Review of the species of New World Erythroneurini
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| E. crinita (Beamer)
12'. Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view, more than 5 time as long as wide; basal processes extended along ventral margin of shaft (Fig. 12d). 12. E. andersoni (Beamer) 13(11). Third point of style apex longer than half distance between other two points (Fig. 13c). Aedeagal shaft broad (Fig. 13d). Larger (3.5–3.7 mm). Forewing with two large reddish patches (Plate 2m1). 13. E. paraesculi (Knull) 13'. Third point of style apex shorter than half distance between other two points (Fig. 14c). Aedeagal shaft slender (Fig. 14d). Smaller (2.8–3.1 mm). Forewing with usual maculate pattern (Plate 2n). 14 14(13). Preatrium much shorter than aedeagal shaft; basal processes almost as long as shaft (Fig. 14d). 14. E. tammina (Ross & DeLong) 14'. Preatrium about as long as aedeagal shaft; basal processes shorter than half length of shaft (Fig. 15d). 15. E. texana (Beamer)
15'. Pygofer appendage not bifurcate or expanded at apex (sometimes expanded near midlength) (Fig. 68a, 80a). 52 16(15). Pygofer appendage bifurcate near base (Fig. 18a). 17 16'. Pygofer appendage bifurcate far from base or expanded near apex (Fig. 22a, 27a). 22 17(16). Third point of style apex longer than half distance between other two points (Fig. 16c). Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad, tip abruptly bent dorsad (Fig. 16d). 16. E. separata (Beamer) 17'. Third point of style apex short toothlike or absent (Fig. 17c). Aedeagal shaft straight, tip not bent dorsad (Fig. 17d). 18 18(17). Ventral branch of pygofer appendage abruptly curved upward in distal third (Fig. 17a). 17. E. curvata (Beamer) 18'. Ventral branch of pygofer appendage straight or smoothly curved (Fig. 18a). 19
19'. Branches of pygofer appendage not converging distally, ventral branch wider than dorsal (Fig. 19a). 20 20(19). Pygofer appendage extended ventrocaudad, not reaching pygofer apex (Fig. 19a). Aedeagal shaft broad in lateral view, gradually narrowing towards apex, without lateral lobes at base (Fig. 19d, e). 19. E. impar (Beamer) 20'. Pygofer appendage extended caudad along dorsal margin of pygofer, reaching pygofer apex (Fig. 20a). Aedeagal shaft in lateral view more slender, parallel-sided, with lateral lobes at base (Fig. 20d, e, 21d, e). 21 21(20). Ventral branch of pygofer appendage evenly tapering towards apex (Fig. 20a). 20. E. carmini (Beamer) 21'. Ventral branch of pygofer appendage parallel sided through most of length, abruptly narrowing at apex (Fig. 21a). 21. E. forfex (Beamer)
22'. Third point of style apex about as long as or shorter than half distance between other two points (Fig. 36c, 37c). 37 23(22). Apex of pygofer appendage with numerous spines (Fig. 22a, 23a). 24 23'. Apex of pygofer appendage bifurcate, without spines (Fig. 24a). 25 24(23). Aedeagal shaft more than twice as long as wide in lateral view, with lateral lobes not broader than shaft in ventral view (Fig. 22d, e). Third point of style apex evenly curved (Fig. 22c). 22. E. linea (Beamer) 24'. Aedeagal shaft less than twice as long as wide in lateral view, with lateral lobes broader than shaft in ventral view (Fig. 23d, e). Third point of style apex sinuate (Fig. 23c). 23. E. rangifer (Ross & DeLong) 25(23). Tip of aedeagal shaft expanded in ventral view, abruptly bent dorsad in lateral view (Fig. 24d, e). 24. E. dimidiata (Knull) 25'. Tip of aedeagal shaft not expanded in ventral view, not bent dorsad in lateral view (Fig. 25d, e). 26
25. E. sanctaerosae (Hepner) 26'. Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 26d, e, 27d, e). 27
27'. Aedeagal shaft about 1.5 times as long as wide in ventral view (Fig. 31e). 31 28(27). Aedeagal shaft triangular in ventral view (Fig. 26e). Branches of pygofer appendage crossed in dorsal view (Fig. 26b). 26. E. betulae sp.n. 28'. Aedeagal shaft round in ventral view (Fig. 27e, 28e). Branches of pygofer appendage not crossed in dorsal view (Fig. 28b). 29 29(28). Aedeagus with ventral hump (Fig. 27d). Pygofer appendage directed caudad (Fig. 27a). Larger (2.9–3.2 mm). 27. E. concisa (Beamer) 29'. Aedeagus without ventral hump (Fig. 28d). Pygofer appendage curved dorsad (Fig. 28a). Smaller (2.4–2.6 mm). 28. E. spala (Ross & DeLong) 30(27). Dorsal branch of pygofer appendage less than half length of ventral branch, sharply curved outward at right angle (Fig. 29a, b). 29. E. harpola (Ross) 30'. Dorsal branch of pygofer appendage, if shorter than ventral branch, not curved outward (Fig. 31a, b). 31 31(30). Aedeagal shaft narrowing towards apex in ventral view (Fig. 30e, 31e). 32 31'. Aedeagal shaft parallel sided in ventral view (Fig. 33e). 34 32(31). Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view (Fig. 30d). Branches of pygofer appendage divergent at obtuse angle (Fig. 30a). Forewing color pattern consisting of small reddish maculae (Plate 3i). 30. E. minor (Beamer) 32'. Aedeagal shaft curved ventrad in lateral view (Fig. 32d). Branches of pygofer appendage divergent at acute angle (Fig. 32a). Forewing with large reddish patches (Plate 3j, k). 33
31. E. aesculi (Beamer) 33'. Smaller (2.7–2.9 mm). Forewing with two smaller spots: one at base, another at apex of clavus (Plate 3k). 32. E. bifida (Beamer)
34'. Branches of pygofer appendage divergent at about 90° angle (Fig. 34a, 35a). Larger (2.7–3.2 mm). Forewings with enlarged reddish patches (Plate 3m, n). 35 35(34). Ventral branch of pygofer appendage longer than dorsal branch (Fig. 34a). Smaller (2.7–2.9 mm). 34. E. lusoria (Van Duzee) 35'. Ventral branch of pygofer appendage shorter than dorsal branch (Fig. 35a). Larger (2.9–3.2 mm). 35. E. pyra (McAtee)
36'. Branches of pygofer appendage much shorter than half length of appendage, divergent, or appendage not bifurcated but expanded at apex (Fig. 37a, 38a). 37 37(36). Preatrium of aedeagus as long as or shorter than half length of aedeagal shaft (Fig. 37d). Branches of pygofer appendage long (Fig. 37a). 37. E. longifurca (Hepner) 37'. Preatrium of aedeagus about as long as aedeagal shaft (Fig. 38d). 38 38(37). Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad at right angle near base (Fig. 38d). 38. E. manus (Beamer) 38'. Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view or only slightly curved (Fig. 39d). 39 39(38). Second point of style apex prominent (Fig. 39c). Apex of pygofer appendage abruptly curved downward, then recurved, denticulate (Fig. 39a). 39. E. staffordi (Hepner) 39'. Second point of style apex short toothlike (Fig. 41c). Apex of pygofer appendage not as above. 40 40(39). Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft large, reaching apex of shaft (Fig. 40d, e). Mesonotum brownish (Plate 3s1). 40. E. ardens (McAtee) 40'. Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft, if present, not reaching apex of shaft (Fig. 42d, e, 46d, e). Mesonotum not brownish (Fig. Plate 3q). 41 41(40). Pygofer appendage broad in lateral view, denticulate along dorsal margin (Fig. 41a, 42a). 42 41'. Pygofer appendage, if broad in lateral view, not denticulate along dorsal margin (Fig. 43a). 43
42'. Larger (3.1–3.3 mm). Forewing with maculate pattern (Plate 4a). 42. E. inepta (Beamer) 43(41). Pygofer appendage bifurcate at apex (Fig. 43a). 44 43'. Pygofer appendage expanded at apex, with multiple distal spines (Fig. 50a, 51a). 50 44(43). Pygofer appendage expanded and compressed in distal half before bifurcation (Fig. 43a, b, 44a, b). 45 44'. Pygofer appendage not expanded in distal half, round in crossection (Fig. 48a, b). 46 45(44). Pygofer appendage expanded and compressed only in distal half, thickened along dorsal margin, branches of fork divergent at acute angle (Fig. 43a). Aedeagal shaft with narrow lateral lobes at base, slender in lateral view (Fig. 43d, e). 43. E. firma (Beamer) 45'. Pygofer appendage expanded and compressed throughout its length, not thickened along dorsal margin, branches of fork divergent at obtuse angle (Fig. 44a). Aedeagal shaft with large lateral lobes, broad in lateral view (Fig. 44d, e). 44. E. bispinosa (Beamer) 46(44). Ventral branch of pygofer appendage much longer and thicker than dorsal branch (Fig. 45a). 45. E. hyalina (Knull & Auten) 46'. Ventral branch of pygofer appendage not longer or thicker than dorsal branch (Fig. 46a, 48a). 47
47'. Pygofer appendage sinuate only once before bifurcation, ventral branch at least twice as long as broad (Fig. 47a, b, 48a, b). 48 48(47). Branches of pygofer appendage extended more or less horizontally, one branch about twice as long as other (Fig. 47a, b). 47. E. unica (Beamer) 48'. Branches of pygofer appendage extended one above other, of about equal length (Fig. 48a, b). 49 49(48). Branches of pygofer appendage of equal length, or ventral branch slightly longer, angle between branches about 90° (Fig. 48a). 48. E. mira (Beamer) 49'. Ventral branch of pygofer appendage slightly shorter than dorsal branch, angle between branches acute (Fig. 49a). 49. E. facota (Beamer) 50(43). Pygofer appendage depressed (Fig. 50a, b). Smaller (2.6–2.8 mm). 50. E. cristata (Knull) 50'. Pygofer appendage not depressed (Fig. 51a, b). Larger (2.8–3 mm). 51 51(50). Pygofer appendage with blunt apex (Fig. 51a). Aedeagus with large lateral lobes at base (Fig. 51e). 51. E. mcateei sp.n. 51'. Pygofer appendage with pointed apex (Fig. 52a). Aedeagus without lateral lobes (Fig. 52e). 52. E. ungulata (Beamer)
53. E. distincta (Knull & Auten) 52'. Aedeagus without basal processes, with or without lateral lobes at base of shaft (Fig. 54d, e, 56d, e). 53
53'. Pygofer appendage widest at base (Fig. 72a). 70 54(53). Third point of style apex as long as or longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 54c, 55c). 55 54'. Third point of style apex distinctly shorter than distance between other two points (Fig. 62c). 61 55(54). Aedeagal shaft strongly compressed, apex acuminate in ventral view (Fig. 54d, e). 56 55'. Aedeagal shaft round or depressed in crossection, apex truncate in ventral view (Fig. 56d, e, 57d, e). 57 56(55). Pygofer appendage arising at middle of dorsal margin of pygofer lobe, its apex straight or slightly curved inward in dorsal view (Fig. 54a, b). 54. E. spinea (Knull) 56'. Pygofer appendage arising in basal third of dorsal margin of pygofer lobe, its apex curved outward in dorsal view (Fig. 55a, b). 55. E. rotunda (Beamer) 57(55). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection, without lateral lobes at base (Fig. 56d, e). Apex of pygofer appendage curved outward in dorsal view (Fig. 56b). 56. E. nigriventer (Beamer) 57'. Aedeagal shaft depressed, with lateral lobes at base (Fig. 59d, e). Apex of pygofer appendage not curved outward in dorsal view (Fig. 59b). 58 58(57). Aedeagal shaft short and broad in lateral view, only about 2 times as long as wide (Fig. 57d). Pygofer appendage curved upward in lateral view (Fig. 57a). 57. E. stupkaorum (Knull) 58'. Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view, about 4 times as long as wide (Fig. 58d). Pygofer appendage not curved upward in lateral view (Fig. 58a). 59 59(58). Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad in lateral view (Fig. 58d). Pygofer appendage straight in dorsal view (Fig. 58b). 58. E. usitata (Beamer) 59'. Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view (Fig. 59d). Pygofer appendage distinctly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 59b). 60 60(59). Pygofer appendage sinuate twice, extended well beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 59a, b). Third point of style apex about as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 59c). Smaller (2.6–2.8 mm). 59. E. incondita (Beamer) 60'. Pygofer appendage sinuate once, only slightly extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 60a, b). Third point of style apex considerably longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 60c). Larger (3–3.2 mm). 60. E. ingrata (Beamer) 61(54). Third point of style apex longer than half distance between other two points (Fig. 61c). Aedeagal shaft with large lateral lobes at base; tip of shaft abruptly bent dorsad (Fig. 61d, e). Smaller (2.4–2.8 mm). 62 61'. Third point of style apex shorter than half distance between other two points (Fig. 63c). Aedeagal shaft with or without narrow lateral lobes at base; tip of shaft not bent dorsad (Fig. 63d, e). Larger (2.8–3.3 mm). 63 62(61). Aedeagal shaft with dorsal carina; shaft narrowing towards apex in lateral view; lateral lobes narrowing towards shaft apex, widest at base (Fig. 61d, e). 61. E. arenosa (Ross & DeLong) 62'. Aedeagal shaft without dorsal carina; shaft parallel sided in lateral view; lateral lobes rounded, widest at middle (Fig. 62d, e). 62. E. uncinata (Beamer) 63(61). Forewing with 3 narrow red crossbands (Plate 4v). 63. E. arpegia (Ross) 63'. Forewing with usual maculate color pattern (Plate 4w). 64 64(63). Aedeagal shaft broad in lateral view, distinctly compressed; gonoduct well separated from dorsal margin of shaft at least distally (Fig. 64d, e). 65 64'. Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view; gonoduct close to dorsal margin of shaft throughout its length (Fig. 66d, e). 66 65(64). Aedeagal shaft with straight dorsal and ventral margins; gonoduct distant from dorsal margin throughout length of shaft (Fig. 64d). 64. E. propria (Beamer) 65'. Aedeagal shaft with slightly bent dorsal and ventral margins; gonoduct distant from dorsal margin only in distal half of shaft (Fig. 65d). 65. E. brevipes (Beamer) 66(64). Aedeagal shaft distinctly curved dorsad; dorsal apodeme rounded distally in dorsal view (Fig. 66d, e). 66. E. turgida (Beamer) 66'. Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view or slightly curved ventrad; dorsal apodeme truncate distally in dorsal view (Fig. 67d, e). 67 67(66). Pygofer appendage swollen in distal half (Fig. 67a). 67. E. delongi (Knull & Auten) 67'. Pygofer appendage swollen in distal two thirds (Fig. 68a). 68 68(67). Pygofer appendage not denticulate, more than twice as wide at middle as at base; its dorsal margin straight (Fig. 68a). 68. E. immota (Beamer) 68'. Pygofer appendage denticulate distally, less than twice as wide at middle as at base; its dorsal margin sinuate (Fig. 70a). 69 69(68). Pygofer appendage extended beyond pygofer apex, directed caudad (Fig. 69a). 69. E. tantilla (Beamer) 69'. Pygofer appendage not extended beyond pygofer apex, directed ventrocaudad (Fig. 70a). 70. E. sorota (Hepner) 70(53). Pygofer appendage not extended to pygofer apex (Fig. 73a). 71 70'. Pygofer appendage extended to or beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 92a). 91 71(70). Third point of style apex longer than half distance between other two points (Fig. 71c, 73c). 72 71'. Third point of style apex not longer than half distance between other two points (Fig. 81c). 81 72(71). Third point of style apex with broad base, triangular in shape (Fig. 71c, 72c). 73 72'. Third point of style apex narrow throughout its length (Fig. 73c). 74 73(72). Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus extended posterad to midlength of aedeagal shaft in lateral view (Fig. 71d). 71. E. solita (Beamer) 73'. Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus not extended beyond base of aedeagal shaft in lateral view (Fig. 72d). 72. E. knullae (Ross)
74'. Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view, at most slightly compressed, less than twice as broad in lateral view as in ventral view (Fig. 79d, e). Larger (2.7–3.2 mm). 75 75(74). Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft widest near midlength of shaft (Fig. 74e, 75e). 76 75'. Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft, if present, widest at base of shaft (Fig. 76e). 77 76(75). Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view, forming right angle with preatrium (Fig. 74d). Third point of style apex curved (Fig. 74c). 74. E. mimica (Ross) 76'. Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad, forming continuous curve with preatrium (Fig. 75d). Third point of style apex straight (Fig. 75c). 75. E. sancta (Beamer) 77(75). Third point of style apex shorter than distance between other two points (Fig. 76c). 76. E. inksana (Knull) 77'. Third point of style apex longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 77c). 78
78'. Pygofer appendage robust, about 5 times as long as wide in lateral view, extended towards caudal margin of pygofer lobe (Fig. 78a). 79 79(78). Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad (Fig. 78d). Pygofer appendage curved upward and inward in distal half (Fig. 78a). 78. E. parva (Beamer) 79'. Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view (Fig. 79d). Pygofer appendage straight in distal half (Fig. 79a). 80 80(79). Angle between basal and third points of style apex about 45°, margin between first and second points convex, first point prominent (Fig. 79c). 79. E. mirifica (Beamer) 80'. Angle between basal and third points of style apex almost 90°, margin between first and second points concave, first point small (Fig. 80c). 80. E. abjecta (Beamer) 81(71). Tip of aedeagus depressed, abruptly bent dorsad; aedeagal shaft not denticulate (Fig. 81d). Forewing largely red (Plate 5a). 81. E. hartii (Gillette) 81'. Tip of aedeagus not as above. Forewing with usual maculate pattern (Plate 5r). 82 82(81). Aedeagal shaft short and broad in lateral view (less than twice as long as wide); preatrium longer than shaft (Fig. 82d, 83d). 83 82'. Aedeagal shaft longer and more slender (more than twice as long as wide); preatrium as long as or shorter than shaft (Fig. 84d, 85d). 84 83(82). Aedeagal shaft depressed (Fig. 82d, e). Pygofer appendage curved downward (Fig. 82a). Smaller (2.5–2.6 mm). Mesonotum apex reddish (Plate 5r). 82. E. misera (Beamer) 83'. Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 83d, e). Pygofer appendage straight in lateral view (Fig. 83a). Larger (2.6–2.8 mm). Mesonotum apex blackish (Plate 5s). 83. E. nevadensis (Beamer)
84'. Aedeagal shaft not expanded towards apex in ventral view (Fig. 85d, e). 85 85(84). Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad (Fig. 85d, 86d). 86 85'. Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view or slightly curved ventrad (Fig. 88d, 89d). 88 86(85). Third point of style apex short, toothlike (Fig. 85c). Aedeagal shaft broad in lateral view, with large lateral lobes extended to gonopore (Fig. 85d, e). 85. E. levecki (Hepner) 86'. Third point of style apex at least 3 times as long as wide (Fig. 87c). Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view, with small lateral lobes not extended to gonopore (Fig. 87d, e). 87 87(86). Angle between basal and third points of style more than 90° (Fig. 86c). Aedeagal shaft not denticulate, lateral lobes widest at middle of shaft (Fig. 86e). 86. E. tantula (Knull) 87'. Angle between basal and third points of style about 90° (Fig. 87c). Aedeagal shaft denticulate, lateral lobes widest at base of shaft (Fig. 87e). 87. E. beeri (Hepner) 88(85). Third point of style apex evenly curved, about half as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 88c). Pygofer appendage only 1.5 times as long as basal projection (Fig. 88a). 88. E. accita (Knull) 88'. Third point of style apex straight, less than half as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 89c). Pygofer appendage at least twice as long as basal projection (Fig. 89a). 89
89. E. cera (Hepner) 89'. Pygofer appendage straight or slightly sinuate in lateral view, straight in dorsal view, compressed (Fig. 91a, b). 90
90. E. rubraza (Robinson) 90'. Aedeagal shaft more or less straight; lateral lobes not extended to midlength of shaft (Fig. 91d, e). Forewing without reddish crossband, basal half sometimes darkened (Plate 6e). 91. E. affinis (Fitch) 91(70). Third point of style apex very short, toothlike, about as long as wide, or shorter (Fig. 93c). 92 91'. Third point of style apex at least twice as long as wide at base (Fig. 121c, 170c). 118 92(91). Aedeagal shaft distinctly curved dorsad (Fig. 92d, 93d). 93 92'. Aedeagal shaft straight or slightly curved ventrad (Fig. 95d, 96d). 95 93(92). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection, slender in lateral view, with small lateral lobes (Fig. 92d, e). Coloration whitish with reduced maculate color pattern (Plate 6f). 92. E. stephensoni (Beamer) 93'. Aedeagal shaft compressed, broad in lateral view, without lateral lobes (Fig. 93d, e). Coloration yellowish with usual maculate color pattern (Plate 6g). 94
94'. Pygofer appendage curved upward in lateral view, distinctly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 94a, b). Smaller (2.6–2.8 mm). 94. E. retusa (Beamer) 95(92). Pygofer appendage strongly curved inward, apex crossing midline (Fig. 95b). 96 95'. Pygofer appendages, at most slightly curved inward, apex not crossing midline (Fig. 97b). 97
96'. Portion of pygofer appendage distad of bend about as long as basal portion, tip straight (Fig. 96b). 96. E. externa (Beamer) 97(95). Aedeagus with large denticulate lateral lobes at base, close to dorsal margin of aedeagus (Fig. 97d, e). 97. E. brooki (Hepner) 97'. Aedeagus without denticulate lateral lobes (Fig. 100d, e). 98 98(97). Pygofer appendage extended well beyond pygofer apex (usually > 5 times appendage width) (Fig. 100a, b). 99 98'. Pygofer appendage only slightly, if any, extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 110a, b). 109 99(98). Pygofer appendage straight in dorsal and lateral view (Fig. 98a, b). 98. E. longa (Knull) 99'. Pygofer appendage sinuate in dorsal and/or lateral view (Fig. 101a, b). 100 100(99). Pygofer appendage helical, curved in three dimensions (Fig. 99a, b). 99. E. sebringensis (Hepner) 100'. Pygofer appendage not helical, sinuate in one plane (Fig. 100a, b). 101 101(100). Third point of style apex not developed (Fig. 100c, 101c). 102 101'. Third point of style apex prominent (Fig. 102c). 103 102(101). Pygofer appendage straight in dorsal view (Fig. 100b). 100. E. parvipes (Beamer) 102'. Pygofer appendage strongly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 101b). 101. E. calamitosa (Beamer) 103(101). Pygofer appendage curved downward or straight in lateral view, only slightly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 102a, b). 104 103'. Pygofer appendage in distal half curved upward in lateral view, usually strongly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 104a, b). 105 104(103). Pygofer appendage abruptly bent twice (near base and near tip) in dorsal view (Fig. 102b). Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 102 d, e). 102. E. richardsi (Ross) 104'. Pygofer appendage evenly curved in dorsal view (Fig. 103b). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection (Fig. 103d, e). 103. E. marilandicae (Ross) 105(103). Pygofer lobe with rounded apex (Fig. 104a). Vertex midline usually red (Plate 7a). 104. E. opulenta (Beamer) 105'. Pygofer dorsal lobe with angulate apex (Fig. 105a). Vertex midline usually yellowish (Plate 7d). 106
106'. Aedeagus more broad in dorsal view, without lateral lobes, or with lobes extended along entire length of shaft (Fig. 106e). Forewing without crossband (Plate 7c). 107 107(106). Aedeagal shaft with lateral lobes along entire length of shaft; preatrium longer than shaft (Fig. 106d, e). 106. E. fergersoni (Hepner) 107'. Aedeagal shaft without lateral lobes; preatrium about as long as shaft (Fig. 107d, e). 108 108(107). Aedeagal shaft slightly compressed distally; gonoduct divergent from dorsal margin in distal half of shaft (Fig. 107d, e). Smaller (2.7–2.9 mm). 107. E. ellisi (Hepner) 108'. Aedeagal shaft round in crossection; gonoduct parallel to dorsal margin of shaft (Fig. 108d, e). Larger (2.9–3.2 mm). 108. E. acantha (Ross & DeLong) 109(98). Pygofer appendage distinctly curved downward at angle of about 45° or more from horizontal (Fig. 109a). 110 109'. Pygofer appendage straight in lateral view, or only slightly curved downward (Fig. 113a). 113 110(109). Pygofer lobe with rounded apex; appendage curved downward at angle of about 90° (Fig. 109a). 109. E. interna (Beamer) 110'. Pygofer lobe with angulate apex; appendage curved downward at angle of about 45° (Fig. 110a). 111
111'. Pygofer appendage not extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 110a). Aedeagal shaft broader, with lateral lobes at base (Fig. 110e). Smaller (2.6–2.7 mm). 110. E. robusta (Knull) 112(111). Pygofer appendage abruptly curved downward at middle of its length (Fig. 111a). Aedeagal shaft shorter than preatrium (Fig. 111d). 111. E. metopia (Ross) 112'. Pygofer appendage evenly curved downward throughout its length (Fig. 112a). Aedeagal shaft about as long as preatrium (Fig. 112d). 112. E. patris (Ross & DeLong) 113(109). Pygofer appendage depressed in basal half, twisted at middle, and compressed distally, straight in dorsal and lateral view (Fig. 113a). 113. E. econa (Ross) 113'. Pygofer appendage, if straight, not twisted (Fig. 114a). 114 114(113). Pygofer appendage slightly curved downward in lateral view (Fig. 114a). Forewing with three narrow red crossbands (Plate 7k). 114. E. alicia (Ross) 114'. Pygofer appendage straight or slightly curved upward in lateral view (Fig. 116a). Forewing with usual maculate color pattern (Plate 7m). 115 115(114). Pygofer appendage straight (Fig. 115a, b). Forewing with oblique vittae forming continuous zigzag pattern (Plate 7l). 115. E. zioni (Beamer) 115'. Pygofer appendage distinctly sinuate (Fig. 117a, b). Forewing with broken oblique vittae (Plate 7m). 116 116(115). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection (Fig. 116d, e). Smaller (2.6–2.7 mm). 116. E. greeni (Hepner) 116'. Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 117d, e, 118d, e). Larger (2.8–3.1 mm). 117
117. E. lenta (Beamer) 117'. Aedeagal shaft without lateral lobes, straight in lateral view (Fig. 118d, e). 118. E. gilesi (Hepner) 118(91). Third point of style apex about as long as or longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 121c, 143c). 119 118'. Third point of style apex shorter than distance between other two points (Fig. 163c). 162 119(118). Aedeagal shaft distinctly compressed (Fig. 120d, e). 120 119'. Aedeagal shaft round in crossection or depressed (Fig. 127d, e). 125 120(119). Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view (more than 3 times as long as wide) (Fig. 119d). Pygofer appendage extended to pygofer apex (Fig. 119a, b). 121 120'. Aedeagal shaft broad in lateral view (less than 3 times as long as wide) (Fig. 121d). Pygofer appendage extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 121a, b). 122 121(120). Third point of style apex about as long as distance between other two points, broad at base; angle between basal and third points of style about 90° (Fig. 119c). 119. E. maga (Knull) 121'. Third point of style apex much longer than distance between other two points, narrow throughout its length; angle between basal and third points of style less than 90° (Fig. 120c). 120. E. igella (Ross & DeLong)
121. E. stannardi (Hepner) 122'. Aedeagal shaft with lateral lobes, its apex acuminate in ventral view (Fig. 122e). Margin between first and second points of style apex straight or concave (Fig. 122c). 123
123'. Apex of pygofer appendage not recurved or only slightly recurved in lateral view (Fig. 123a). 124
55. E. rotunda (Beamer) 124'. Apex of pygofer appendage curved inward in dorsal view (Fig. 123b). Gonoduct separated from dorsal margin of aedeagal shaft by less than half shaft width (Fig. 123d). 123. E. knighti (Beamer) 125(119). Aedeagal shaft short and broad, not more that 1.5 times longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 126e). 126 125'. Aedeagal shaft longer, more than 1.5 times longer than wide in ventral view (Fig. 137e). 139 126(125). Third point of style apex with broad base, triangular (Fig. 124c). Aedeagal shaft round in ventral view (Fig. 124e). 124. E. triangulata (Beamer) 126'. Third point of style apex narrow throughout its length (Fig. 125c). 127 127(126). Tip of aedeagal shaft abruptly bent dorsad at right angle and expanded (Fig. 125d, e). Forewing with large reddish patch (Plate 7v). 125. E. corylorubra (Knull) 127'. Tip of aedeagal shaft not bent dorsad, usually not expanded (Fig. 126d, e). 128 128(127). Denticulate part of aedeagal shaft triangular in dorsal view, narrowing towards apex (Fig. 126e). Forewing usually with large red patches (Plate 8a, b). 129 128'. Denticulate part of aedeagal shaft parallel sided or rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 128e). Forewing with usual maculate pattern (Plate 8f). 130 129(128). Pygofer appendage curved downward (Fig. 126a, b). Forewing with single red patch (Plate 8a). 126. E. fulleri (Hepner) 129'. Pygofer appendage curved inward (Fig. 127a, b). Forewing with two red patches (Plate 8b). 127. E. rubranotata (Beamer)
130'. Ventral margin of aedeagal shaft forming obtuse angle with preatrium (Fig. 130d, 132d). Pygofer appendage straight or only slightly curved in dorsal view (Fig. 132b). 132 131(130). Aedeagal shaft slender in lateral view, strongly expanded in ventral view, more than 2 times as broad as phallobase (Fig. 128d, e). Pygofer appendage evenly curved throughout its length (Fig. 128b). 128. E. citrosa (Ross) 131'. Aedeagal shaft broad in lateral view, only slightly expanded in ventral view, only slightly broader than phallobase (Fig. 129d, e). Pygofer appendages curved in distal third only (Fig. 129b). 129. E. clara (Beamer)
132'. Pygofer appendage extended only slightly, if any, beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 131a). 133 133(132). Third point of style apex about as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 131c). Aedeagal shaft parallel sided in ventral view, round in crossection (Fig. 131d, e). 131. E. flexibilis (Knull) 133'. Third point of style apex considerably longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 132c). Aedeagal shaft swollen in ventral view, usually depressed (Fig. 132d, e). 134
134'. Pygofer appendage not sinuate in distal third (Fig. 134a). 136 135(134). Third point of style apex more than 1.5 times as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 132c). Aedeagus without ventral hump (Fig. 132d). 132. E. certa (Beamer) 135'. Third point of style apex less than 1.5 times as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 133c). Aedeagus with ventral hump (Fig. 133d). 133. E. direpta (Knull) 136(134). Preatrium longer than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 135d). Smaller (2.4–2.7 mm). 137 136'. Preatrium about as long as aedeagal shaft (Fig. 136d). Larger (2.8–3.4 mm). 138 137(136). Pygofer appendage curved downward; pygofer lobe with angulate apex (Fig. 134a, b). 134. E. tersa (Knull) 137'. Pygofer appendage slightly curved inward, straight in lateral view; pygofer lobe with rounded apex (Fig. 1a, b). 1. E. dira (Beamer)
138'. Pygofer appendage straight in lateral view, only slightly curved at tip (Fig. 136a). Aedeagal shaft without ventral hump (Fig. 136d). Smaller (2.8–3.2 mm). 136. E. fausta (Knull) 139(125). Aedeagal shaft with large usually denticulate lateral lobes reaching apex of shaft (Fig. 138e). 140
139'. Lateral lobes on aedeagal shaft, if present, not denticulate and not reaching apex of shaft (Fig. 147e). 148 140(139). Pygofer appendage compressed, apex curved downward (Fig. 137a, 138a). 141 140'. Pygofer appendage straight in lateral view (Fig. 140a). 143 141(140). Pygofer appendage sinuate in dorsal view, strongly denticulate (Fig. 137b). Clavus mostly red (Plate 8l). 137. E. bella (McAtee) 141'. Pygofer appendage straight in dorsal view, if denticulate, only along ventral margin (Fig. 138b). Clavus with usual maculate pattern (Plate 8m). 142 142(141). Pygofer appendage denticulate along ventral margin (Fig. 138a). Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view (Fig. 138d). Smaller (2.5–2.8 mm). 138. E. coxi (Ross & DeLong) 142'. Pygofer appendage not denticulate (Fig. 139a). Aedeagal shaft slightly curved dorsad (Fig. 139d). Larger (2.9–3.1 mm). 139. E. torella (Robinson) 143(140). Preatrium shorter than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 140d). Angle between basal and third points of style apex about 45° (Fig. 140c). 140. E. tumida (Knull) 143'. Preatrium as long or longer than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 141d). Angle between basal and third points of style apex almost 90° (Fig. 141c). 144 144(143). Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft without small teeth (Fig. 141e). Smaller (2.3 mm). 141. E. glicilla (Ross) 144'. Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft with small teeth (Fig. 142e). Larger (2.9–3.4 mm). 145
145'. Pygofer appendage not compressed (Fig. 144a, b). Hind margin of mesonotum pale (Plate 8r). 146
146'. Pygofer appendage straight basally, slightly curved inward in distal half (Fig. 144b). Third point of style apex longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 144c). 147 147(146). Aedeagal shaft with lateral lobes widest at base of shaft (Fig. 144e). Mesonotum with dark brown apex. Forewing with brownish crossband (Plate 8s). 144. E. hymettana (Knull) 147'. Aedeagal shaft with lateral lobes widest at middle of shaft (Fig. 145e). Mesonotum with reddish apex. Forewing with usual maculate pattern (Plate 9a). 145. E. lawsoni (Robinson) 148(139). Pygofer appendage distinctly curved downward at angle of about 45° or more from horizontal (Fig. 146a). 146. E. continua (Knull & Auten) 148'. Pygofer appendage straight in lateral view, or only slightly curved downward (Fig. 147a). 149
149'. Preatrium as long as or longer than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 153d). 155 150(149). Pygofer appendage distinctly sinuate (Fig. 147b). 147. E. valida (Knull) 150'. Pygofer appendage straight or slightly evenly curved (Fig. 149b). 151 151(150). Angle between basal and third points of style apex about 90° (Fig. 148c). Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus less than half as long as shaft (Fig. 148d). 148. E. pamelae (Hepner) 151'. Angle between basal and third points of style apex less than 90° (Fig. 151c). Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus more than half as long as shaft (Fig. 151d). 152 152(151). Angle between basal and third points of style apex less than 45° (Fig. 149c). Aedeagal shaft strongly curved dorsad (Fig. 149d). 149. E. protuma (Ross) 152'. Angle between basal and third points of style apex more than 45° (Fig. 151c). Aedeagal shaft straight or only slightly curved dorsad (Fig. 151d). 153 153(152). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection, dorsal margin sinuate near apex in lateral view, with distinct lateral lobes near base (Fig. 150d, e). 150. E. havana (Ross & DeLong) 153'. Aedeagal shaft depressed, dorsal margin straight or evenly curved ventrad near apex in lateral view, parallel sided in dorsal view (Fig. 151d, e). 154 154(153). Pygofer appendage strongly extended beyond pygofer apex (at least 5 times of appendage width) (Fig. 151a). Tip of aedeagal shaft curved ventrad (Fig. 151d). Larger (3–3.2 mm). 151. E. gemoides (Ross) 154'. Pygofer appendage not or only slightly extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 152a). Tip of aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view (Fig. 152d). Smaller (2.7–3 mm). 152. E. gemina (McAtee)
155'. Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus extended posterad along aedeagal shaft in lateral view (Fig. 155d). 157
156'. Aedeagal shaft depressed, curved dorsad; dorsal apodeme not expanded laterad (Fig. 154d, e). 154. E. penesica (Beamer)
157'. Aedeagal shaft round in crossection or compressed, with lateral lobes at base (Fig. 157d, e). 159 158(157). Aedeagal shaft oval in ventral view, largely denticulate (Fig. 155e). Forewing with large reddish maculae (Plate 9k). 155. E. parallela (McAtee) 158'. Aedeagal shaft parallel sided in ventral view, denticulate only at apex (Fig. 156e). Forewing with small reddish maculae (Plate 9l). 156. E. severini (Knull) 159(157). Third point of style apex more than 1.5 times as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 157c). Aedeagal shaft slightly curved dorsad, with pointed apex in lateral view (Fig. 157d). 157. E. claroides (Hepner) 159'. Third point of style apex less than 1.5 times as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 158c). Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view, with apex usually curved ventrad and truncate (Fig. 158d). 160 160(159). Pygofer appendage slightly curved upward and denticulate distally (Fig. 158a). Mesonotum with dark brown lateral triangles and apex. Forewing with fuscous crossband (Plate 9n). 158. E. lunata (McAtee) 160'. Pygofer appendage straight or curved downward, not denticulate (Fig. 160a). Mesonotum with reddish lateral triangles and apex. Forewing with usual maculate color patter (Plate 9o). 161
159. E. adunca (Beamer) 161'. Aedeagal shaft parallel sided in lateral view, stout (Fig. 160d). Third point of style apex not longer than distance between other two points (Fig. 160c). 160. E. curta (Beamer)
162'. Aedeagal shaft straight or only slightly curved in lateral view (Fig. 164d, 165d). 165 163(162). Aedeagal shaft evenly curved in distal half, with large lateral lobes, without dorsal carina (Fig. 161d, e). 161. E. ballista (Beamer) 163'. Aedeagal shaft curved in basal half, straight in distal half, without lateral lobes, with large dorsal carina (Fig. 162d, e). 164 164(163). Pygofer appendage strongly sinuate (Fig. 162a, b). Third point of style curved (Fig. 162c). 162. E. rostrata (Beamer) 164'. Pygofer appendage straight (Fig. 163a, b). Third point of style straight (Fig. 163c). 163. E. penerostrata (Beamer) 165(162). Third point of style apex not longer than 1/3 distance between other two points (Fig. 164c, 168c). 166 165'. Third point of style apex longer than 1/3 distance between other two points (Fig. 179c, 181c). 181
166'. Pygofer appendage distinctly sinuate or curved inward in dorsal view (Fig. 171b). 171 167(166). Aedeagal shaft curved dorsad (Fig. 164d). 164. E. emquu (Ross & DeLong) 167'. Aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view or curved ventrad (Fig. 165d). 168 168(167). Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 165d, e). Forewing with 3 narrow crossbands (Plate 9u). 165. E. trivittata (Robinson) 168'. Aedeagal shaft round in crossection (Fig. 166d, e). Forewing without crossbands or with single crossband not reaching lateral margin of wing (Plate 10a). 169
169'. Pygofer appendage only slightly, if any, extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 167a, 168a). Preatrium longer than aedeagal shaft; dorsal apodeme long (Fig. 167d). 170 170(169). Apex of aedeagal shaft curved ventrad (Fig. 167d). Third point of style apex not longer than 1/4 distance between other two points (Fig. 167c). Clavus often with red spot (Plate 10a). 167. E. stoveri (Ross & DeLong) 170'. Apex of aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view (Fig. 168d). Third point of style 1/3 or more as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 168c). Forewing with usual maculate pattern (Plate 10b). 168. E. campora (Robinson)
169. E. spinifera (Beamer) 171'. Aedeagal shaft not depressed, parallel sided or narrowing towards apex in ventral view (Fig. 171d, e). 172
171. E. confirmata (McAtee) 173'. Second point of style apex shorter than third (Fig. 172c). Forewing with crossband or usual maculate pattern (Plate 10h, i). 174
174'. Pygofer appendage only slightly, if any, extended beyond pygofer apex (Fig. 174a). 177 175(174). Aedeagal shaft distinctly compressed, broad in lateral view, without lateral lobes, denticulate throughout entire length (Fig. 172d, e). 172. E. phellos (Ross & DeLong) 175'. Aedeagal shaft round in crossection or only slightly compressed, slender in lateral view, usually with small lateral lobes, denticulate in distal half only (Fig. 173d, e). 176 176(175). Pygofer appendage strongly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 105b). Forewing usually with red crossband (Plate 7b). 105. E. era (McAtee) 176'. Pygofer appendage only slightly sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 173b). Forewing with usual maculate color pattern (Plate 10f). 173. E. bigemina (McAtee) 177(174). Margin between first and second points of style apex convex (Fig. 174c). Aedeagal shaft compressed, slightly curved dorsad (Fig. 174d, e). Pygofer appendage sinuate near apex (Fig. 174a, b). 174. E. mensa (Beamer) 177'. Margin between first and second points of style apex straight or concave (Fig. 175c). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection, straight in lateral view (Fig. 175d,e). Pygofer appendage straight or evenly curved in distal half (Fig. 175a, b). 178 178(177). Angle between basal and third points of style apex about 90° (Fig. 175c, 176c). Preatrium not longer than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 175d). Forewing usually with crossband (Plate 10h, i). 179
178'. Angle between basal and third points of style apex less than 90° (Fig. 177c). Preatrium distinctly longer than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 177d). Forewing with usual maculate color pattern (Plate 10j). 180
175. E. basilaris (Say) 179'. Pygofer appendage round in crossection (Fig. 176a, b). Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus with prominent posterior margin (Fig. 176e). Forewing usually with narrow red crossband (Plate 10i). 176. E. micheneri (Hepner) 180(178). Pygofer appendage round in crossection (Fig. 177a, b). Second point of style apex distinctly enlarged (Fig. 177c). 177. E. lucyae (Hepner) 180'. Pygofer appendage compressed (Fig. 178a, b). Second point of style apex not enlarged (Fig. 178c). 178. E. guicei (Hepner) 181(165). Aedeagal shaft very broad in ventral view, about as wide as long (Fig. 179d, e). 179. E. lundi (Hepner) 181'. Aedeagal shaft slender, longer than wide (Fig. 181d, e). 182
180. E. marra (Beamer) 182'. Tip of aedeagal shaft not bent dorsad (Fig. 181d). 183
183'. Preatrium as long as or longer than aedeagal shaft (Fig. 182d). Pygofer appendage not as above. 184 184(183). Pygofer appendage strongly curved downward at almost right angle, compressed (Fig. 182a, b). Forewing usually with darkened basal half (Plate 10o). 182. E. unca (Knull) 184'. Pygofer appendage usually straight or only slightly curved downward (Fig. 184a, b). Forewing with different color pattern. 185 185(184). Pygofer appendage strongly sinuate near apex; apex curved upward in lateral view (Fig. 183a, b). 183. E. dumosa (Beamer) 185'. Pygofer appendage straight or evenly curved downward in lateral view (Fig. 185a). 186 186(185). Margin between first and second points of style apex convex (Fig. 184c). Forewing with continuous zigzag pattern (Plate 10q). 184. E. ligata (McAtee) 186'. Margin between first and second points of style apex straight or concave (Fig. 185c). Forewing with usual maculate color pattern or with crossbands (Plate 10r). 187 187(186). Aedeagal shaft with large lateral lobes reaching shaft apex (Fig. 185e, 186e). 188 187'. Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft, if present, small, not reaching shaft apex (Fig. 188e). 189 188(187). Pygofer appendage compressed, abruptly narrowing near middle in lateral view (Fig. 185a). Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft angulate (Fig. 185e). 185. E. contracta (Beamer) 188'. Pygofer appendage not compressed, evenly tapered towards apex (Fig. 186a). Lateral lobes of aedeagal shaft rounded (Fig. 186e). 186. E. vittata (Knull & Auten) 189(187). Angle between basal and third points of style apex about 45° (Fig. 187c). 187. E. biramosa (Beamer) 189'. Angle between basal and third points of style apex about 90° (Fig. 188c). 190
190'. Pygofer appendage straight or curved inward in dorsal view (Fig. 189b, 190b). 192 191(190). Pygofer appendage abruptly curved down near middle length (Fig. 188a). Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 188d, e). 188. E. smithi (Ross) 191'. Pygofer appendage straight in lateral view (Fig. 168a). Aedeagal shaft round in crossection (Fig. 168d, e). 168. E. campora (Robinson) 192(190). Pygofer appendage in dorsal view strongly sinuate basally, straight in distal half (Fig. 189b). Aedeagal shaft compressed (Fig. 189d, e). 189. E. prolixa (Knull) 192'. Pygofer appendage in dorsal view evenly curved or curved in distal half (Fig. 190b, 192b). Aedeagal shaft not compressed (Fig. 190d, e). 193 193(192). Pygofer appendage strongly curved inward in dorsal view, forming semicircle. Aedeagus in lateral view with dorsal apodeme extended more than half distance to apex of shaft (Fig. 190b). 190. E. teres (Beamer) 193'. Pygofer appendage curved less strongly inward in dorsal view. Aedeagus in lateral view with dorsal apodeme extended less than half distance to apex of shaft (Fig. 191b). 194 194(193). Second point of style apex well developed (Fig. 191c). Forewing with 3 narrow crossbands (Plate 11f). 191. E. amethica (Ross) 194'. Second point of style apex small toothlike (Fig. 192c). Forewing without crossbands (Plate 11h). 195
195'. Pygofer appendage arising at middle of dorsal margin of pygofer lobe (Fig. 196a2). 198 196(195). Third point of style apex short and broad, only twice as long as basal width (Fig. 192c). Smaller (2.8–2.9 mm). 192. E. tenuitas (Knull) 196'. Third point of style apex longer, more than 3 times longer than basal width (Fig. 193c). Larger (3–3.3 mm). 197 197(196). Preatrium longer than aedeagal shaft; shaft narrower than preatrium (Fig. 193d). Pygofer appendage almost straight in dorsal view (Fig. 193b). 193. E. haysensis (Hepner) 197'. Preatrium about as long as aedeagal shaft; shaft about as wide as preatrium (Fig. 194d). Pygofer appendage distinctly sinuate (Fig. 194b). 194. E. geronimoi (Knull) 198(195). Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus not extended posterad along aedeagal shaft in lateral view (only compressed anterior extension of dorsal apodeme extended) (Fig. 195d). Third point of style apex more than half as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 195c). 195. E. macra (Beamer) 198'. Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus well extended posterad along aedeagal shaft in lateral view (Fig. 196d). Third point of style apex not more than half as long as distance between other two points (Fig. 196c). 199
199'. Pygofer appendage not compressed, straight in dorsal view, not denticulate (Fig. 197a, b). Vertex, pro-, and mesonotum usually with broad red stripe. Clavus with red spot at apex (Plate 11l). 197. E. accola (McAtee) 1. Eratoneura dira (Beamer, 1931) (Fig. 1, Plate 2a) Erythroneura dira Beamer, 1931d:286 Erythroneura (Eratoneura) dira Young, 1952b:86 Erythroneura deklei Hepner, 1967a:20, syn.n. Erythroneura denmarki Hepner, 1967a:20, syn.n. Erythroneura siloamensis Hepner, 1967a:22, syn.n. Eratoneura dira Dietrich & Dmitriev, 2006a:135 |