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 16:293, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brooks M, Dodds WJ, Raymond SL: Epidemiologic features of von Willebrand’s disease in Doberman pinschers, Scottish terriers, and Shetland sheepdogs: 260 cases (1984–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1123, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brooks M, Catalfamo J: Buccal mucosal bleeding time is prolonged in canine models of primary hemostatic disorders. Thromb Haemost 70:777, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brooks M, Raymond S, Catalfamo J: Severe, recessive von Willebrand’s disease in German wirehaired pointers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:926, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brooks M: Transfusion of plasma and plasma derivatives. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 838.
-
Brooks M: Von Willebrand disease. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 509.
-
Brooks M, Spagnoletti-DeWilde, LS: Feline factor XII deficiency. Compend Contin Educ 28:148, 2006.
-
Brooks MB, Catalfamo JL: Platelet dysfunction. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy, ed 14, St Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier, pp 292.
-
Brown SJ, Simpson KW, Baker S, et al: Macrothrombocytosis in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec 135:281, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
-
Brummel-Zieldins K, Whelihan MF, Zieldins EG, et al: The resuscitative fluid you choose may potentiate bleeding. J Trauma 61:1350, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Buchanan JW, Beardow AW, Sammarco CD: Femoral artery occlusion in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:872, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Buller HR, Ten Cate JW: Acquired antithrombin III deficiency: laboratory diagnosis, incidence, clinical implications, and treatment with antithrombin III concentrate. Am J Med 87:44S, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Bunch SE, Metcalf MR, Crane SW, et al: Idiopathic pleural effusion and pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1748, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Caine GJ, Stonelake PS, Lip GYH, et al: The hypercoagulable state of malignancy: pathogenesis and current debate. Neoplasia 4:465, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Caldin M, Furlanello T, Lubas G: Validation of an immunoturbidometric D-dimer assay in canine citrated plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 29:51, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Califf RM, Fortin DF, Tenaglia AN, et al: Clinical risks of thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 69:12A, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
-
Callan MB, Appleman EH, Shofer FS, et al: Clinical and clinicopathologic effects of plateletpheresis on healthy donor dogs. Transfusion 48:2214, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Callan MB, Appleman EH, Sachais BS: Canine platelet transfusions. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:401, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
CAPRIE Steering Committee: A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348:1329, 1996.
-
Carr JM, Kuskall MS, Kaye JA, et al: Efficacy of platelet transfusions in immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Pathol 80:1051, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
-
Carr AP, Panciera DL, Kidd L: Prognostic factors for mortality and thromboembolism in canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: a retrospective study of 72 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 16:504, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Carr AP, Nibblett BM, Panciera DL: Von Willebrand’s disease and other hereditary coagulopathies. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy, ed 14, St Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier, pp 277.
-
Catella-Lawson F, MacAdam B, Morrison BW, et al: Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics, and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:735, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cayley WE: Preventing deep vein thrombosis in hospital inpatients. BMJ 335:147, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, et al: PPH study group: the decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 5:266, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Chee YL, Crawford JC, Watson HG, et al: Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures: British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 140:496, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ching YN, Myers KM, Brassard JA, et al: Effect of cryoprecipitate and plasma on plasma von Willebrand factor multimeters and bleeding time in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand’s disease. Am J Vet Res 55:102, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
-
Clare AC, Kraje BJ: Use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator for aortic thrombolysis in a hypoproteinemic dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:539, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Coats TJ, Brazil E, Heron M, et al: Impairment of coagulation by commonly used resuscitation fluids in human volunteers. Emerg Med J 23:846, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Collen D, Lijnen JD: Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood 78:3114, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Columbus Investigators: Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 337:657, 1997.
-
Cook AK, Cowgill LD: Clinical and pathologic features of protein-losing glomerular disease in the dog: a review of 137 cases (1985–1992). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:313, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cooper E: Antifibrinolytics: a role in veterinary medicine? In Proceedings of the 14th International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium (VECCS), San Antonio, Texas, 2008, pp 487.
-
Coppell JA, Thalheimer U, Zambruni A, et al: The effects of unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and danaparoid on the thromboelastogram (TEG): an in-vitro comparison of standard and heparinase-modified TEGs with conventional coagulation assays. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 17:97, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cosgriff N, Moore EE, Sauaia A, et al: Predicting life-threatening coagulopathy in the massively transfused trauma patient: hypothermia and acidosis revisited. J Trauma 58:1002, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cosmi B, Fredengurgh JC, Rischke J, et al: Effect of nonspecific binding to plasma proteins on the antithrombin activities of unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and dermatan sulfate. Circulation 95:118, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Cosmi B, Palareti G: Oral anticoagulant therapy in venous thromboembolism. Semin Vasc Med 3:303, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Couto CG, Lara A, Iazbik MC, et al: Evaluation of platelet aggregation using a point-of-care instrument in retired racing Greyhounds. J Vet Intern Med 20:365, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
CURE Steering Committee: Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 345:494, 2001.
-
Currie LM, Livesey SA, Harper JR, et al: Cryopreservation of single donor platelets with a reduced dimethyl sulfoxide concentration by the addition of second messenger effectors: enhanced retention of in vitro functional activity. Transfusion 38:160, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dagi TF: The management of postoperative bleeding. Surg Clin N Am 85:1191, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dantzker DR, Wagner PD, Tornabene VW, et al: Gas exchange after pulmonary thromboembolization in dogs. Circ Res 42:92, 1978. PUBMED Abstract
-
Davi G, Patrono C: Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 357:2482, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Davidson BL, Rozanski EA, Tidwell AS, et al: Pulmonary thromboembolism in a heartworm-positive cat. J Vet Intern Med 20:1037, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
de Laforcade AA, Freeman LA, Shaw SP, et al: Hemostatic changes in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 17:674, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Despotis GJ, Levine V, Saleem R, et al: Use of point-of-care test in identification of patients who can benefit from desmopressin during cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 354:106, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dewhurst E, Cue S, Crawford E, et al: A retrospective study of canine D-dimer concentrations measured using an immunometric “point-of-care” test. J Small Anim Pract 49:344, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Diquelou A, Barbaste C, Gabaig AM, et al: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a therapeutic dose of unfractionated heparin (200 u/kg) administered subcutaneously or intravenously to healthy dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 34:237, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dobrovolsky AB, Tataeva EV: The fibrinolysis system: regulation of activity and physiologic functions of its main components. Biochemistry 67:116, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Dodds WJ: Other hereditary coagulopathies. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, pp 1030.
-
Donahue SM, Otto CM: Thromboelastography: a tool for measuring hypercoagulability, hypocoagulability, and fibrinolysis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15:9, 2005.
-
Donati MB, Falanga A: Pathogenetic mechanisms of thrombosis in malignancy. Acta Haematologica 106:18, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Du Toit H, Coetzee AR, Chalton DO: Heparin treatment in thrombin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in the baboon. Crit Care Med 19:1195, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ejlersen E, Melsen T, Ingerslev J, et al: Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) acutely normalizes prothrombin time in patients with cirrhosis during bleeding from esophageal varices. Scand J Gastroenterol 36:1081, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Engelman DT, Gabram SG, Allen L, et al: Hypercoagulability following multiple trauma. World J Surg 20:5, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Esmon CT: Role of coagulation inhibitors in inflammation. Thromb Haemost 86:51, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Esmon CT: Protein C anticoagulant pathway and its role in controlling microvascular thrombosis and inflammation. Crit Care Med 29:S48, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Esmon CT: The protein C pathway. Chest 124:26S, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Esmon CT: The interactions between inflammation and coagulation. Br J Haematol 131:417, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Estrin MA, Wehausen CE, Jessen CR, et al: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in cats. J Vet Intern Med 20:1334, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Feinstein DI: Diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: the role of heparin therapy. Blood 60:284, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
-
Feldman BF, Madewell BR, O’Neill S: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: antithrombin, plasminogen, and coagulation abnormalities in 41 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:151, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
-
Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Canine hyperadrenocorticism. In Feldman EC, Nelson RW, editors: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction, ed 2, St Louis, 2004, WB Saunders, pp 252.
-
Fenger-Eriksen C, Lindberg-Larsen M, Christensen AQ, et al: Fibrinogen concentrate substitution therapy in patients with massive hemorrhage and low plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Br J Anaesth 101:769, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Fenger-Eriksen C, Tonnesen E, Ingerslev J, et al: Mechanisms of hydroxyethyl starch induced dilutional coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 7:1099, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Fenger-Eriksen C, Ingerslev J, Sorensen B: Fibrinogen concentrate—a potential universal hemostatic agent. Expert Opin Biol Ther 9:1325, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Fenger-Eriksen C, Jensen TM, Kristensen BS, et al: Fibrinogen substitution improves whole blood clot firmness after dilution with hydroxyethel starch in bleeding patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Thromb Haemost 7:795, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Fluckiger MA, Gomez JA: Radiographic findings in dogs with spontaneous pulmonary thrombosis or embolism. Vet Radiol 25:124, 1984.
-
Franchini M, Zaffanello M, Veneri D: Recombinant factor VIIa: an update on its clinical use. Thromb Haemost 93:1027, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Franchini M: The use of recombinant factor VII in platelet disorders: a critical review of the literature. Blood Transfus 7:24, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Frank JR, Nutter FB, Kyles AE, et al: Systemic arterial dirofilariasis in five dogs. J Vet Intern Med 11:189, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Furie B, Furie BC: Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 359:938, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ganter MT, Hofer CK: Coagulation monitoring: current techniques and clinical use of viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation devices. Anesth Analg 106:1366, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, et al: Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 126:338S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ginsberg JS, Gent M, Turkstra F, et al: Postthrombotic syndrome after hip or knee arthroplasty: a cross-sectional study. Arch Intern Med 160:669, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Goldhaber SZ: Pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 339:93, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Goldhaber SZ: Echocardiography in the management of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 136:691, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Goldhaber SZ: Perspective: thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 347:1131, 2002.
-
Goncalves R, Penderis J, Chang YP, et al: Clinical and neurologic characteristics of aortic thromboembolism in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 49:178, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Goodnight SH, Hathaway WE: Disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis: a clinical guide, New York, 2001, McGraw-Hill.
-
Graham HA, Leib MS: Effects of prednisone alone or prednisone with ultralow-dose aspirin on the gastroduodenal mucosa of healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 23:482, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Granger CB, Miller JM, Bovill EG, et al: Rebound increase in thrombin generation and activity after cessation of intravenous heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 91:1929, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Green RA, Kabal AL: Hypercoagulable state in three dogs with nephrotic syndrome: role of acquired antithrombin III deficiency. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:914, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
-
Greene CE, Meriwether E: Activated partial thromboplastin time and activated coagulation time in monitoring heparinized cats. Am J Vet Res 43:1473, 1982. PUBMED Abstract
-
Gregory CR, Kyles AE, Bernsteen L, et al: Results of clinical renal transplantation in 15 dogs using triple drug immunosuppressive therapy. Vet Surg 35:105, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Griffin A, Callan MB, Shofer ES, et al: Evaluation of a canine D-dimer point-of-care test kit for use in samples obtained from dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation, thromboembolic disease, and hemorrhage. Am J Vet Res 64:1562, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Grindem CB, Breitschwerdt EB, Corbett WT, et al: Epidemiologic survey of thrombocytopenia in dogs: a report on 987 cases. Vet Clin Pathol 20:38, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Gunter OL, Au BK, Isbell JM, et al: Optimizing outcomes in damage control resuscitation: identifying blood product ratios associated with improved survival. J Trauma 65:527, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Haas T, Fries D, Velik-Salchner C, et al: The in vitro effects of fibrinogen concentrate, factor XIII and fresh frozen plasma on impaired clot formation after 60% dilution. Anesth Analg 106:1360, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hackner SG: Pulmonary thromboembolism. In King LG, editor: Textbook of respiratory medicine of the dog and cat, Philadelphia, 2004, WB Saunders, pp 526.
-
Hamel-Jolette A, Dunn M, Bedard C: Plateletworks: a screening assay for clopidogrel therapy monitoring in healthy cats. Can J Vet Res 73:73, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Handoll HH, Farrar MJ, McBirnie J, et al: Heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following surgery for hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000305, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hardie EM, Spaulding K, Malarkey DE: Splenic infarction in 16 dogs: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 9:141, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Harnagle SH, Hornof WJ, Koblick PD, et al: The use of 99mTc radioaerosol ventilation and macroaggregated albumin perfusion imaging for the detection of pulmonary emboli in the dog. Vet Radiol 30:22, 1989.
-
Harpster NK, Baty CJ: Warfarin therapy for the cat at risk for thromboembolism. In Bonagura JD, Kirk RW, editors: Current veterinary therapy, ed 12, Philadelphia, 1995, WB Saunders, pp 868.
-
Hazelzet JA: Levels of protein C and activated protein C: what do they mean? Crit Care 10:126, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hedner U, Martinsson G, Bergqvist D: Influence of operative trauma on factor XII and inhibitor of plasminogen activator. Haemostasis 13:219, 1983. PUBMED Abstract
-
Helenski CA, Ross JN: Platelet aggregation in feline cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 1:24, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hellebrekers LJ, Slappendal RJ, van den Brom WE: Effect of sodium heparin and antithrombin III concentration on activated partial thromboplastin time in the dog. Am J Vet Res 46:1460, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
-
Henry D, Carless P, Fergusson D, et al: The safety of aprotinin and lysine-derived antifibrinolytic drugs in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 180:183, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hermans PWM, Hazelzet JA: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene polymorphism and sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 41:S453, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hess JR, Brohi K, Dutton RP, et al: The coagulopathy of trauma: a review of mechanisms. J Trauma 65: 748, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hirsh J: Heparin. N Engl J Med 324:1565, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hirsh J, Raschke R: Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: the seventh AACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 126:188S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW: Are we giving enough coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J Surg 190:479, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hoffman M, Monroe DM: A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 85:958, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hoffmann JN, Vollmar B, Laschke MW, et al: Adverse effect of heparin on antithrombin action during endotoxemia: microhemodynamic and cellular mechanisms. Thromb Haemost 88:242, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hogan DF, Dhaliwal RS, Sisson DD, et al: Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis-induced systemic thromboembolism in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:483, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hogan DF, Andrews DA, Green HW, et al: Antiplatelet effects and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1406, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P, et al: Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma 62: 307, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE, et al: Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg 248:447, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hollopeter G, Jantzen HM, Vinvent D, et al: Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature 409:202, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Horrevoets AJG: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1): in vitro activities and clinical relevance. Br J Haematol 125:12, 2004.
-
Hsu JT, Chu CM, Chang ST, et al: Prognostic role of arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio (a/APO2) in acute pulmonary embolism. Circ J 70:1611, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hu KQ, Yu AS, Tiyyagura L, et al: Hyperfibrinolytic activity in hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a referral liver unit. Am J Gastroenterol 96:1581, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E, et al: Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 301:855, 1979. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hull RD, Raskob GE, Brandt RF, et al: Relation between the time to achieve the lower limit of the aPTT therapeutic range and recurrent venous thromboembolism during heparin treatment for deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 157:2562, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hull RD, Pineo GF: Prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: current recommendations. Med Clin N Am 82:477, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Hull R, Pineo GF, Mah A, et al: Safety and efficacy results for a study investigating the long-term out-of-hospital treatment of patients with proximal-vein thrombosis using subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin versus warfarin (abstract). Thromb Haemost 1(suppl 1):1647, 2001.
-
Hyers TM, Agnelli G, Hull RD, et al: Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: sixth ACCP consensus conference on antithrombotic therapy. Chest 119:176S, 2001.
-
Iba T, Kidokoro A: What can we learn from the three megatrials using anticoagulants in severe sepsis? Shock 22:508, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Jergens AE, Turrentine MA, Kraus KH, et al: Buccal mucosal bleeding times of healthy dogs and of dogs in various pathologic states, including thrombocytopenia, uremia, and von Willebrand’s disease. Am J Vet Res 48:1337, 1987. PUBMED Abstract
-
Jessen LR, Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, et al: In vitro heparinization of canine whole blood with low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) significantly and dose-dependently prolongs heparinase-modified tissue factor-activated thromboelastography parameters and prothrombinase-induced clotting time. Vet Clin Pathol 37:363, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Jin RC, Voetch B, Loscalzo J: Endogenous mechanisms of inhibition of platelet function. Microcirculation 12:247, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Johansson PI: The blood bank: from provider to partner in treatment of massively bleeding patients. Transfusion 47:176S, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Johansson PI: Treatment of massively bleeding patients: introducing real-time monitoring, transfusion packages and thromboelastography (TEG). ISBT Science Series 2:159, 2007.
-
Johnson LR, Lappin MR, Baker DC: Pulmonary thromboembolism in 29 dogs: 1985–1995. J Vet Intern Med 13:338, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Jordan HL, Grindem CB, Breitschwerdt EB: Thrombocytopenia in cats: a retrospective study of 41 cases. J Vet Intern Med 7:261, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Joseph RJ, Greenlee PG, Carrillo JM, et al: Canine cerebrovascular disease: clinical and pathological findings in 17 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:569, 1988.
-
Jutkowitz LA, Rozanski EA, Moreau J, et al: Massive transfusion in dogs: 15 cases (1997–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1664, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kakkar AK, Haas S, Walsh D et al: Prevention of perioperative venous thromboembolism: outcome after cancer and non-cancer surgery (abstract). Thromb Haemost 86:OC1732, 2001.
-
Kaneider NC, Forster E, Mosheimer B, et al: Syndecan-4–dependent signaling in the inhibition of endotoxin-induced endothelial adherence of neutrophils by antithrombin. Thromb Haemost 90:1150, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kasper W, Meinertz T, Henkel B, et al: Echocardiographic findings in patients with proved pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 112:1284, 1986. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kaufman CR, Dwyer KM, Crews JD: Usefulness of thromboelastography in assessment of trauma patient coagulation. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 42:716, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kellerman DL, Lewis DC, Bruyette DS, et al: Determination and monitoring of a therapeutic heparin dosage in the dog (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 9:187, 1995.
-
Kheirabadi BS, Crissey JM, Deguzman R, et al: Effects of synthetic versus natural colloid resuscitation on inducing dilutional coagulopathy and increasing hemorrhage in rabbits. J Trauma 64:1218, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kheirabadi BS, Crissey JM, Deguzman R, et al: In vivo bleeding time and in vitro thromboelastography are better indicators of dilutional hypothermic coagulopathy than prothrombin time. J Trauma 62:1352, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kienast J, Juers M, Wiedermann CJ, et al: Treatment effects of high-dose antithrombin without concomitant heparin in patients with severe sepsis with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 4:90, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kirby R, Rudloff E: Acquired coagulopathy VI: disseminated intravascular coagulation. In Schalm BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Baltimore, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 581.
-
Kitchen S, Preston FE: The therapeutic range for heparin therapy: relationship between six activated partial thromboplastin time reagents and two heparin assays. Thromb Haemost 75:734, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Klein MK, Dow SW, Rosychuk RAW: Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: ten cases (1982–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:246, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kluft C, Verheijen JH, Jie AF, et al: The postoperative fibrinolytic shutdown: a rapidly reverting acute phase pattern for the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator after trauma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 45:605, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
-
Knoll JS: Clinical automated haematology systems. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NJ, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 3.
-
Koblik PD, Hornof W, Harnagel SH, et al: A comparison of pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction angiography, and 99m Tc-DTCPA/MMA ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy for detection of experimental pulmonary emboli in the dog. Vet Radiol 30:159, 1989.
-
Koch A, Ziegler S, Breitschwerdt H, et al: Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in thrombosis prophylaxis: meta-analysis based on original patient data. Thromb Res 102:295, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Konstantinides S: The case for thrombolysis in acute major pulmonary embolism: hemodynamic benefits and beyond. Intensive Care Med 28:1547, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kraus KH, Turrentine MA, Jergens AE, et al: Effect of desmopressin acetate on bleeding times and plasma von Willebrand factor in Doberman pinchers with vWD. Vet Surg 18:103, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kristensen AT, Wiinberg B, Jenssen LR, et al: Evaluation of human recombinant tissue factor-activated thromboelastography in 49 dogs with neoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 22:140, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kruithof EK, Gudinchet A, Bachmann F: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 in various disease states. Thromb Haemost 59:7, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kujovich JL: Hemostatic defects in end stage liver disease. Crit Care Clinics 21:563, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Kummeling A, Teske E, Rothuizen J, et al: Coagulation profiles in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts before and after surgical attenuation. J Vet Intern Med 20:1319, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lanevschi-Pietersma C, Bedard L, Kohlbrenner L: D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex and fibrinogen degradation product levels measured in dogs with different systemic diseases. Vet Clin Pathol 32:225, 2003.
-
Lara-Garcia A, Coato CG, Iazbik MC, et al: Postoperative bleeding in retired racing greyhounds. J Vet Intern Med 22:525, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
LaRue MJ, Murtaugh RJ: Pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs: 47 cases (1986–1987). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 197:1368, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
-
Laste N, Harpster N: A retrospective study of 100 cases of feline distal aortic thromboembolism: 1977–1993. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:492, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lawson JH, Murphy MP: Challenges for providing effective hemostasis in surgery and trauma. Semin Hematol 41:55, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al: Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 349:146, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Leebeek FW, Kluft C, Knot EA, et al: A shift in balance between profibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic factors causes enhanced fibrinolysis in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 101:1382, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Leese T, Holliday M, Watkins M, et al: A multicentre controlled clinical trial of high-volume fresh frozen plasma therapy in prognostically severe acute pancreatitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 73:207, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levi M, ten Cate H: Disseminated intravascular coagulation. N Engl J Med 341:586, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levi M, Peters M, Buller HR: Efficacy and safety of recombinant factor VIIa for the treatment of severe bleeding: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 33:883, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levi M, van der Poll T: Two-way interactions between inflammation and coagulation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 15:254, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levi M, Opal SM: Coagulation abnormalities in critically ill patients. Crit Care 10: 222, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levi M: Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 35:2191, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, et al: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: British committee for standards in haematology. Br J Haematol 145:24, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al: A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assay in patients with acute venous thrombosis requiring large daily doses of heparin. Arch Intern Med 154:49, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lewis DC, Myers KM: Canine idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Vet Intern Med 10:207, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lind SE: The bleeding time does not predict surgical bleeding. Blood 77:2547, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lippi G, Franchini M: Pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism: when the cup runneth over. Semin Thromb Haemost 34:747, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lisciandro SC, Hohenhaus A, Brooks M: Coagulation abnormalities in 22 cats with naturally occurring liver disease. J Vet Intern Med 12:71, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Liska WD, Poteet BA: Pulmonary embolism associated with canine total hip replacement. Vet Surg 32:178, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Litaker D: Preoperative screening. Med Clin N Am 83:1565, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Lunsford K, Mackin A, Langston C, et al: Pharmacokinetics of the biologic effects of subcutaneous enoxaparin in dogs (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 19:400, 2005.
-
MacFarlane RG: An enzyme cascade in the blood clotting mechanism, and its function as a biologic amplifier. Nature 202:498, 1964. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mackman N: Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis. Nature 451:914, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Macpherson DS, Snow R, Lofren RP: Preoperative screening: value of previous tests. Ann Intern Med 113:969, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
-
Maddison JE, Watson AD, Eade IG, et al: Vitamin K–dependent multifactor coagulopathy in Devon Rex cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1495, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mallet SV, Cox DJA: Thromboelastography. Br J Anaesth 69:307, 1992.
-
Mannucci PM: Hemostatic drugs. N Engl J Med 339:245, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulus JH, et al: The endothelial cell ecto-ADPase responsible for inhibition of platelet function is CD39. J Clin Invest 99:1351, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Marietta M, Facchini L, Pedrazzi P, et al: Pathophysiology of bleeding in surgery. Transplant Proc 38:812, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Marlar RA, Endres-Brooks J, Miller C: Serial studies of protein C and its plasma inhibitor in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 66:59, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
-
Maroney SA, Mast AE: Expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by endothelial cells and platelets. Transfus Apher Sci 38:9, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Martin D, Boys C, Ruf W: Tissue factor: molecular recognition and cofactor function. FASEB J 9:852, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Martini WZ, Chinkes DL, Pusateri AE, et al: Acute changes in fibrinogen metabolism and coagulation after hemorrhage in pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289:E930, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Martini WZ, Dubick MA, Wade CE, et al: Does bicarbonate correct coagulation function impaired by acidosis in swine? J Trauma 61:99, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Maruyama H, Miura T, Sakai M, et al: The incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs with malignant tumor. J Vet Med Sci 66:573, 2003.
-
McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, et al: Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 78:469, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
McGrath DJ, Cerboni E, Frumento RJ, et al: Thromboelastography maximal amplitude predicts postoperative thrombotic complications including myocardial infarction. Anesth Analg 100:1576, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
McNeil EA, Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, et al: Platelet hyperfunction in dogs with malignancies. J Vet Intern Med 11:178, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
McNicol A, Israels SJ: Platelets and anti-platelet therapy. J Pharmacol Sci 93:381, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Meng ZH, Wolberg AS, Monroe DM, III, et al: The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of factor VIIa: implications for the efficacy of high-dose factor VIIa in hypothermic and acidotic patients. J Trauma 55: 886, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mikhailidis DP, Ganotakis ES: Plasma albumin and platelet function: relevance to atherogenesis and thrombosis. Platelets 7:125, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
-
Miller RD, Robbins TO, Barton SL: Coagulation defects associated with massive transfusions. Ann Surg 174:794, 1971. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mischke R, Nolte IJA: Hemostasis: introduction, overview, laboratory techniques. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NJ, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 519.
-
Mischke RH, Schuttert C, Grebe SI: Anticoagulant effects of repeated subcutaneous injections of high doses of unfractionated heparin in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:1887, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mischke R, Jacobs C: The monitoring of heparin administration by screening tests in experimental dogs. Res Vet Sci 70:101, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mischke R, Grebe S, Jacobs C, et al: Amidolytic heparin activity and values for several hemostatic variables after repeated subcutaneous administration of high doses of a low molecular weight heparin in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:595, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mischke R: Alterations of the global haemostatic function test ‘resonance thrombography’ in spontaneously traumatized dogs. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 33: 214, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mismetti P, Laporte S, Darmon JY, et al: Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg 88:913, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T, et al: Hemostatic changes after crystalloid or colloid administration during major orthopedic surgery: the role of fibrinogen administration. Anesth Analg 105:905, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Oliver JA, et al: Platelet activity of high-dose factor VIIa is independent of tissue factor. Br J Haematol 99:542, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Moritz A, Walcheck BK, Weiss DJ: Evaluation of flow cytometric and automated methods for detection of activated platelets in dogs with inflammatory disease. Am J Vet Res 66:325, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Moser KM, Guisan M, Bartimmo EE, et al: In vivo and postmortem dissolution rates of pulmonary emboli and venous thrombi in the dog. Circulation 48:170, 1973. PUBMED Abstract
-
Moser KM: Venous thromboembolism. Am J Rev Respir Dis 141:235, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mosnier LO, Zlokovic BV, Griffin JH: The cytoprotective protein C pathway. Blood 109:3161, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Mount M: Diagnosis and therapy of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 18:115, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
-
Murkin JM: Lessons learned in antifibrinolytic therapy: the BART trial. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13:127, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Nachman RL, Rafii S: Platelets, petechiae, and preservation of the vascular wall. N Engl J Med 359:1261, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Neel JA, Birkenheuer AJ, Grindem CB: Thrombocytopenia. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy, ed 14, St Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier, pp 281.
-
Neff-Davis CA, Davis LE, Gillette EL: Warfarin in the dog: pharmacokinetics as related to clinical response. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 4:135, 1981. PUBMED Abstract
-
Nelson OL, Andreasen C: The utility of plasma D-dimer to identify thromboembolic disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17:830, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Nesheim M: Thrombin and fibrinolysis. Chest 124:33S, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Newman GE: Pulmonary angiography in pulmonary embolic disease. J Thorac Imaging 4:28, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ngyuyen TC, Carcillo JA: Bench-to-bedside review: thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure—a newly appreciated syndrome in the critically ill. Crit Care 10:235, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Nielsen VG, Cohen BM, Cohen E: Effects of coagulation factor deficiency on plasma coagulation kinetics determined via thromboelastography: critical roles of fibrinogen and factors II, VII, X and XII. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:222, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Nielsen VG, Levy JH: Fibrinogen and bleeding: old molecule—new ideas. Anesth Analg 105:902, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Norman EJ, Barron RC, Nash AS, et al: Prevalence of low automated platelet counts in cats: comparison with prevalence of thrombocytopenia based on blood smear estimation. Vet Clin Pathol 30:137, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Norris CR, Griffey SM, Samii VF: Pulmonary thromboembolism in cats: 29 cases (1987–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1650, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Novo Nordisk: Recombinant factor VIIa, product package insert. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk A/S.
-
Oelschlager C, Romisch J, Staubitz A, et al: Antithrombin III inhibits nuclear factor kappaB activation in human monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Blood 99:4015, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Olsson P, Lagergren H, Ek S: The elimination from plasma of intravenous heparin: an experimental study on dogs and humans. Acta Med Scand 173:619, 1963. PUBMED Abstract
-
Orcutt ES, Polzin DJ, Armstrong PJ, et al: Comparison of individually monitored unfractionated heparin versus low-dose aspirin on survival of dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 23:692, 2009.
-
Otto CM, Rieser TM, Brooks MB, et al: Evidence of hypercoagulability in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1500, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Owings JT, Gosselin RC: Bleeding and transfusion. In Wilmore WW, Chueng LY, Harken AH, et al, editors: American College of Surgeons surgery principles and practice, Chicago, 2001, American College of Surgeons, pp 77.
-
Palmer AJ, Schramm W, Kirchhof B, et al: Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin for prevention of thrombo-embolism in general surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Haemostasis 27:65, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Palmer KG, King LG, Van Winkle TJ: Clinical manifestations and associated disease syndromes in dogs with cranial vena cava thrombosis: 17 cases (1989–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:220, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Patrono C, Bachman F, Baigent C, et al: Expect consensus document on the use of antiplatelet drugs. Eur Heart J 25:166, 2004.
-
Patrono C, Coller B, Fitzgerald GA, et al: Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects: seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 126:234S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
PEP investigators: Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial. Lancet 355:1295, 2000.
-
Peterson JL, Couto CG, Wellman ML: Hemostatic disorders in cats: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 9:298, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Pfanner G, Koscielny J, Pernerstorter T, et al: Preoperative evaluation of the bleeding history: recommendations of the working group on perioperative coagulation of the Austrian Society for Anesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care. Anesthetist 56:604, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Piek CJ, Junius G, Dekker A, et al: Idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: treatment outcome and prognostic factors in 149 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22:366, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Pineo GF, Hull RD: Unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin: comparisons and current recommendations. Med Clin N Am 82:587, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Pouchelon JL, Chetboul V, Devauchelle P, et al: Diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in a cat using echocardiography and pulmonary scintigraphy. J Small Anim Pract 3:306, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Prater MR: Acquired coagulopathy, I: avitaminosis K. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 556.
-
Prater MR: Acquired coagulopathy, II: liver disease. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 560.
-
Prins M, Schellens CJMM, van Leeuwen MW, et al: Coagulation disorders in dogs with hepatic disease. Vet J 185:163, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
-
Pulletz S, Lehmann C, Volk T, et al: Influence of heparin and hirudin on endothelial binding of antithrombin in experimental thrombinemia. Crit Care Med 28:2881, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Quinlan DJ, McQuillan A, Eikenboom JW: Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 140:175, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rackear D, Feldman B, Farver T, et al: The effect of three different dosages of acetylsalicylic acid on canine platelet aggregation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:23, 1988.
-
Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Fontana JR, et al: The weight-based heparin dosing normogram compared with a “standard care” nomogram: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 119:874, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rathbun SW, Raskob GE, Whittset TL: Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 132:227, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rau JC, Beaulieu LM, Huntington JA, et al: Serpins in thrombosis, hemostasis and fibrinolysis. J Thromb Haemost 5(suppl 1):102, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Raymond SL, Jones DW, Brooks M, et al: Clinical and laboratory features of a severe form of von Willebrand disease in Shetland sheepdogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1342, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
-
Reade MS, Reddick RL, Bode AP, et al: Preservation of hemostatic and structural properties of rehydrated lyophilized platelets: potential for long-term storage of dried platelets for transfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:397, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rebulla P, Finazzi G, Marangoni F, et al: The threshold for prophylactic platelet transfusions in adults with acute myeloid leukemia: gruppo Italiano malattie ematologiche maligne dell’adulto. N Engl J Med 337:1870, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ribeiro A, Lindmarker P, Juhlin-Dannfelt A, et al: Echocardiography Doppler in pulmonary embolism: right ventricular dysfunction as a predictor of mortality rate. Am Heart J 134:479, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ribeiro A, Juhlin-Dannfelt A, Brodin LA, et al: Pulmonary embolism: relation between the degree of right ventricular overload and the extent of perfusion defects. Am Heart J 135:868, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Roberts HR, Monroe DM, White GC: The use of recombinant factor VIIa in the treatment of bleeding disorders. Blood 104:3858, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Roberts HR, Hoffman M, Monroe DM: A cell-based model of thrombin generation. Semin Thromb Hemost 32:32, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Roderick PJ, Wilkes HC, Meade TW: The gastrointestinal toxicity of aspirin: an overview of randomized controlled trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 35:219, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rogers CL, O’Toole TE, Keating JH, et al: Portal vein thrombosis in cats: 6 cases (2001–2006). J Vet Intern Med 22:282, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Rozanski EA, Hughes D, Scotti M, et al: The effect of heparin and fresh frozen plasma on plasma antithrombin III activity, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in critically ill dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 11:15, 2001.
-
Rudloff E, Kirby R: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: diagnosis and management. In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy, ed 14, St Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier, pp 287.
-
Rush JE, Freeman LM, Fenollosa NK, et al: Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:202, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Russell KE, Grindem CB: Secondary thrombocytopenia. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 487.
-
Rutherford EJ, Morris JA, Reed GW, et al: Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy. J Trauma 33:417, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
-
Sadler JE, Matsushita T, Dong Z, et al: Molecular mechanism and classification of von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemost 74:161, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Sato I, Anderson GA, Parry BW: An interobserver and intraobserver study of buccal mucosal bleeding time in greyhounds. Res Vet Sci 68:41, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Schafer AI: The hypercoagulable states. Ann Intern Med 102:814, 1985. PUBMED Abstract
-
Schermerhorn T, Pembleton-Corbett JR, Kornreich B: Pulmonary thromboembolism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 18:533, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Schoeman JP: Feline distal aortic thromboembolism: a review of 44 cases (1990–1998). J Feline Med Surg 1:221, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Schouten ES, van de Pol AC, Schouten AN, et al: The effect of aprotinin, tranexamic acid, and aminocaproic acid on blood loss and use of blood products in major pediatric surgery: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:182, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Scott KC, Hansen BD, DeFrancesco TC: Coagulation effects of low molecular weight heparin compared with heparin in dogs considered to be at risk for clinically significant venous thrombosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:74, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Scott MA: Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 478.
-
Scott-Montcrief JC, Treadwell NG, McCullough SM, et al: Hemostatic abnormalities in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:220, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Segal JB, Dzik WH: Paucity of studies to support that abnormal coagulation test results predict bleeding in the setting of invasive procedures: an evidence-based review. Transfusion 45:1404, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Seki Y, Machida N, Arimura T, et al: Transmural myocardial infarction caused by thromboembolism associated with mitral insufficiency in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 60:741, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Séverine T, Cripps PJ, Mackin AJ: Estimation of platelet counts on feline blood smears. Vet Clin Pathol 28:42, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeiser HE, DePerio M, et al: Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 88:312, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Simons R, Mallett SV: Use of thromboelastography to demonstrate persistent anticoagulation after stopping enoxaparin. Anaesthesia 62:1175, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Slichter SJ: Background, rationale, and design of a clinical trial to assess the effects of platelet dose on bleeding risk in thrombocytopenic patients. J Clin Apheresis 21:78, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Smedile LE, Houston DM, Taylor SM, et al: Idiopathic asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels: 11 cases (1983–1993). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:411, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Smetana GW, Macpherson DS: The case against routine preoperative laboratory testing. Med Clin North Am 87:7, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Smith SA, Lewis DC, Kellerman DL: Adjustment of intermittent subcutaneous heparin therapy based on chromogenic heparin assay in 9 cats with thromboembolism (abstract). In Proceedings of the 16th ACVIM Forum, San Diego, CA, 1998, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
-
Smith SA, Tobias AH, Jacob KA, et al: Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992–2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. J Vet Intern Med 17:73, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Smith SA, Tobias AH: Feline arterial thromboembolism: an update. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34:1245, 2004b. PUBMED Abstract
-
Sobieszczyk P, Fishbein M, Goldhaber SZ: Acute pulmonary thromboembolism: don’t ignore the platelet. Circulation 106:1748, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stein SC, Smith DH: Coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 1:479, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, et al: Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II investigators. Radiology 242:15, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stokol T, Parry BW: Efficacy of fresh-frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate in dogs with von Willebrand’s disease or hemophilia A. J Vet Intern Med 12:84, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stokol T, Brooks M, Erb H, et al: Evaluation of kits for the detection of fibrin(ogen) degradation products in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 13:478, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stokol T, Brooks MB, Erb HN, et al: D-dimer concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Vet Res 61:393, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stokol T: Plasma D-dimer for the diagnosis of thromboembolic disorders in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33:1419, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Stokol T, Brooks M: Editorial: Diagnosis of DIC in cats: is it time to go back to the basics? J Vet Intern Med 20:1289, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Strauss R, Wehler M, Mehler K, et al: Thrombocytopenia in patients in the medical intensive care unit: bleeding prevalence, transfusion requirements, and outcome. Crit Care Med 30:1765, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Suter PF: Thoracic radiography: a text atlas of thoracic diseases of the dog and cat, Basel, Switzerland, 1984, Wettswil.
-
Sykes JE, Kittleson MD, Chomel BB, et al: Clinicopathologic findings and outcome in dogs with infective endocarditis: 71 cases (1992–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1735, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
Takagi H, Manabe H, Kawai N, et al: Aprotinin increases mortality as compared with tranexamic acid in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized head-to-head trials. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 9:98, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Taylor FB, Toh CH, Hoots WK, et al: Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost 86:1327, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Ten Cate H, Schoenmakers SH, Franco R, et al: Microvascular coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 29:S95, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Theroux P, Waters D, Latn J, et al: Reactivation of unstable angina after the discontinuation of heparin. N Engl J Med 327:141, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
-
Tholen I, Weingart C, Kohn B: Concentration of D-dimers in healthy cats and sick cats with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Feline Med Surg 11:842, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Thomas JS, Green RA: Clotting times and antithrombin III activity in cats with naturally developing diseases: 85 cases (1984–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1290, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
-
Thomas JS, Rogers KS: Platelet aggregation and adenosine triphosphate secretion in dogs with untreated multicentric lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 13:319, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
-
Thompson MF, Scott-Montcrief JC, Brooks MB: Effect of a single plasma transfusion on thromboembolism in 13 dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:446, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Tidwell SA, Graham JP, Peck JN, et al: Incidence of pulmonary embolism after non-cemented total hip arthroplasty in eleven dogs: computed tomographic pulmonary angiography and pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy. Vet Surg 36:37, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Traverso CI, Caprini JA, Arceles JI: Application of thromboelastography in other medical and surgical states. Semin Thromb Haemost 21:50, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
-
Triplett DA: Current recommendations for warfarin therapy: use and monitoring. Med Clin North Am 82:601, 1988.
-
Tseng LW, Hughes D, Giger U: Evaluation of a point-of-care coagulation analyzer for measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and activated clotting time in dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:1455, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Valeri CR, Cassidy G, Pivacek LE, et al: Anemia-induced increase in the bleeding time: implications for treatment of nonsurgical blood loss. Transfusion 41:977, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Valeri CR, Khuri S, Ragno G: Nonsurgical bleeding diathesis in anemic thrombocytopenic patients: role of temperature, red blood cells, platelets, and plasma-clotting proteins. Transfusion 47:206S, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Vanderschueren S, De Weerdt A, Malbrain M, et al: Thrombocytopenia and prognosis in intensive care. Crit Care Med 28:1871, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Van Winkle TJ, Bruce E: Thrombosis of the portal vein in 11 dogs. Vet Pathol 30:28, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
-
Van Winkle TJ, Hackner SG, Liu SM: Clinical and pathologic features of aortic thromboembolism in 36 dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 3:13, 1994.
-
Vaya A, Mira Y, Martinez M, et al: Biological risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 26:41, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
-
Veres G, Radovitis T, Schultz H, et al: Effect of recombinant aprotinin on postoperative blood loss and coronary vascular function in a canine model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 32:340, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Vilar P, Couto CG, Westendorf N, et al: Thromboelastographic tracings in retired racing greyhounds and in non-greyhound dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22:374, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Vilar P, Ball R, Westendorf N, et al: Hemostatic effects of cryoprecipitate in dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 23:692, 2009.
-
Virchow R: Phlogose und thrombose im gefä↓system: gesammelte abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen medizin, Frankfurt, 1856, Staatsdruckerei.
-
Wagg CR, Boysen SR, Bedard C: Thromboelastography in dogs admitted to an intensive care unit. Vet Clin Pathol 28:453, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wallack ST, Hornof WJ, Herrgessell EJ: Ultrasonographic diagnosis—small bowel infarction in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:81, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
-
Warren DF, Turner DM, Kelly JD: Postoperative pulmonary embolism in the dog. Aust Vet J 46:277, 1970. PUBMED Abstract
-
Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P, et al: Caring for the critically ill patient: high-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis, a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286:1869, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
-
Webster CL: History, clinical signs, and physical findings in hepatobiliary disease. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Elsevier Saunders, pp 1422.
-
Weinkle TK, Center SA, Randolph JF, et al: Evaluation of prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: 151 cases (1993–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 11:1869, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Weiss DJ, Brazzell JL: Detection of activated platelets in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med 20:682, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
-
White HD: Comparative safety of thrombolytic agents. Am J Cardiol 69:12A, 1992.
-
Wiedermann CJ, Romisch J: The antiinflammatory actions of antithrombin: a review. Acta Med Austriaca 29:89, 2002.
-
Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, Rojkjaer R, et al: Validation of human recombinant tissue factor-activated thromboelastography on citrated whole blood from clinically healthy dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 34:389, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, Rozanski E, et al: Tissue factor activated thromboelastography correlates to clinical signs of bleeding in dogs. Vet J 179:121, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, Johansson PI, et al. Thromboelastographic evaluation of hemostatic function in dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Vet Intern Med 22:357, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, Johansson PI, et al: Development of a model based scoring system for diagnosis of canine disseminated intravascular coagulation with independent assessment of sensitivity and specificity. Vet J 2009 July 6. [Epub ahead of print] PUBMED Abstract
-
Willis SE, Jackson ML, Meric SM, et al: Whole blood platelet aggregation in dogs with liver disease. Am J Vet Res 50:1893, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
-
Wolberg AS, Meng ZH, Monroe DM, et al: A systematic evaluation of the effect of temperature on coagulation enzyme activity and platelet function. J Trauma 56:1221, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
-
Young E, Podor TJ, Venner T, et al: Induction of the acute-phase reaction increases heparin-binding proteins in plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:1568, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
-
Zeerleder S, Hack E, Wuillemin WA: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis. Chest 128:2864, 2009.
-
Zimmerman KL: Drug-induced thrombocytopenias. In Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2000, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 472.
-
Zimmerman LH: Causes and consequences of critical bleeding and mechanisms of blood coagulation. Pharmacotherapy 27:45S, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
-
Zmuda K, Neofotistos D, Ts’ao CH: Effects of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and heparinoid on thromboelastographic assay of blood coagulation. Am J Clin Pathol 113:725, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
-
Zorio E, Gilabert-Estelles J, Espana F, et al: Fibrinolysis: the key to new pathogenetic mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 15:923, 2008.
|