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WATER POLICY IN TURKEY


By. Pr. Sahnaz Tigrek (METU-WRC)


Title of the water policy

Term of impact

Type of policy

Type of use

Authority in charge of implementation

Territorial implementation

Level of implementation

WFD / Integrated water management link

1954 : Law Number: 6200: DSI's Establisment Law (The Law on the Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of StateHydrolic Works (DSI))

Long Term

Law

§ Water management with 25 regional directorates in 25 river basins
§ Investigation, planning, design, construction and operation for irrigation domestic water supply, hydroelectric energy and environment
§ Responsible for protection of surface water and groundwater
§ Responsible for allocation and registration of groundwater
§ Responsible for flood control

Government delegations

National

A good level of the implementation

All water projects have been planned and constructed in framework of the basin approach according to this law.

1960: Law Number 167 : Ground Water Law

Long Term

Law

The law includes; to protect all groundwater in the country, to drill or to be drilled of wells for investigation and research, to transfer and/or hire the wells.

Government delegations

National

A good level of the implementation

There is no full compliance with the WFD/Integrated Water management.

1968: Law Number 1053 : Law On Drinking, Potable And Industrial Water Supply To The Municipial Settlements (Amended By The Law On Amendments to Some Laws, Number 5625, Dated 2007,)

Long Term

Law

To construct dams, reservoirs, water pipeline, drinking and potable water treatment plants, water storages etc. in order to supply drinking,potable and industrial water for settlements,
To construct wastewater treatment plants deemed for urgent measures to be taken in terms of health and environment

Government delegations

National

A good level of the implementation

No link with WFD/Integrated water management

10COST RECOVERY MECHANISM OF IRRIGATION WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE SYRAIN ARAB REPUBLIC



By Pr. A. KAISI
INTRODUCTION
Water demand is increasing in Syria as an obvious reflection of growing population, and this problem is concentrated in the high rate that exceeds capacity of society and national economy to cover the basic needs and realize the corresponding economic development. In spite of great importance of water resources (WRs) and their limitedness, their use efficiency by different users is still low, given that agriculture consumes almost 88% of total exploitable WRs at use efficiency not more than 45% at best. The improvement of agricultural irrigation efficiency is, therefore, the first national strategy to attain food security by WRs optimal exploitation for agriculture and development of criteria and controls necessary for this exploitation, which is primarily related to human factor and secondly to applicable techniques level and their performance, taking into account the economic aspects of all applied procedures and solutions.

However, water supply for domestic use and different economic activities (agricultural, tourist, industrial, construction, etc.) is a key and difficult responsibility facing general policy for managing and realizing the equitable distribution of such valuable source.

Accordingly, the government has adopted a strategic goal to reach a gross efficiency of irrigation systems and projects not less than 75% by converting into more water/energy-saving techniques and methods. In addition, there is a need to establish legal, legislative, institutional and procedural mechanisms for initiating an integrated national programme, together with several recommendations for WRs rational use and equitable distribution, primarily water pricing. However, there are many problems facing the public authorities for establishing price policy, including large variation among consumers in terms of consumption, affordability, and financial revenue gained from water use.

The tariff is affected by social, economic and environmental factors, yet by doing so, the advocators of price policy application (whether for consumption or pollution according to "polluter pays" principle) are intending to reduce water loss; rationalize uses for different economic sectors; and eliminate pollution rates.

This paper presents a simplified idea on the policies and mechanisms for recovering water delivery costs for agricultural sectors since it is the major consumer of WRs in Syria.

10.1WATER RESOURCES IN SYRIA


In Syria, surface water consists of several rivers and lakes, 16 rivers and tributaries flow in Syria. Apart from rivers and tributaries, there are five lakes in Syria, the largest being Lake Jabboul near Aleppo. The other prominent lake is Lake Al-Assad. Among these rivers, there are six major international rivers.

Smaller rivers receive water from springs and, therefore, have seasonal transient flows. There is a strong interaction between groundwater levels and low flow of springs, resulting in groundwater extraction to supplement the needs for different water-use sectors. Therefore, groundwater is used in combination with surface water and in some locations; it is the only water resource.

Although most surface water has been developed in the major river basins of Syria, there is some potential for further storage through the development of dams. The storage capacity of the existing 150 dams is approximately 18 billion m3.

Studies have revealed that the average total inland water is 10635 m.m3/yr and average groundwater including springs is 5256 m.m3/yr, considering that the total regulated water is 14218 m.m3/yr. Table 1.

Table 1. Syrian WRs (surface and groundwater)


WR

Unit

Hydrological basin

Total

m.m3



m.m3

Barada & Awaj

Yarmouk

Badia

Orontes

Coastal

Tigris- Khabour

Euphrates -Aleppo

Surface

m.m3

19

168

152

1036

1453

735

7073

10635

Groundwater

m.m3

774

249

168

1499

726

1493

346

5256

Total

m.m3

793

417

320

2535

2179

2228

7419

15891

Regulation degree

%

90

85

60

85

65

95

98




Available regulated WRs

m.m3

714

354

192

2155

1416

2117

7271

14218



  • Water use and application efficiency in Syria

The volume of total water use in Syria is about 17.6 billion m3/yr. The data sets on water availability and use have revealed that there is a negative annual balance exceeding 3 billion m3 provided by groundwater over-pumping. In most basins, except for Coastal and Steppe Basins, there is a negative balance clearly represented by huge decline of water table.

Of the volume used in different water-use sectors, nearly 90% is used as an irrigation source for agricultural production, followed by the shares from domestic (9%) and industrial sectors (4%).

The demand for agro-production is the key factor underlying groundwater overdraft, which is vital challenge for WRs management in Syria. Groundwater extraction provides a reliable supply of water to the farmer compared to government surface irrigation schemes. On-farm application efficiency is in the range of 40 – 60%, which is considered low due to (i) over-irrigation; (ii) use of traditional irrigation techniques such as surface irrigation; and (iii) inadequate land-leveling.

Table 2. Available WRs development and usage for different sectors


Water use

Barada & Awaj

Yarmouk

Badia

Orontes

Coastal

Tigris - Khabour

Euphrates - Aleppo

Total

m.m3



Agric. irrigation

Ground

785.8

211.8

68

1137.2

99.5

4305

1440.7

8048

Surface

-

188.6

-

954.9

466.8

-

4314

5925.1

Domestic - drinking

269

76

44

240

81

38

322

1070

Industrial

76

38

2

229

85

45

86

561

Losses

6

31

15

148

16

132

1614

1962

Total use

1136.8

545.4

129

2709.1

748.3

5420

7777.5

17566.1

Off-farm water conveyance efficiency of most canals is around 50%, except for Euphrates-Aleppo Basin whose conveyance efficiency is in the range of 60 – 70% because of concrete lined canals. These factors suggest that there is a great potential for improving on- and off-farm WUE through the application of appropriate irrigation cost system, use of modern irrigation technologies such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, land leveling, and construction of lined canals or conveyance through pipeline connections from dams to farm gates. These improvements are made to meet water resource deficiency estimated at 3348 m.m3.
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