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Review for building knowledge database and consensus report on recommendation on wlaw


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10.2Policies and procedures for attaining sustainable development of WRs

Due to importance of WRs and for their conservation from deterioration and depletion, the government, along with the construction of dams and establishment of irrigation projects, has taken a range of measures to attain the sustainable development of WRs, of which:


11.2.1. Assessment of water sources:

This is done to prepare new water budgets showing water movement direction and hydro-chemistry; explore deep aquifers and explain groundwater recharge and discharge.



  • Development of an overall water plan:

This plan aims at:

  • Identifying current and future uses until the year 2025.

  • Collecting, treating and reusing non-conventional water (wastewater – drainage water, and others).

  • Monitoring water quality and quantity.

  • Developing programmes for capacity building.

11.2.2. Development of an overall research plan:

To improve WRs management and on-farm use rationalization, an overall research plan has been developed and implemented late 1980s. This plan has been also further developed to include five research programmes: programmes on modern irrigation methods and techniques research as compared technically and economically with traditional irrigation on all irrigated crops. It was possible to get results forming a scientific basis for government's resolutions in the implementation of the national programme on converting into modern irrigation in most irrigated areas.


11.2.3. Modernization of water legislation and institutional system

With the aim of:





  • Optimal management of WRs for several activities.

  • Discussions of water use rights and water protection from pollution.

  • Keeping pace with technological advance and its reflections on WRs.



  • New water Act

Presidential Resolution No /31/ dated 06/11/2005 was developed and adopted by the Peoples Assembly (the Parliament) after it had been studied for a long period by relevant technical, legal, legislative and scientific committees, in order to avoid gaps made in last legislation and setting controls for water usage and water structure protection.

  • General Commission for Water Resources

This commission was established according to the government orientations toward improvement of water resource management and development in Syria, based on Legislative Decree No /90/ passed by the President on 29/09/2005.

Responsibilities:

  • Management, development and protection of WRs in the seven hydrological basins in Syria.

  • Supervision on utilization and monitoring of WRs and water structures in hydrological basins all over the governorates.

  • Coordination between Ministries of Irrigation and Housing for assessing drinking water sources and utilization of treated wastewater.


10.3Key principles of the cost recovery of water availability in Syria

The cost recovery is one of the major elements of integrated water resources management and an actual mechanism of water use rationalization for all sectors. The several conclusions obtained by Syrian experts in collaboration with UN bodies on: (1) Water supply for drinking and domestic uses; and (2) Field irrigation management, have stressed the need to take several procedures at all levels in order to improve limited WRs demand and their protection, development and rationalization as well as planning for an integrated and sustainable water management, including review of WRs availability charges.



Water code effective in Syria before 2005 dated back to the period 1925 – 1986, and they were a combination of disperse regulations issued at wide intervals according to urgency. It is noteworthy that the non-enforcement of these regulations at most times, for social reasons at the expense of unbalanced and irrational use of WRs and allocation priorities. It was inevitable to establish an integrated water act fitting the strategic importance of WRs and their sustainability to be the legal framework regulating WRs use, development and conservation from depletion and pollution; and determining public and private procedures and policies as well as institutional system for act enforcement. The formulation committee has developed a new integrated management-based water act:

  • Wholistic approach

  • Participatory approach

  • Dynamic and interactive approach

  • Water as an economic commodity, and study and analysis of the following principles:

  1. Cost recovery approach

  2. Marginal cost approach

  3. Opportunity cost approach

However, water as an economic commodity is unreasonable principle in Syria from social and human points of view, as this affects food security and social equality and water definition as an economic commodity that makes it subject to market law i.e. supply and demand. Water scarcity and growing demand high price mean high water price, so the first injured would be small farmers. To reach a logical solution considering sustainability & demand management principle and social aspect, the following principles were studies and analyzed including the general structure of Syrian water act regulating water sector or its rationale.

  • Water is a public property.

  • Use and management should be according to integrated management principles: wholistic approach; participatory approach; dynamic & interactive approach; and availability costs.

  • Water use rationalization and mechanisms (WUE not les than 75-85% for water supply networks; not less than 75% for water irrigation networks; and the application of water closed circuits for industrial uses.

  • Suppliers' commitments

  • Governmental support and financial contribution of suppliers and users

  • Participatory approach for using water schemes (Water Users Associations) particularly for agricultural sector

  • Periodic monitoring mechanisms of water systems and schemes, including:

  1. Criteria for performance assessment

  2. Criteria for selecting experts and their powers

  • Mechanisms and criteria for demand management, supply and allocation

  • Agricultural planning on renewal supplies at probability 75%, and planning for drinking water renewal supply at probability 95%

  • Mechanisms of pollution control and mitigation

  • Water police

  • Water quality criteria for drinking and domestic uses

  • Water quality criteria for different uses and for public sewerage

  • Legal arrangements

Completing the ample debate in the regional and international meetings on: Is it wise to consider water as an economic commodity subject to supply and demand law? What are the effects of this on the statement of food security, social equality, and regional & international relations related to common international waters. It is important, therefore, to assure that pricing is a good mechanism for water use rationalization though several limitations and restrictions make its adoption in Syria a complicated problem with local, regional and international dimensions. Accordingly, all ideas related to practices of availability cost recovery should be reviewed to realize a technically, socially and economically reasonable formula adaptable to Syrian circumstances. This could be done by conducting an analytical and assessment study of different raised points stating advantages and disadvantages of each. This review would aim to establish logical and integrated solutions for challenges and difficulties facing the Syrian economy over the mid- and long terms after making a comparison among considered scenarios and stressing on the need to apply IWRM principles and taking procedures and polices that secure their attainment. The consistent achievement of the following issues is of high priority:

    1. Water legislation: Including executive instructions as a legal framework for integrated WRs management and use in accordance with socio-economic, technical and environmental criteria ensuring these resources sustainability and conservation from depletion, pollution etc. Legislation is the framework regulating the relation between water competent authorities and water users & polluters.

    2. Appropriate and skilled institutional structure: It should be in accordance with the distribution of designated responsibilities that meet the enforcement of regulations and work mechanism according to participatory contracts with users to avoid dualism among ministries after reviewing.

    3. Human capacity and staff development: To cover the requirements and institutional responsibilities of WRs management in the following fields:

  • Research, studies, and databases

  • Design

  • Exploitation and maintenance

  • Socio-economic management

  • Evaluation of water systems and their different uses

    1. Technological aspects:

  • Water rationalization in different economic sectors, specifically agriculture.

  • Improvement of WRs management and demand via the National Programme for Converting into Modern Irrigation – successes and failures; socio-economic, technological and financial reasons; and standardization.

  • State 's role and contribution to accelerating the progress of converting into more rationalized irrigation methods of natural resources management.

  • Rehabilitation of old irrigation projects, conveyance & distribution canals of domestic water, and closed circuits systems for WRs use (specifically for industrial purposes) and pollution abatement.

  • Selection of high-water yielding crops for crop rotations and the use of low-quality water for food production.



    1. Water education and awareness and their economic role

The Syrian water legislation was formulated as per Law no. /31/ of the year 2005 in collaboration with respective ministry and other concerned ministries, in line wit WRs strategy and their sustainability principle and in relevance to Syrian status. As it expresses the water policy and management of water practices as well as one of enforcement means of State water policy, the enforcement of this code needs the development of plans suitable for water policies (short, mid, and long-term) based upon future demand; making institutional changes in harmony with code content; and taking a set of key technical procedures according to decision made by Higher Water Committee since it is the highest committee supervising the used of national WRs.
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