Section 1 Legal Status, Distribution, Biological, Ecological Conservation Theme

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Threat Abatement and Recovery

49. Give an overview of how broad-scale threats are being abated/could be abated and other recovery actions underway/ proposed. Identify who is undertaking these activities and how successful the activities have been to date.

Due to the generally poor reputation of bull sharks (due to their aggressive nature) and their requirement for aquatic environments preferred for human activity, there has been historically little social incentive to undertake mitigation measures or approaches. There is an increase in ecological and biological studies of the species that will increase knowledge of bull shark behaviour such as Werry and Otway (2009).

50. For species nominated as extinct in the wild, provide details of the locations in which the species occurs in captivity and the level of human intervention required to sustain the species.

Not applicable

Mitigation Approach

51. Describe any mitigation measures or approaches that have been developed specifically for the species at identified locations. Identify who is undertaking these activities and how successful the activities have been to date.

Although various management plans have been launched for shark fisheries in Australia, in which fisheries are required to develop management tools such as quotas, licensing, equipment restriction and bycatch monitoring, these plans are applied as a general strategy for shark fisheries which target multiple species, as opposed to a species-specific approach (Camhi et al, 2007). Consequently there is little data to specifically reflect the success of such activities in regards to C. leucas in particular, with no stock assessments for bull sharks in particular or for large sharks in general.

52. Departmental use only:

Major Studies

53. Identify major studies on the species that might relate to its taxonomy or management.

There are few major studies that focus specifically on bull shark taxonomy or management. However, bull sharks are prominent in a number of Australian studies that examine the interaction of elasmobranchs with shark meshing programs (Dudley, 1997; Green et al, 2009) Krogh and Reid, 1996) and fisheries practices (Zhou and Griffiths, 2008). Similar studies from international sources build on the general knowledge of elasmobranch management plans (Cavanagh et al, 2003).

Management Documentation

54. Identify key management documentation available for the species, e.g. recovery plans, conservation plans, threat abatement plans.	There is little evidence to suggest that C. leucas is the specific focus of recovery plans. However, documentation that examines management of sharks stocks in general are likely to be relevant.
55. Departmental use only:

Section 3 – References and Reviewers

Notes:

The opinion of appropriate scientific experts may be cited (with their approval) in support of a nomination. If this is done the names of the experts, their qualifications and full contact details must also be provided in the reference list below.
Please provide copies of key documentation/references used in the nomination

56. Reference list

Bres, M. (1993) The Behaviour of Sharks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 3, 133-159.

Calliouet Jr, C.W., Perret, W.S., Fontenot Jr., B.J. (1969) Weight, Length, and Sex Ratio of Immature Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. Copeia, 1, 196-197.

Camhi, M. D. Valenti, S.V., Fordham, S.V., Fowler, S.L., Gibson, c. (2007) The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays: Report of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop. From http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ssg_pelagic_report_final.pdf, accessed 4.10.09

Cavanagh, R.D., Kyne, P.M., Fowler, S.L., Musick, J.A., Bennet, M.B. (ed) (2003) The Conservation Status of Chondrichthyans. Report of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group Australia and Oceania Regional Red List Workshop, IUCN, from http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/organizations/ssg/regions/region8/Ausfinal.pdf, accessed 9.11.09.

Cliff, G., Dudley, S.F.J. (1991) Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 4. The bull shark Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes. South African Journal of Marine Science, 10, 1, 253-270.

Cruz-Martinez, A., Chiappa-Carrara, X., Arenas-Fuentes, V. (2004) Age and Growth of the Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas, from Southern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science, 35, 367-374.

Dudley, S.F.J. (1997) A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu- Natal (South Africa). Ocean and Coatsal Management, 34, 1, 1-27.

Field IC, Meekan MG, Buckworth, RC & Bradshaw, CJA (2009). Susceptibility of Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras to Global Extinction. Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 56, Chapter 4: 275-363.

Frisk, M.J., Miller, T.J., Fogerty, M.J. (2001) Estimation and analysis of biological parameters in elasmobranch fishes: a comparative life history study. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Science, 58, 969-981.

Green, M., Ganassin, C., Reid, D.d. (2009) Report into the NSW Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program. NSW Dept. Of Primary Industries, from http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/276029/Report-into-the-NSW-Shark-Meshing-Program.pdf, accessed 4.10.09.

Hazin, F.H.V., Burgess, G.H., Carvahlo, F. (2008) A Shark Attack Outbreak at off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: 1992-2006. Bulletin of Marine Science, 82, 2, 199-212.

Heupel, M.R., Simpfendorfer, C.A. (2008) Movement and distribution of young bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in a variable estuarine environment. Aquatic Biology, 1, 277-289.

Hoenig J.M., Gruber, S.M. (1990) Life-History Patterns in the Elasmobranchs:Implications for Fisheries Management. In Pratt Jr. (1990) Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries, NOAA technical Report 90, from http://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/tr90.pdf, Accessed 4.10.09.

Jensen, N.H. (1976) Reproduction of the Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas , in the Lake Nicaragua-Rio San Juan System. In INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ICHTHYOFAUNA OF NICARAGUAN LAKES, from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ichthynicar/40, accessed 6.11.09

Krogh, M., Reid, D. (1996) Bycatch In The Protective Shark Meshing Programme Off South-Eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation, 77, 219-226.

Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D. (2009) Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.

McCord, M.E., Lamberth, S.J. (2009) Catching and tracking the world’s largest Zambezi (bull) shark Carcharhinus leucas in the Breede Estuary, South Africa: the first 43 hours. African Journal of Marine Science, 31, 1, 107-111.

Morgan, D., Allen, M., Bedford, P., Horstman, M. (2002). Inland fish fauna of the Fitzroy River Western Australia (including the Bunuba, Gooniyandi, Ngarinyin, Nyikina and Walmajarri names). Report to the National Heritage Trust, from http://www.cffr.murdoch.edu.au/reports/Fitzroy_Fish_report.pdf, accessed 4.10.09

Myers, R.A., Worm, B. (2005) Extinction, survival or recovery of large predatory fishes. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360, 13-20.

Myers, R.A., Baum, J.K., Shepherd, T.D., Powers, S.P., Peterson, C.H. (2007) Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean. Science, 315, 1846-1850.

Neer, J.A., Thompson, B.A., Carlson, J.K. (2005) Age and growth of Carcharhinus leucas in the northern Gulf of Mexico: incorporating variability in size at birth. Journal of Fish Biology, 67, 370-383.

O’Connell, M.T., Shepherd, T.D., O’Connell, A.M.U., Myers, R.A. (2007) Long-term Declines in Two Apex Predators, BullSharks (Carcharhinus Leucas) and Alligator Gar (Atractosteus Spatula), in Lake Pontchartrain, an Oligohaline Estuary in Southeastern Louisiana. Estuaries and Coasts, 30, 4, 567-574.

Pillans, R.D., Good, J.P., Anderson, W.G., Hazon, N., Franklin, C.E. (2005) Freshwater to seawater acclimation of juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas): plasma osmolytes and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gill, rectal gland, kidney and intestine. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 175, 37-44.

Simpfendorfer, C & Burgess, G.H. 2005. Carcharhinus leucas. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2 www.iucnredlist.org. Dowloaded on 15 January 2010

Schmid, T.H., Murru, F.L. (1994) Bioenergetics of the Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas, Maintained in Captivity. Zoological Biology, 13, 177-185.

Simpfendorfer, C.A., Freitas, G.G., Wiley, T.R., Heupel, M.R. (2005) Distribution and Habitat Partitioning of immature Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a Southwest Florida Estuary. Estuaries, 28, 1, 78-85.

Smith, S.E., Au, D.W., Show, C. (1998) Intrinsic rebound potentials of 26 species of Pacific sharks. Marine and Freshwater Research, 49, 663-78.

Snelson Jr., F.F., Mulligan, T.J., Willaims, S.E. (1984) Food Habits, Occurrence, And Population Structure Of The Bull Shark, Carcharhinus Leucas, In Florida Coastal Lagoons . Bulletin of Marine Science, 34, 1, 71-80.

Thorburn, D.C., Morgan, D.L., Hill, G. (2004) Elasmobranches of the Fitzroy River, Western Australia. Report to the National Heritage Trust, from http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/publications/pubs/elasmo-wa.pdf , accessed 3.12.09.

Thorburn, D.C. (2006) Biology, Ecology and trophic Interactions of elasmobranchs and other fishes in riverine waters of Northern Australia (PhD Thesis).Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, from http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/pubfiles/adt-MU20061129.105505/02Whole.pdf, accessed 3.9.09.

Thorson, T.B. (1974) Occurrence Of The Sawfish, Pristis Perotteti, In The Amazon River, With Notes On P. pectinatus. Copeia, 2, 560-564.

Werry, J., Lee, S.J., Otway, N.m. (2009) Ontogenetic movement patterns of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, in the Gold Coast canal system. Proceedings of the Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks & Aquaria (ARAZPA) Annual Conference, 22 26 March 2009. Gold Coast, Queensland. pp 275284., from http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/areas/systems-research/aquatic-ecosystems/outputs/2009/1297, accessed 12.11.09

Whitehead, D.L. (2002) Ampullary organs and electroreception in freshwater Carcharhinus leucas. Journal of Physiology, 96, 391-395.

Wintner, S.P., Dudley, S.F.J., Kistnasamy, N., Everett, B. (2002) Age and growth estimates for the Zambezi shark, Carcharhinus leucas, from the east coast of South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research, 53, 557-566.

Zhou, S., Griffiths, S.P. (2008) Sustainability Assessment for Fishing Effects (SAFE): A new quantitative ecological risk assessment method and its application to elasmobranch bycatch in an Australian trawl fishery. Fisheries Research, 91, 56-68.

Figure 1 - Carcharinus leucas - Bull Shark

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Figure 2 – Global Distribution of Carcharinus leucas - Bull Shark
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